Two Phase Flow Bibliography

Two-Phase Flow Bibliography
The Sizing of Relief Systems for Polymerization Reactors

Duxbury, H.A.
The Chemical Engineer
January 1980, No. 352
pp 31-37
Frontiers in Pressure -Relief Design

Huff, James E.
Chemical Engineering Progress
September 1988, p 44-51
Rupture Disks: A Primer

Nazario, F.N.
Chemical Engineering, June 20, 1988
Sizing Relief Area for Polymerization Reactors

Boyle, W.J.
Vol. 63, No. 8, August 1967
pp 61-66
Scale-Up for Safety Relief of Runaway Reactions

Fauske, H.K
Plant/Operations Progress
Vol 3, No. 1, January, 1984
pp 7-11
What Are Fire Safe Valves

Cory, J.M., Riccioli, F.D.
Chemical Engineering
May 27, 1985
pp 147-148
A Quick Approach to Reactor Vent Sizing

Fauske, H.K.
Volume 3, No. 3
July 1984
pp 145-146
Generalized Vent Sizing Monogram for Runaway Chemical
Reactions
Fauske, H.K.
Vol 3, No. 4
October 1984
pp 213-215
Reliability of Pressure Protective Systems. A Markov

Analysis
Doelp, L.C., Thlbaut Brian, P.L.
Ind. Eng. Fundam.
1982,21,101-109
Selecting Pressure Relief Valves

Emerson, G.B.
March 18, 1985
pp 195-200
How to Size Relief Valves

Mukerji, A.
June 2, 1980
pp 79-86
Pressure -Relief Valves for Process Plants

Kern, R.
February 28, 1977
pp 187-194
Sensitivity of Relief Valves to Inlet and Outlet Line Lengths

Van Boskirk, Bruce A.
Chemical Engineering, August 23, 1982, p 77
Effect of Forced Circulation Rate on Boiling-Heat Transfer

and Pressure Drop in a Short Vertical Tube
Schweppe, Joeseph L. , Foust, Allan A.
AIChE Symposium Series No. 5, Vol 49, p 77
Design of Emergency Venting System for Phenolic Resin

Reactors -Part 1
Booth, A.D., M. Karmarkar, K. Knight, R.C.L. Potter
Trans IChemE, Vol 58, 1980
Analysis of DIERS Venting Tests: Validation of a Tool for
Sizing Emergency Relief Systems for Runaway Chemical
Reactions
Klein, H.H.
Vol 5, No. 1
January 1986
pp 1-11
Emergency Relief Vent Sizing For Fire Emergencies Involving

Liquid Filled Atmospheric Storage Vessels
Fauske, H.K., M. Epstein, M. Grolmes, J. Leung
Plant/Operations Progress, Vol 5, No. 4, pp 205-208
DIERS Research Program on Emergency Relief Systems

Fisher, H.G.
August 1985
pp 33-36
New Experimental Technique For Characterizing Runaway

Reactions
Fauske, H.K., Leung, J.C.
August 1985
pp 39-46
Code Method for Evaluating Integrated Relief Phenomena

Grolmes, M.A., Leung, J.C.
August 1985
pp 47-52
Emergency Relief System (ERS) Design

Fauske, H.K.
August 1985
pp 53-56
Large Scale Experiments of Emergency Relief Systems

Grolems, M.A., Leung, J.C., Fauske, H.K.
August 1985
pp 57-62
Sizing Relief Valves for Fire Emergencies
Crozier, R.A., Jr.
October 28, 1985
pp 49-54
A Generalized Correlation for One -component Homegeneous

Equilibrium Flashing Choked Flow
Leung, J.C.
AIChE Journal, Oct 1986
Vol 32, No. 10, pp 1743-1746
Simplified Vent Sizing Equations for Emergency Relief

Requirements in Reactors and Storage Vessels
Leung, J.C.
AIChE Journal, October 1986, Vol 32, No. 10, pp 1622-1634
The Discharge of Two -Phase Flashing Flow in a Horizontal Duct

Leung, J.C. , M. Grolmes
AIChE Journal, Vol 33, No. 3
March 1987
Sizing Relief Vents for Runaway Reactions

Singh, J.
August 1990
Experimental Emergency Relief System Design - Some Do and Do

