Chapter 9

1. Motives are needs or desires that energize and direct behavior toward a goal.
2. Motivation is all the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior.
3. Intrinsic Motivation is the desire to behave in a certain way because it is
enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself.
4. Extrinsic Motivation is the desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain
some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence.
5. The Yerkes-Dodson Law is the principle that performance on tasks is best
when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: higher
arousal for simple tasks, moderate arousal for tasks of moderate difficulty, and
lower arousal for complex tasks.
6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is what Abraham Maslow claimed that
individuals must satisfy physiological and safety needs before addressing
needs for love, esteem, and self-actualization.
7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs include:
 Physiological Needs: Need to satisfy the basic biological needs for food,
water, oxygen, sleep, and elimination of bodily wastes.
 Safety Needs: Need for Safety and Security.
 Belonging and Love Needs: Need to love and be loved; need to affiliate
with others and be accepted.
 Esteem Needs: Needs to achieve, to gain competence, to gain respect, and
recognition from others.
 Need for Self-Actualization: Need to realize one’s fullest potential.
8. Eating Disorders are a category of mental disorders in which eating and
dieting behaviors go far beyond the everyday extremes of overeating and
dieting many people experience.
9. Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming,
irrational, fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, compulsive dieting to the
point of self-starvation, and excessive weight loss.
10. Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by repeated and
uncontrolled (and often secretive) episodes of binge eating.
11. Emotion is an identifiable feeling state involving physiological arousal, a
cognitive appraisal of the situation or stimulus causing that internal body state,
and an outward behavior expressing the state.
12. The Sexual Response Cycle has four phases – excitement, plateau, orgasm,
and resolution – that makeup the human sexual response in both males and
females, according to Masters and Johnson.
13. Sexual Orientation is the direction of one’s sexual preference – toward
members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), toward one’s own sex
(homosexuality), or toward both sexes (bisexuality).
14. How do internal and external cues influence eating behavior?
 When the Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) is activated, it signals the organism
to eat. When the Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) is activated it
signals the organism to stop eating. Signals that activate these two
 structures in the brain include the fullness of the stomach and glucose and
insulin levels in the bloodstream. External cues include the smell of food
and the time of day.
15. The physiological component of the fear response is relayed to the amygdala
before going to the cortex. When the cortex catches up, it regulates the
amygdala’s influence on the fight-or-flight response.
16. Men are more prone to anger when betrayed; Women are more likely to feel
sad. Men are more likely to express anger publicly. Women’s physiological
responses to negative emotions may be more intense than those of men’s
responses.
17. Display Rules are cultural rules that dictate how emotions should generally be
expressed and when and where their expression is appropriate.

Chapter 10
1. Stress is the physiological and psychological response to a condition that
threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaptation or
adjustment.
2. Stressor is any stimulus or event capable of producing physical or emotional
stress.
3. Fight-or-Flight Response is a response to stress in which the sympathetic
nervous system and the endocrine glands prepare the body to fight or flee.
4. Hassles are little stressors, including the irritating demands that can occur
daily, that may cause more stress than major life changes do.
5. Uplifts are the positive experiences in life, which may neutralize the effects of
many hassles.
6. The three different types of conflict include:
 Approach-Approach Conflict: A conflict arising from having to choose
between equally desirable alternatives.
 Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: A conflict arising from having to choose
between undesirable alternatives.
 Approach-Avoidance Conflict: A conflict arising when the same choice
has both desirable and undesirable features.
7. Some researchers believe that African Americans have higher levels of high
blood pressure than members of other groups because of stress due to
Historical Racism. African Americans who express high levels of concern
about racism display larger cardiovascular responses to experimentally
induced stressors than do their peers who express lower levels of concern.
8. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the predictable sequence of reactions
(alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages) that organisms show in response to
stressors.
9. The Three Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome include:
 Alarm Stage: The first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, in
which the person experiences a burst of energy that aids in dealing with the
stressful situation. (Fight-or-Flight)
  Resistance Stage: The second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome,
when there are intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt to
stressors.
 Exhaustion Stage: The third stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome,
which occurs if the organism fails in its efforts to resist the stressor.
10. Type A Behavior Pattern is a behavior pattern marked by a sense of time
urgency, impatience, excessive competitiveness, hostility, and anger;
considered a risk factor in coronary heart disease.
11. Type B Behavior Pattern is a behavior pattern marked by a relaxed, easygoing
approach to life, without the time urgency, impatience, and hostility of the
type A pattern.
12. Type D Behavior Pattern: Type D individuals tend to experience negative
emotions like hostility, anxiety, anger, depressed mood, tension, and a
negative view of themselves. They are likely to be constantly on alert for signs
of impending trouble and to overreact to stressful events. An equally important
factor in the type D personality is the inability to express these emotions,
which leads to feeling tense, insecure, and uncomfortable in social situations.
13. Optimism is the tendency to believe, expect, or hope that things will turn out
well. People who are generally optimistic tend to cope more effectively with
stress, which, in turn may reduce their risk of illness.
14. Pessimism a tendency to see only the negative or worst aspects of all things
and to expect only bad or unpleasant things to happen. An especially lethal
form of pessimism is hopelessness.
15. Hardiness is a combination of three psychological qualities – commitment,
control, and challenge – shared by people who handle high levels of stress and
remain healthy.
16. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that are spread primarily
through intimate sexual contact.
17. Bacterial STDs are Sexually Transmitted Diseases that are caused by bacteria
and can be treated with antibiotics.
18. Viral STDs are Sexually Transmitted Diseases that are caused by viruses and
are considered to be incurable.
19. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating and incurable
illness that is caused by infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV) and progressively weakens the body’s immune system, leaving the
person vulnerable to opportunistic infections that usually cause death.
20. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the Virus that causes AIDS.
21. Placebos are something that is prescribed for a patient that contains no
medicine, but is given for the positive psychological effect it may have
because the patient believes that he or she is receiving treatment. (Placebo
Effect)