During the process of patination, the patinating solution slightly smoothes the coin's micro relief

by dissolving the surface layer of the coin's metal which is replaced with a thin film of cuprous
oxide. That is why a great care must be exercised here.

Artificial patinas are not stable under the influence of air and, therefore, should be protected by
the lacquer, wax or oils. However, these organic coatings do not last long, and after their
disintegration begins, new centers of the unequally changing patina appear.

Generally the sulfur-containing compounds are used for tarnishing the copper coins and relics. As
for artificial patination, use of various soluble mixtures of these sulfur-containing compounds with
other substances allows to patinate coins in a number of colors that are characteristic for aged
copper.

The following methods, not widely known, are used for pa

3) Green Two-Layer Patina

This method involves two solutions. Solution 1 is prepared by dissolving 100g of Ammonium
Sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) in 1 liter of water. Solution 2 is prepared by dissolving 50g of Copper
Sulphate 5-hydrat (CuSO45H2O), 10g of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, also known as lye or caustic
soda) and 176g of Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) in 1 liter of water.

First, the coin's surface is washed by the solution 1 two or three times, followed by rinsing and
drying each time. Then the coin with brown-yellowish film is brushed with the solution 2, twice a
day for 4-5 days, followed by rinsing with cold water each time. The newly made blue patina
gradually turns green in the open air and becomes very resistant to it.

FALSE Patina

All coatings on copper and copper alloys such as bronze and brass possessing a patina-like
appearance, but which in contrast to true patina, are white or saltlike or resemble clay or grease
can be called false patina.

16. Golden Yellow

Ingredients
• Sodium Thiosulfate... 1/4 oz [MORE INFO]
• Ferric Nitrate... 2 oz [MORE INFO]
• Distilled Water 1 quart
• Heat solution to a boil. Dip.

Golden Yellow (for Cast Bronze)

 Ingredients
• Cupric Sulfate... 50 gm [MORE INFO]
• Ferrous Sulfate... 5 gm [MORE INFO]
• Zinc Sulfate... 5 gm [MORE INFO]
• Potassium Permanganate... 2.5 gm
• Distilled Water... 1L

Process
Boiling immersion (15 min.)
Immerse object in boiling solution. A dark brown layer forms on
surface after 1-2 min. Remove object and bristle-brush under hot
water. Re-immerse and repeat process after 2 min. if necessary.
Immerse again to approximately 15 min. remove and wash
thoroughly in hot water using a bristle brush if necessary. Dry and
wax finish of choice.

Information on Electrophoretic Lacquering

The key purpose of this site is to develop your understanding about 'Electrophoretic' plating
process and to give you a better understanding of technically advanced SHINEX range.

Electrophoretic coating is also referred as electrocoating method which uses an electrical

current to deposit lacquer on metal substrates such as Aluminium, Copper, Gold, Silver, Brass,
Zinc Rich Metals, Zamac, Galvinized /Galvaneal. Stainless steel, CRS/HRS etc.

The electrocoat system applies a DC charge to a metal part immersed in a bath of oppositely
charged lacquer particles. The paint particles are drawn to the metal part and lacquer is
deposited on the part, forming an even, continuous film over the entire surface, until the
coating reaches the desired thickness.

In Electrophoretic process precipitation of lacquer particles onto a substrate is achieved by

electric current. It offers higher efficiency and automated process. Lacquer is deposited by
regulating voltage and coating can be either cathodic or anodic.

In cathodic process the product has a negative charge, attracting the positively charged
lacquer particles. Cathodic process applies a negative electrical charge to the metal part which
attracts positively charged paint particles.

In anodic process the part to be coated is the anode with a positive electrical charge which
attracts negatively charged Lacquer particles in the paint lacquer bath.

All components or items made of base metals such as copper, brass, silver, gold, nickel and
zinc alloys are coated by lacquer as a final process. The Lacquers are used to protect the
surface from deterioration in appearance due to atmosphere or handling. It is also used to
provide decorative high gloss or a particular colour which is achieved by addition of a colour
dye. It provides the finish which has extremely high corrosion resistance.