Not Recommendations
Fisher, Harold G.
Contribution to the Project Manual of the Design Institute
for Emergency Relief Systems
Runaway System Characterization and Vent Sizing Based on

DIERS Methodology
Leung, J., Fauske, H.K.
Presented at a BASF Consulting Visit
November 3, 1986
Use of VSP Test Data for ERS Design

Fisher, H. G.
DIERS Meeting
9/30 - 10/2/86
Using ARC and VSP Data Together for ERS Design
Shaw, D. A.
St. Louis, Mo
September, 1986
Dynamic Testing and Maintenance of Safety Relief Valves

Woolfolk, W. H. , Sanders, R. E., Chemical Engineering
October 26, 1987
Runaway System Characterization and Vent Sizing Based on

DIERS Methodology
Leung, J., Fauske, H.K.
Vol 6, No. 2, April 1987
Thermal Runaway Reactions in a Low Thermal Inertia Apparatus

Leung, J., Fauske, H.K., Fisher, H.G.
Thermochimica Acta., 104 (1986) 13-29
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
Computer Programming for Runaway Reaction Venting

Huff, J. E.
I.Chem.E.Symposium Series No. 85
A Practical Approach to Emergency Relief System (ERS) Design

for Runaway Chemical Reactions
Fauske, Hans
19th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium, Paper No. 55f
AIChE 1985 Spring National Meeting and Petro Expo '85
Astrohall, Houston, Texas, March 24-28
Overpressure During Emergency Relief Venting in Bubbly and

Churn-Turbulent Flow
Leung, J.C.
AIChE Journal, Vol 33, No. 6
pp 952-958
A Discussion of Large Scale Experiment and SAFIRE Code Development in Support of

DIERS Design Methodology
Grolmes, M.
Sizing Emergency Relief Systems on Vessels Containing Monomers

Harmon, G. W. , W. W. Stuper
March 1984
Piping of Pressure Relieving Devices

Driskell, L.R.
Petroleum Refiner
July 1960
pp 127-132
Pressure Relieving Devices

Anderson, F.E.
May 24, 1976
pp 128-134
Flashing Flows or: Some Practical Guidelines for Emergency

Releases
Fuaske, H.K.
Vol. 4, No. 3
July 1985
pp 132-134
An Evaluation of Incomplete Vapor Phase Separation in Freon-12 Top

Vented Depressurization Experiments
Grolmes, M.A., Hans K. Fauske
Multi-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer III. Part A: Fundamentals
edited by T.N. Veziroglu and A.E. Bergles
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984
A New Bench Scale Apparatus for Characterizing Runaway

Chemical Reactions
Fauske, Hans K., Leung, J.C.
19th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium
Paper No. 56B
Thermal Runaways: Problems with Agitation

Heat Flow Calorimetry-an Analytical Technique to Identify
Agitation Hazards.
Weir, E.D., Gravenstine, G.W., Hoppe, T.F.
Vol 5., No. 3, July 1986
A Guide For Sizing Safety Relief Valves

Bernstein, W.A.
BASF I.O. Memorandum
June 25, 1981
CERM# 418
Emergency Relief Considerations Under Segregation Scenarios

Leung, J.C., Stepaniuk, N.J., Cantrell, G.L.
Plant/Operations Progress (Vol. 8, No. 1)
January 1989
Emergency Relief System Design for Reactive and Non-reactive
Systems: Extension of the DIERS Methodology
Fauske, Hans K.
Plant/Operations Progress, Vol 7, No. 3, July 1988, p 153
Computer Simulation of Polymerizer Pressure Relief

Huff, J.E.
Chem. Eng. Progress-Loss Prevention Technical Manual
7,45-57 (1973)
Pressure Relief Valve Technology

Crosby Valve and Gage Co.
October 1980
Pressure -Relieving Devices

Ludwig, E.E.
Chapter 7
Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants
Gulf Publishing Company
Second Edition
pp 240-286
Pressure Relief Systems

Isaacs, M.
February 22, 1971
pp 113-124
How to Estimate the Pressure Drop of Flashing Mixtures

Paige, P. M.
August 14, 1967
Analysis of DIERS Venting Tests

Paper No. 55c
Presented to the AIChE 1985 Spring National Meeting and Petro
Expo
Hydrodynamic Aspects of Venting for Vessels Containing Viscous

