9.

3 It is recommended that normally no material with CBR value less than 100 percent should
be used in base courses,hence WBM was selected.

9.4 Since base course will be affected by water,their strength should be determined in soaked
conditions.

9.5 Minimum of two layers of WBM(75 mm each) over a properly designed sub-base is
assumed to satisfy the CBR requirements of 100 percent.

9.6 The width of the base course(WBM layers),adjoining the sub-base layer is considered as
4050 mm,whereas over this layer if another layer is required the width 3750 mm.Over this layer
every layer will be 3750 mm.

10. DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENT(as per clause 5.6.1,IRC:SP20-2002)

10.1 Cement Concrete Pavement: Design of cement concrete pavement is as per

IRC:58//0.9on* construction including details of joints as per IRC:15.The design is affected by
the guidelines issued by the MPRRDA.Struct quality control is to be exercised during
construction.

10.2 Cement concrete pavement was used only in special cases where drainage problem is
acute and continous.IN case of deficient design and construction,their lives are likely to be
greatly affected.

10.3 The cement concrete pavement was also used in limited length in village
portion.However,drainage arrangements were ensured even for concrete pavement.

10.4 Cement concrete pavement are proposed where ever the over topping of water is for
more than 4 Hrs. and the water is retained for long time.

11. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF CULVERTS AND SMALL BRIDGES

11.1 For the purpose of providing the cross drainage type structure the type design of culverts
and small bridges are been adopted from Chapter 7,IRC:SP:20-2002.The designs are based on
relevant IRC codes and guidelines.The difference between culverts and bridges is been treated
as:

11.1.1 A culvert is a cross drainage structure having a total length of 6 mt. or less.

11.1.2 Small bridge is considered as total length between 6m and 30 m.

11.2 The over all width of the CD structure is considered as 7.5 m.

11.3 Pipe culverts 3 pipes of 2.5 m length are considered to avoid the cutting of pipes.

11.4 The loading on the culverts is considered as IRC Class A loading with impact.

11.5 Wearing coat of 75 mm thick cement concrete is provided only in case of submersible
structures.

11.6 For new cross-drainage structure certain hydrological,physical and foundation that was
collected.

11.7 An intelligent site inspection with local enquiry and a study of the nearby road/railway
culverts on the same stream was done about HFL,afflux,tendency to scour,the probable
maximum discharge,the likelihood of collection of brushwood during floods,foundation
problems,etc.

11.8 Following Data was collected for design of culvert:

11.8.1 Catchment area of stream is in hectares .

11.8.2 Cross-section of the stream at proposed crossing along with L-section of road
up to 200 mm on either side of the culvert.

11.8.3 L-section of nalla(for catchment area more than 125 hectares)about 200 m
upstream and 200 m downstream to ascertain if straightening of the stream is necessary to fix
the location of the culvert.

11.8.4 High flood level(HFL).

11.8.5 Road top level(RTL).

11.9 Design Procedure: Simple approach in designing the causeways by the Engineers is given
as below:

11.9.1 The important components of vented causeway are vents,rising face walls and
paved road surface,which together ensure stability and prevent outflanking.

11.9.2 The flow condition were analyzed with respect to top of protected bed and if
percentage obstruction to follow at that level is kept below 30 percent,then normally no
outflanking takes place.Thereafter at subsequent floods with higher levels than PBL,the
percentage obstruction will go on reducing and the structure becomes safe in all conditions.
 11.9.3 For designing,the Engineers found out defined cross-section in the vicinity
which represents soil conditions truly and all the calculations as mentioned below should be
based on the same.

11.9.4 Normal hydraulic data,such as catchment area,annual rainfall,HFL,site plan ,L

section,tide level,etc are collected.

11.9.5 Defined cross-section to a normal scale is plotted.

11.9.6 The cross-section of crossing at proposed location to the natural scale is

plotted.

11.9.7 The RTL is decided as low as possible and transferred to the same to the
defined cross-section.

11.9.8 The area below RTL is calculated at the defined cross-section.

12. DESIGN OF HUME PIPE CULVERT AS CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURE

12.1 The cost of slab culvert is less as compared to other CD structures,hence

adopted.Although use of 450 mm,600 mm diameter pipes in CD works are not considered here
as the annual rainfall of the area is more than 1000 mm.

12.2 The minimum diameter considered is 1000 mm.The pipes for culverts of rural roads shall
be of NP3 type,which conform to IS-458-1989 and has be chosen as per Table below:

Catchment Area(Hectares) Diameter of Pipe(mm)

Up to 10 1000 single row
10 to 20 1200 single row
20 to 50 1000 or 1200 (2 to 3 rows)
50 to 60 1000 or 1200 (4 rows)

12.3 Where the height of embankment on account of geometric consideration of the road is
more than 5 m but the catchment area of the stream is less than 40 hectares, it was economical
to provide a pipe culvert with 2 rows or 4 rows of pipes, hence chosen.