According to our understanding there are seven suppliers of Electrophoretic lacquers in the
world and we have studied our competition well for their product range and prices. On
request, we supply full technical data and process sheets for each product which highlights the
film thickness, pencil hardness, UV resistance, acetone resistance, dry adhesion, wet adhesion
which could be compared with competitors products. Shinex range of lacquers give similar
performance test which could be tested by independent laboratories.

The benefits of electrophoretic process are that it maximises efficiency and profit. It reduces
operating cost and impact on environment. It offers high transfer efficiency and reduces
wastage, It is automated process and offers high productivity. The lacquering gives excellent
film uniformity and control.

Electrophoretic Lacquering Process

Electrophoretic lacquering is a 'Continuous process after plating' as it could be continuation of
electroplating line followed with lacquering tank, which is also described as 'wet on wet'
plating process. The components do not have to be dried first, as it could be a continuation of
the plating process.

Equipment Pictures

In Electrophoretic process complete coverage of all surface with a uniform film is achieved.
Use of water in place of inflammable solvent is an attractive feature of this process. The
anodic or cathodic electroplating systems are developed for this process.

The use of the product is simplified by the fact that the addition of demineralised water to
SHINEX material attains a correct working solution without any further adjustments being
necessary. It is non-flammable so considerably safer to use than conventional solvent based
lacquers. It is applied by electro-deposition from a water based solution to give exceptionally
clear, glossy coatings at low or high film thickness as desired for a degree of abrasion
resistance.

SHINEX lacquers were developed with extensive research and development to offer a system,
which is easy to use and offers the excellent quality.

The components made of substrates such as copper, brass, silver, gold, nickel and zinc would
go through various process of electroplating such as satin coating or nickel coating and a final
stage would be a silverflash coating. This would be followed by lacquering as a final application
to give protection from atmospheric conditions and handling and give durability. The
lacquering process could be an extension to the existing plating process or stand alone just
lacquering plant.

The thickness of lacquer coating is achieved by variations of voltage and time. Higher
thickness would consume more lacquer, but if the usage demands that than it is essential to
coat correct thickness. For example decorative product may just require 3 to 5 micron
thickness, whereas products such as Door handles, Bathroom taps and accessories, where
there is moisture in the air and handled rigorously, up to 12 to 24 micron thickness would be
applied.

On silverflash or gold plated items a clear lacquer is applied. The additional benefit of the
SHINEX lacquer is that to replace gold plating, a gold colour dye can be mixed in a clear
lacquer and applied on silver flashed items. The finished product would be a gold colour
product. This process is much cheaper than actual gold plating. The dye shades can be
adjusted too. Dyes are also available in Copper and Brass finish as well as other colours.

The selection of what type of lacquer is to be used is on basis of micron thickness required,
acetone rubs required for durability (varies from 250 to 2,000), hours of sweat test and
Baking voltage

Productivity and profit

Features and Benefits-
 Waterborne paint : Low risk of fire-safer working
 Continuous process after: Less downtime-increasing line
 Only two additives: Simple to use-less rework due to Mistakes
 Low equipment entry cost: Uses existing oven @160ºC
 Operates in any tank size: Small tank can provide low entry cost
 Simple process: Easy to train labour
 Film thickness 3 to 12 microns: Low build, Low material consumption
 Film thickness 3 to 24 microns: High Build, Low material consumption
 Clear transparent paint film: No distortion of metal plating colour
 Excellent Appearance: Provides protection of plating metal
 Excellent throwing power: No additional painting of difficult shapes
 Good edge coverage: No drips or sags in paint film

SHINEX Material v Competitors Material

 No air conditioning required*: Air Conditioning is required.
 Ultra filtration is not required: Expensive Ultra filtration needed
 SHINEX comes as a package: Have to search for the dye and solvents
 Competitively priced: Expensive
 Easy to pour and mix (liquid): Difficult to pour and mix
 Low equipment cost: High equipment cost

*operates well up to 28 degrees with good ventilation

*Use of ultrafiltration on large baths is recommended

It is recommended that particle filtration down to 1 micron is maintained.