Fluids
Skouloudis, Andreas N. , Heinz M. Kottowski
Volume 10, Number 2
April , 1991
The Onset of Two-Phase Venting Via Entrainment in Liquid Filled

Storage Vessels Exposed to Fire
Epstein, M. , H. Fauske, G.M. Hauser
J. Loss Prevention Process Ind., 1989, Vol 2, January
Separation of Liquid from Vapour Upon Pressure Relief

Muschelknautz, S. , F. Mayinger
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 1990, Vol 3, January
Venting of Vessels Containing Reacting Fluids: A Parametric Study

with SAFIRE and DEERS
Skouloudis, A.N. , K. Bell, H.M. Kottowski
Flow Through Emergency Relief Devices and Reaction Forces

Huff, J.
Critical Two-Phase Mass Flow Rates of Liquified Gases

Sallet, D.W.
Hydrodynamic Considerations of Venting with High Viscosity

Non-Reacting Fluids
Oster, R. , K. Bell, H.M. Kottowski
On The Prevention of Two-Phase Fluid Venting During Safety Valve Action

Sallet, D.W.
Rapid Depressurization of Pressure Vessels

Haque, A. , S. Richardson, G. Saville, G. Chamberlain
The Design of Reactor Relief Systems

Duxbury, H. , A.J. Wilday
Trans IChemE, Vol 68, Part B, February 1990
Round Robin "Vent Sizing Package" Results

Leung, J. , H. Fisher
International Symposium on Runaway Reactions
Application of the DIERS Methodology to the Study of Runaway

Polymerization
Kirch, L. , J. Magee, W. Stuper
Plant/Operations Progress, Vol 9, No. 1, January 1990
Process Safety Evaluation Applying DIERS Methodology to

Existing Plant Operations
Fauske, H.K., Grolmes, M.A., Clare, G.H.
January 1989
Two Phase Flow Venting from Reactor Vessels

Leung, J.C. , H. Fisher
Paper Presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, November
27-December 2, 1988, Chicago, Illinois
Two Phase Flow Discharge in Nozzles and Pipes - A Unified

Approach
Leung, J.C.
Paper Presented at Loss Containment Conference, London
9/12-14, 1989
General Guidlines for Vent Sizing Based on DIERS Methodology

Fauske, H.
Presented at DIERS User Group
October 1, 1986
Atlanta, GA
A Review of Simplified Multiphase Flow Methods for Emergency

Relief Calculations
Grolmes, M.A. , J.C. Leung, H.K. Fauske
Paper No. 4a
Presented at 1990 Spring National Meeting American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, Orlando, Fla.
March 18-22, 1990
The Discharge of Tow-Phase Flashing Flow from an Inclined Duct

Leung, J.C. , M. Epstein
Transactions of the ASME
Volume 112, May 1990
Streetsmarts: SAFIRE Program for Design of Emergency Pressure

Relief Systems
Shaw, D. Arthur
Vol 86/ No. 7
July 1990
pp 14-17
Overpressure Protection of Batch Chemical Reactors

Marrs, G.P. , F.P. Lees, J. Barton, N. Scilly
Chemical Engineering Research and Design
Vol 67, No. 4, July 1989
Transient Two-Phase Flow Discharge of Flashing Fluids

Following a Break in a Long Transmission Line
Grolmes, M.A. , J.C. Leung, H.K. Fauske
Multi-phase Flow and Heat Transfer III. Part A: Fundamentals
Edited by T.N. Veziroglu and A.E. Bergles
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984
Discharge of a Flashing Liquid through Tubes

Sallet, D.W. , S.R. Rod, M.E. Palmer, W. Nastoll, M. Guhler
Reactor Safety and Applications
Two Phase Flow Phenomena with Depressurization -

Consequences for the Design and Layout of Safety and
Pressure Relief Valves
Mayinger, F.
Chem. Eng. Process., 23 (1988) 1-11
Flashing Inception in Flowing Liquids

Jones, O.C.
Journal of Heat Transfer
August 1980, Vol 102, 439-444
Critical Flow of Initially Subcooled Flashing Liquids:

Limitations in the Homogeneous Equilibrium Model
Yang, Y. , O.C. Jones, T.S. Shin
Nuclear Engineering and Design 95 (1986) 197-206
How Flashing Liquids Change Phase in Pipelines

Anis, M. , P. Buthod
The Oil and Gas Journal, June 24, 1974
Two-Phase Flashing Flow in Conduits