12.4 The main advantage in pipe culverts is the speed of construction and good quality of
factory produced pipes. In Hoshangabad PIU regions there are many factories producing the
Hume pipe.
12.5 Height of culvert: The minimum height of the formation level of the road from the bed
level taken as per table:

Diameter (NP, pipes), mm Height of formation, m

For 1000 (900 mm internal dia) 1.75
For 1200 2.15

13. DESIGN OF BOX CULVERT AS CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURE

13.1 Box section of size less than 2*2 m is not practicable hence not considered.type design as
per IRC:SP:20-2002 is only considered.Box type culverts are selected for a situation where the
catchment area is more than 30 metres.An isolated box culvert is considered for economical in
many ways where either the depth of foundation is more than 4 m below bed level or where
the total embankment is very high,as in the case of approaches.

13.2 Box culverts are cost effective at most of the locations particularly in strata with low
bearing capacity and where hard foundation strata are deep seated.Normal sections of box
culverts adopted for different catchment areas are given in Table:

Catchment Area, Hectares Sections of Box Culverts

30 to 40 2m * 2m
41 to 60 2.5m * 2.5m
61 to 80 3m * 3m
Up to 200 3m * 3m (2 Boxes)

13.3 The loads that are considered in the design of a box culvert are the live load and dead
loads such as self weight,soil reaction on the bottom slab,and those due to lateral earth
pressure on the vertical walls.The hydrostatic pressures due to standing water was also
considered in the design.The moments per unit width of box are calculated by the moment
distribution method,or any other analytical method.The analysis was done by STRRAD.

13.4 Here in the case of box culvert type designs of box cells given in Plates 7.18 and 7.19 was
considered.

14. DESIGN OF SMALL BRIDGE AS CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURE

14.1 For rural roads only such minor bridges were taken up where the height from the low
bed level(LBL) to road top is within 8m and where span is within 15m of waterway.For such
bridges,the same sections of abutment and returns provided for culverts in Irc:sp:20-2002 was
adopted.Type designs various spans are available.If the bearing capacity of soil was found to be
poor the footing was suitably widened as per design data.The plates given in IRC:SP:20-2002
consider a safe bearing capacity of 30 T/m2,which is suitably modified for lower values of SBC.

14.2 If heights of small bridge from bed level is more than 8m design of abutments and piers
is called for,and a separate design is required.This needs a proper approval from MPRRDA.

15. DESIGN OF CAUSEWAY AS CROSS DRAINAGE STRUCTURE

15.1 A causeway may not be a small bridge(Length less than 30 m) but is a low cost cross
drainage work of longer length.These are so built that the period of interruption to traffic
during rain season is short.The outer width of causeway should be equal to roadway
width,i.e.,7.5 mt.

15.2 At few places where the economy was the main consideration the causeway was
proposed with the consent of MPRRDA.

16. DESIGN OF PAVEMENT ADOPTED

The traffic census is annexed as annexure-2 & the maximum number of commercial vehicles on
the road is also mentioned in annexure.

Now As per clause 5.2.4 of SP-20,the projected traffic will become A,where

A=P(1+r )n+ x

Where,

A=Projected No for Commercial Vehicle

P=No of Commercial vehicle per day at last count

R=Annual growth rate of Commercial traffic

N=no of Year between the last count and the year of completion of construction

X=Design life.
The design results:

1. Traffic Survey as per Annexure 2.

2. CBR results as per Annexure 6,attatched.
3. The pavement design is adopted as per guidelines of letter no. 3228/Tech/D-
12/MPRRDAGM(T)/2003 Dated 17/7/2003.003.
4. The crust thickness value of CBR is as per clause 5.4 of SP:20-2002,has been adopted
as per Format F-3.
5. The embankment has been adopted as 600 mm above the highest point of adjacent
fields/accessed HFL,as per clause 6.3 of SP:20-2002 and discussion held.

17. IMPORTANT ASPECTS TO BE VERIFIED BEFORE EXECUTION OF WORK

1. The CBR values found and adopted by the consultant should be again verified before
execution.

2. The high tension lines/power lines of low height crossing the proposed road alignment
should be increased before taking up the work.

3. The safe bearing capacity of soil found and adopted by the consultant for formation of
bridge and culvert should be again verified before execution of work.

4. The HFL considered for the hydraulic design of the CD work is based on the enquiry from
the local residents if any change in HFL in noticed then it should immediately be brought in the
notice of consultant and after appropriate alternation in CD,the work should be taken up.

5. Re-testing of metal/material is essential as it has been noted from enquiry that the
contractor using material from the nearby area,which may not be the proposed quarry in this
construction work.Hence it is advised that the material being used during execution should be
properly tested and if found suitable then only be used for the construction work.

6. Any ambiguity in the proposal should be brought in the notice of consultant before taking
up the work.