 No ultrafiration is required on small installations of up to 30 litre baths.
 Pre and Post add Rinse Additives- 1 to 2 ml per litre of Rinse Tank
 Use Solvents for large baths with low turnover systems or is lying idle.
 Flow additive to be used based on analysis.
 Dyes are available as Gold colour or in Red and Yellow colours as two components.

Types of Metal products coated are:

 Artificial/Imitation Jewellery- Necklace, earrings,
 Bangles, bracelets, chains, fancy belts etc.
 Gift items, desk top articles, pen holders, vases, trinket boxes etc.
 Buckles, Briefcase and bags locks, edges fittings,
 Badges, Zip runners, Tie pins
 Cufflinks, Spectacle frames
 Electrical Components, Chandelier fittings,
 Chains, ceiling light fittings
 Lamp shade stands, fittings, light switches, timers, Trays
 Furniture handles, decorative trim, trophies, mementos
 Watch belts, Candelabrum, Trays, Bathroom Accessories
 Door handles, door Lock strips, door hinges

 Taps, shelf and holders, Towel railing

Electrophoretic Lacquers for metal products deposited using either cathodic or

anodic Electrodeposition. Decorative electrophoretic lacquers are typically Acrylic
and Polyurethane chemistry speciality coating used to lacquers various
substrates and metals. Lacquering I is often used as a final decorative finished
on metal substrates such as copper, brass, silver, gold, nickel and zinc alloys.
The electrophoretic lacquer coating can also be applied on real gold and silver
plated components as well as silver-flashed and tin plated components etc.
Products are coated to give protective layer of film of exceptionally clear, glossy
or dye colour at low or high film thickness for a degree of abrasion or chemical
resistance. Type of lacquer is selected on shade clarity and acetone rubs
 required which is often based on end product end
requirement application and customer needs. Most
electrophoretic range of lacquers can be used with post
dyes or integral dyes. Electrophoretic lacquer coating
process is often referred as electrocoating or ecoat method
which uses an electrical current to deposit the lacquer on
metal substrates such as Aluminium, Copper, Gold, Silver,
Brass, Zinc Rich Metals, Zinc Die Casting, Aliminium, Die
Casting, Zamac, Galvanized galvanneal (hot dip Zinc
coatings) Stainless steel, CRS HRS etc.

The electrocoat system applies a DC charge to a metal part

immersed in a bath of oppositely charged lacquer particles.
The paint particles are drawn to the metal part and lacquer
is deposited on the part, forming an even, continuous film
over the entire surface, until the coating reaches the desired
thickness. Electrophoretic lacquering is often a continuous
process after plating as it often a continuation of
electroplating line followed with lacquering tank. The can be
described as wet on wet plating process. The Electrophoretic lacquering is an
advanced form of high performance lacquering but uses simple process using
water base solutions and with low risk of fire and safer environment. It has
excellent throwing power to coat difficult shapes evenly. Metal finished products
coated using this method are artificial jewellery, gift items, door handles,
hardware products.

In a general sense, lacquer is a clear or coloured varnish that dries by solvent

evaporation and often a curing process as well that produces a hard, durable
finish, in any sheen level from ultra matt to high gloss and that can be further
polished as required. The term lacquer originates from the Portuguese word for
lac, a type of resin excreted from certain insects. Regardless, in modern usage,
lac-based varnishes are referred to as shellac, while lacquer refers to other
polymers dissolved in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as nitrocellulose,
and later acrylic compounds dissolved in lacquer thinner, a mixture of several
solvents typically containing butyl acetate and xylene or toluene..

Lacquering is often done on metal substrates such as copper, brass, silver, gold,
nickel and zinc alloys to protect and decorate. The coating can also be applied
on solid real gold and silver plated components as well as silver-flashed and tin
plated components and substrates such as wood, plastic, wax, ceramics, rubber
etc.