Darwish, M.A.
Desalination, 26 (1978) 285-297
The DIERS Users Group: A Forum for Development/Dissemination

of Emergency Relief System Design Technology
Fisher, H.G.
Vol 8, No. 2, April 1989
The Vapor Generation Term for Flashing Flow with Particular

Reference to Chlorine and Ethylene
Morris, S.D. , G. White
I. Chem. E. Symposium Series No. 85
Escape of Liquified Gases from Broken Pipes

Duiser, J.A.
I.Chem.E.Symposium Series No. 85
Safer Relief Valve Sizing
Wong, W.Y.
Chemical Engineering, May 1989
One-Dimensional Modeling of Two -Phase Jet Expansion and

Impingement
Epstein, M. , R. Henry, W. Midvidy, R. Pauls
Thermal-Hydraulics of Nuclear Reactors, Vol. II, 2nd Int'l
Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics, Santa
Barbara, California, U.S.A., Jan 11-14, 1983 (ANS Order No.
700081)
Isothermal and Adiabatic Flow of Compressible Fluids

Lapple, C.E.
Transactions of the Americal Institute of Chemical Engineers
Vol 39, 385 (1943)
Expansion of a Very Low Quality Two-Phase Fluid Through a

Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Starkman, E.S. , V.E. Schrock, K.F. Neusen, D.J. Maneely
Journal of Basic Engineering
June 1994
Design Charts for Two -Phase Flashing Flow in Emergency

First, K.E., Huff, J.E.
January 1989
Size Relief Systems for Two -Phase Flow

Richter, S.H.
Hydrocarbon Processing
July 1978
pp 145-152
A Pressure Drop Correlation for Gas/Liquid Pipe Flow with a Small

Liquid Holdup
Hamersma, P.J. , J. Hart
Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol 42, No. 5, pp 1187-1196, 1987
A Mechanistic Model for Two -Phase Annular-Mist Flow in Vertical

Pipes
Yao, S.C. , N.D. Sylverter
AIChE J., June 1987, Vol. 33, No. 6
Bubble Size in Horizontal Pipelines

Hesketh, R.P., Russell, T.W.F., Etchells, A.W.
AIChE Juornal, Vol 33, No.4
pp 663-667
Droplet Dynamics in Vertical Gas-Liquid Annular Flow

Lopes, J.C.B, Dukler, A.E.
AIChE Journal, June 1987, Vol 33, No. 6
pp 1013-1023
The Discharge of Saturated Water Through Tubes

Fauske, H.K.
Chemical Progress Symposium Series
No. 59, Vol 61, pp 210-216
Thermodynamic and Fluid Dynamic Effects in Emergency

Blow-Downs of Chemical Reactors
Gartner, D., Giesbrecht, H., Leuckel, W.
German Chemical Engineering
2(1979) 122-130
How to Size Piping and Components as Gas Expands at Flow

Conditions
Kern, R.
October 13, 1975
pp 125-132
Sizing Critical Flow Orifices

Nguyen, H.X.
July 2, 1979
pp 105-106
Size Vapor Piping by Computer

Wills, J.S.
May 1970
pp 149-155
Chemical Engineering Aspects of Two -Phase Flow-Part 1

DeGance, A.E., Atherton, R.W.
March 23, 1970
pp 135-139

Phase Equilibria, Flow Regimes, Energy Loss
April 20, 1970
pp 151-158

Transferring Heat In Two Phase Systems
Mat 4, 1970
pp 113-120

Horizontal Flow Correlations
July 13, 1970
pp 95-103

Mechanical Energy Balance
August 10, 1970
pp 119-126

Verticle and Inclined-Flow Correlations
DeGance, A.E.,m Atherton, R.W.
October 5, 1970
pp 87-94

Pressure Drop Sample Calculations
November 2, 1970
pp 101-108

The Coupled Energy Balance
February 22, 1971
pp 125-132
Turbulent Two-Phase Flow

Chenoweth, J.M., Martin, M.W.
Petroleum Refiner
October 1955
pp 151-155
Pressure Drop in Horizontal and Vertical Cocurrent Gas-

Liquid Flow
Hughmark, G.A.
I&EC Fundamentals
Volume 2, No. 4
November 1963
pp 315-321
Designing For Two Phase Flow- Part 1