Products are coated to give protective layer of film of exceptionally clear, glossy
or dye colour at low or high film thickness for a degree of abrasion resistance.
Type of lacquer is selected on shade/ clarity and acetone rubs required which is
often based on end product application and customer requirement. A range of
lacquers could be used as dye mixed in-lacquer or as post dye system. We
supply both types of dyes too.

The types of lacquers are either ’water base’ or ‘solvent base’ and either ‘stoving’
or ‘air drying’ achieves curing. It depends on how the lacquer is manufactured
and the recommended application process. There are many processes for
lacquering metal products and application method

Lacquers are can be supplied for many types of lacquering process such as:

Electrophoretic Lacquers
Dip Applied Lacquers
Brush Lacquers
Spray Lacquers

Electrophoretic Lacquers for metal products deposited cathodic or anodic

Electrophoretic coating is also referred as electrocoating or ecoating method

which uses an electrical current to deposit lacquer on metal substrates such as
Aluminium, Copper, Gold, Silver, Brass, Zinc Rich Metals, die cast metals,
Mazak Zamac, Zamak, Galvanized /Galvanic. Stainless Steel, CRS/HRS etc.

The electrocoat system applies a DC charge to a metal part immersed in a bath

of oppositely charged lacquer particles. The paint particles are drawn to the
metal part and lacquer is deposited on the part, forming an even, continuous film
over the entire surface, until the coating reaches the desired thickness.

Electrophoretic lacquering is a 'Continuous process after plating' as it could be

continuation of electroplating line followed with lacquering tank, which is also
described as 'wet on wet' plating process. The Electrophoretic lacquering is an
advanced form of lacquering with a simple process using water base solutions
and with low risk of fire and safer environment. It has excellent throwing power to
coat difficult shapes evenly. Metal products coated using this method are artificial
jewellery, gift items, door handles, hardware products etc.

Dip, Brush or Spray Lacquers for metal and other materials

Either ‘stoving’ or ‘air drying’ achieves cure and hardness from the water base or
solvent base lacquers which dipping or spraying before curing applied lacquer. It
is simple form of protective coating. Health and safety measures are required for
solvent base dip and spray lacquers due to the use of highly volatile and
sometimes toxic solvents or thinners

There are various features found in Nitrocellulose, Epoxy, Acrylic, Polyurethane

and other types of Lacquers and using technical expertise various resins,
solvent, wetting additives and cross linking materials are mixed in specific ratios
at the time of manufacturing to create suitable lacquer for a specific requirement.
Lacquers have been used extensively as fast drying, weather-resistant finishes,
which creates a clear film, and if dyes are added gives variety of colours.
Additives can be applied to achieve gloss, matt, pearl and other metallic finishes.

Type of lacquer used is selected on performance requirements, shade/ clarity,

coating thickness, durability, acetone rubs, UV resistance required, which is often
based on coated product application and customer requirement.

A10) We have basically two systems, one is Acrylic Electrophoretic and second is
Polyurethane. Acrylic system is very popular in dye gold segment. The dye gold exactly
resembles the flash coating gold colour having better life than flash. Economically it is
cheaper than the flash gold. Recommended on jewellery, spectacles, lamp fitting, idols
and various others. Apart from gold we have 14 different colours in this range. We
promote two products for deposition.
- Clearlyte
- Growclear LB 25
Clearlyte is old product and already established in the Indian market, whereas, LB 25 is a
new superior version having very good strength and bonding with the base metal or base
coating.
In combination with Clearlyte, it gives rich yellow 24 KT shade.
The other product is Growclear HBC which is polyurethane lacquer it gives up to 25m
thickness having 4 H to 5 H pencil hardness. It also passes 24 hrs. immersion water test.
Basically recommended for hardware, bathroom fittings and guaranteed micron
jewellery segment.

For furthur enquiries, please contact us through e mail which is

accessable from

Electrophoretic Lacquer
G. W. CLEATLYTE
1. Cost effective water based acrylic top coat with diiferent colour shades.
2. Golden dye electrophoretic coating ~ replacement for 24 KT gold shade.
3. Deposit thickness ~ 5-8 µm.
4. Uniform colour coating over complex parts.
5. Up to 90% reduction of VOC ~ reduces environmental hazards.
6. 1 kg. material can coat 25m2 area (7 to 8 µm thickness.)
GROWCLEAR LB 40
1. Economically designed for low build coating with desired ductility.
2. Used in conjugation with dye as well as transparent coating.
3. Popular in jewellery industry
4. Different dyes combination is possible.
5. Deposit thickness 8-15 µm.
6. Excellent emulsion stability.
 7. Low solvent level ~ reduces air-borne pollution.
GROWCLEAR HBC PLUS
1. Durable and stable water based polyurethane chemistry.
2. Give smooth and even coating with enhanced glass.
3. Superior chemical and perspiration resistance.
4. Low cream coat which improves rinsing and gives consistent finish.
5. Excellent film clarity and hardness - (4 H+).
6. Passes 'ocetone double rub test' >2000.
7. Coating thickness at 50 V for 60 sec.: 20-24 µm.
GROWCLEAR HO / HI HO
1. Polyurethane based black cathodic electrophoretic process.
2. Provides durability and stability to the deposited coating.
3. Excellent chemical, UV and solvent resistance.
4. Ready to coat on any base metal plated surfaces.
5. Deposit thickness: Growclear HI HO ~ 4-5 µm, Growclear HO ~20 µm.
6. Pencil hardness: 5 H+
7. Perspiration resisyance: 4 cycles.
8. Low solid operational range reduces installation cost.
GROWCLEAR THETA
1. High glass, clear coating with excellent image clarity.
2. Effective on plated surface like brass, silver, gold, nickel, satin nickel ;amp
aluminium.
3. Resistant to perspiration and sweat.
4. Excellent corrosion and UV light weathering resistance.
5. Superior chemical and abrasion / wear resistance.
6. Medium and high build capability.
7. Can be coated on door hardware, hinges, lock parts, bicycles parts, lighting etc.
GROWCLEAR UNIMATT
1. Stable matting agent in liquid form used in combination with Growclear series of
products.
2. Highly stable, even during ultrafiltration.
3. Easy to maintain and known for its consistent finish.
DISCLAIMER: Our recommendation are made in good faith and are based on our skills.
However, since the conditions of use of these products are beyond our control, this
information is given on the express condition and agreement that Grauer ;amp Weil
(India) Limited, will not be liable to any person by reason thereof. Nothing herein shall
be deemed to be a recommendation to use any product in violation of any existing patent
rights.
GRAUER & WEIL (INDIA) LTD.
Growel House, Akurli Road, Kandivli-East, Mumbai - 400101, Maharashtra, India
Phone:91-22-66993000
Fax:91-22-66993030/66993020/66993010/66993011

Key Personnel
Mr. Wasi Ansari (Assitant Manager (Communication))
Mobile:+919892214311
Enthone Performance Coatings
Bipin Mistry
Country Sales Manager - India
Phone: 91 9892537633
Enthone India
A Division of Cookson India Pte limited

Offering a wide range of Electroplating Chemicals, Polishing Materials,

Heaters, Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals, and many other products at very
competitive prices...

An Overview

Consistently providing quality products to various industries since its establishment

in 1959, Gandhi Traders has come up a long way and has become a global leader
in metal finishing industry. We are a leading and highly reputed exporter, supplier,
and distributor of various Metal Finishing Chemicals and various types of
Equipment and Plating Plants including Electroplating Chemicals, Polishing
Materials, Heaters, Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals, Pre-Treatment
Chemicals, Castic, Boric, and Buffing Compounds. We are one of the best metal
finishing houses known in the world today. Besides providing the best quality
products, we also offer after sales service and timely delivery of consignments for
the convenience of our valued customers.

Our products are known for their quality, purity, durability, and non-corrosion
factors. These products are used in huge demand for various application purposes in
many industrial sectors. To ensure maximum customer satisfaction, we deal with
reputed and branded companies. We have already created strong relationship with
various brands that are appreciated in industry. These products are then personally
checked and analyzed on their quality level before the final delivery to our customers
from countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal, to name a few. We are also
members of the Delhi Metal Finishing Traders Association that has further raised our
credibility in the market.

Product Range

For over five decades now, we have been dealing in providing high quality products
and services, which ensures maximum customer satisfaction. Our product range
includes:

Chemicals

• Pre-Treatment - Cleaners, Pickling Agents, Pickling Additives

• General Plating - Brass, Cadmium, Chrome, Copper, Electroless Nickel,
Nickel, Plating on Aluminium, Plating on Plastic, Tin & Tin Alloys, Zinc & Zinc
Alloys
• Conversion Coating - Blackening, Chromatization, Phospating, Post
Treatment
 • Electronics - Ammoniacal Etchant, Electroless Nickel or Immersion Gold,
Multi PCB, Pattern Plating, Thru-Hole Plating, Tin Strippers, Lead Strippers
• Lacquers - Clear Lyte, GrowClear HBC, GrowClear LB 25, Supersheen U 200
• Precious Metal - Gold, Gold Stripper or Recovery, Nickel Free Technology,
Silver
• Speciality Chemicals
• Strippers - Electroless Nickel Stripper, Nickel Stripper, Tin Lead Stripper
• Basic Chemicals
• Continuous Plating Chemicals
• Process Sequence

Polishing

• Glue
• Tat Brush
• Jute Brush
• Fibre Brush
• Emry
• Buff
• Wire Brush (Soft and Hard)

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous

• Cadmium
• Heaters
• Titanium Baskets
• Copper Wire
• Zinc
• Nickel Plates
• Tin
• Phospherized Copper Plates
• Other Allied Products

Quality Assurance

The objective of our company has always been to provide quality products and
services to our valued customers. With an experience of over five decades in this
industry, we know exactly what is essential and needed by our customers. We make
sure that we source our products from the best known and reputed brands and
companies in the market. This procedure is carried out by our team of highly
qualified sourcing experts. After the procurement, each product is carefully checked
and tested for its quality level by our quality analysts. Only after these stringent
methods, we send the products for careful packaging and further for delivery at
clients' end. We, as a successful metal finishing house not only offer quality products
but also provide other treatment systems as well as waste recovery methods to our
valuable clients.

Sourcing Capabilities

In order to make successful provisions of quality products, it is very important for us

to make sure that all our products are sourced from the most reputed brands in the
market. Our qualified sourcing agents narrow down on the reputed companies and
make sure that their manufacturing facilities and procedures are up to the mark and
that their products are of the best quality. Eventually, our quality analysts carry out
inspections on the quality, purity, and durability factors of the products. We also
make sure to note that they are capable of fulfilling bulk orders within the set time.

Storage Facility

We have our very own storage facility, which is spread over a large area. The
storehouse is divided into different sections for the different products that we offer.
The temperature and atmosphere of the storehouse is well maintained so that the
safety and quality of the products are well ensured. The storehouse is completely
moisture-free, dust-free, and corrosion-free and hence we can guarantee that our
products are well protected. It is located near points where transportation is easy
and thus we make sure that the products are delivered to our customers within the
stipulated time.

Why Us?

Some of the major reasons why Gandhi Traders is a level higher than our
contemporaries are:-

• Highest Quality Products

• Direct Distributors of Co. bulk buyers
• Wide Market Presence
• Fast Delivery Of Products
• Competitive Market Pricing
• After Sales service Provided
• Handling of projects on trendy basis.

The Electrophoretic coating process is a method of depositing water based paint or clear
coatings on to metal or conductive parts. The biggest use for this process is as a first coat
primer for automotive cars, truck bodies, parts and components. 99% of mass produced
cars, trucks and component parts are Electrophoretic primer coated. The most common
resin types used are epoxy, acrylic, hybrid and polyurethane technologies. Epoxy type
chemistry give excellent corrosion resistance whereas acrylic and polyurethane offer high
UV resistance. Polyurethane type offer very good UV properties combined with excellent
chemical resistance. Another big market is for decorative or protective finishes on
electroplated door hardware, light fitting, jewellery and electronic devices such as mobile
phones.

Process Method

The Electrophoretic Process uses a stable emulsion of suspended organic resins in

purified water (deionised). The Electrophoretic Process solution normally comprises of
organic solvents, water, acid or alkali stabilisers, ionic components, wetting agents and if
coloured pigments or dyes.

When a D.C. voltage is applied across two immersed electrodes, the passage of current is
accompanied by electrolysis of water. This results in oxygen gas being liberated at the
anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen gas liberated at the cathode (negative electrode).
The liberation of these gases disturbs the hydrogen ion balance in the water nearby the
electrodes. This results in a subsequent pH change and this in turn de-stabilises the resin
emulsion components of the solution and they coagulate onto the appropriate electrode. It
is often referred to as controlled precipitation of the paint or resin particles on to the
electrode.

Electrolysis of water causes the cathode to become alkaline and the anodes to become
acid. Cathodic Electrophoretic systems are stable except at high (alkaline) pH. Anodic are
stable except at low (acid) pH.
It is very common to refer to Electropaint as "Electrophoretic"

How is it applied?

An unfinished pre-treated metal or conductive component part is immersed in a bath

containing the Electrophoretic paint emulsion, and then an electric current is passed
through both the part and the emulsion. The paint particles that are in contact with the
part adhere to the surface, as described in the above mechanism, and build up an
electrically insulating layer. This layer prevents any further electrical current passing
through, resulting in a perfectly level coating even in the recessed parts of complex-
shaped goods. The product is then removed from the paint bath and baked in an oven.
Depending on the polarity of the charge, electrocoating is classified as either anodic or
cathodic.
In anodic electrocoating, the part to be coated is the anode with a positive electrical
charge, which attracts negatively charged paint particles in the paint bath. During the
anodic process, small amounts of metal ions migrate into the paint film, which limit the
performance properties of anodic systems. The main use for anodic products is interior or
moderately exterior environments. Anodic coatings are economical systems that offer
excellent colour and gloss control. In cathodic electrocoating, the product has a negative
charge, attracting the positively charged paint particles. Cathodic electrocoat applies a
negative electrical charge to the metal part, which attracts positively charged paint
particles. Reversing the polarities used in the anodic process significantly reduces the
amount of iron entering the cured paint film and improves the cathodic properties.
Cathodic coatings are high-performance coatings with excellent corrosion resistance that
can be formulated for exterior durability

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD), is a term for a broad range of industrial processes

which includes electrocoating, e-coating, Cathodic electrodeposition, and Electrophoretic
coating, or Electrophoretic painting. A characteristic feature of this process is that
colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium migrate under the influence of an
electric field (electrophoresis) and are deposited onto an electrode. All colloidal particles
that can be used to form stable suspensions and that can carry a charge can be used in
Electrophoretic deposition. This includes material classes such as polymers, pigments,
dyes, ceramics and metals.
The process is useful for applying materials to any electrically conductive surface. The
materials, which are being deposited, are the major determining factor in the actual
processing conditions and equipment, which may be used. Due to the wide utilization of
Electrophoretic painting processes in many industries, aqueous EPD is the most common
commercially used EPD process. However, non-aqueous Electrophoretic deposition
applications are known. Applications of non-aqueous EPD are currently being explored
for use in the fabrication of electronic components and the production of ceramic
coatings. Non-aqueous processes have the advantage of avoiding the electrolysis of water
and the gas evolution, which accompanies electrolysis.