Anderson, R.J., Russell, T.W.F.
December 6, 1965
pp 139-144
Designing For Two Phase Flow- Part 2

Anderson, R.J., Russell, T.W.F.
December 20, 1965
pp 99-104
Compressible Flow in Pipes

Gyori, I
October 28, 1985
pp 55-60
Proposed Correlation of Data for Isothermal Two Phase, Two

Component Flow in Pipes
Lockhart, R.W., Martinelli, R.C.
Vol 45, No. 1, Jan 1949
pp 39-48
Cocurrent Liquid-Gas Flow in a Pipe-Line Contactor

Alves, G. E.
Vol. 50, No. 9, Sept 1954
pp 449
New Relief Valve Gas Equations

Wissmiller, I. L.
May 1970
pp 123
The Discharge of Two Phase Flashing Flow in a Horizontal Duct
Leung, J. C. , M. A. Grolmes
AIChE Journal, March 1987, Vol 33, No. 3
pp 524
Predicting Two Phase Flow Friction Loss in Horizontal Pipes

Olujic, Z.
June 24, 1985
pp 45-50
What You Need to Design Thermosiphon Reboilers

Fair, J.R.
Petroleum Refiner
February 1960
pp 105-123
Two-Phase, Two Component Flow in the Viscous Region

Martinelli, R.C., Lockhart, R.W.
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
pp 681-704
Two Phase Flow

Greenkorn, R.A., Kessler, D.P.
Transfer Operations
McGraw Hill Book Co.
pp 243-251
The Discharge of Gases from a Reservoir Through a Pipe

Levenspiel, O.
AIChE Journal
Vol 23, No. 3
May 1977
pp 402-403
The Two Phase Critical Flow of One Component Mixtures in

Nozzles, Orifices and Short Tubes
Henry, R.E., Fauske, H.K.
May 1971
pp 179-187
Two Phase Flow

Perry
Chemical Engineers Handbook
5th Edition
Designing Piping Systems for Two Phase Flow
Cindris, D.T., Gandhi, S.L., Williams, R.A.
Chemical Engineering Progress, March 1987
pp 51-55
DIERS Two-Phase Flow Methodology

Source Term for Vapor Cloud Dispersion and Evacuation
Implications
Fauske, H.
Presentation at the 23rd Annual Loss Prevention Symposium
AIChE Spring National Meeting
Houston, Texas, April 2-6, 1989
Emergency Relief Requirements for Certain Organic Peroxides Based

on DIERS Methodology
Grolmes, M. , M.J. King
Paper No. 10e
Presentation at the 23rd Annual Loss Prevention Symposium
Sponsored by Group 11 - Safety and Health Division
Area 11A - Loss Prevention
AIChE Spring National Meeting
Houston, Texas, April 2-6, 1989
A Generalized Correlation for Two-Phase Non-Flashing Homogeneous

Choked Flow
Paper submitted for Publication (July 11, 1989) in ASME J. of
Heat Transfer
DIERS Implementation
Janecek, W.J. , P.L. Simiskey
Paper No. 10B
Spring 1989 Houston AIChE Loss Prevention Symposium
Session 10
April 5, 1989
Scaling Considerations for Two -Phase Critical Flow

Grolmes, M.A. , J.C. Leung
Multi-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer III, Part A: Fundamentals
edited by T.N. Veziroglu and A.E. Bergles
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,Amsterdam, 1984 - Printed in the
Netherlands
A Generalized Critical Flow Model for Nonideal Gases

AIChE Journal, September 1988, Vol 34, No. 9
pp 1568-1572
Runaway Reactions and Thermal Explosion
Smith, D.W.
December 13, 1982
pp 79-84
Vapor Generation Model for Flashing in the Initial Blowdown Phase

Watanabe, T. , M. Hirano, F. Tanabe
Similarity between Flashing and Nonflashing Two Phase Flows

Leung, J.C.
AIChE Journal
Paper #13318
Submitted for Publication
The Design of Reactor Relief Systems

Duxbury, H. A. , A. J. Wilday
Tran IChemE, Vol 68, Part B, February 1990
pp 24-30
Maximum Flow Rate of a Single Component, Two Phase Mixture

Moody, F.J.
pp 134-142
Solve Flashing-fluid Critical-flow Problems

Landis, R.L.
March 8, 1982
pp 79-82
Charts For the Critical Flow of Freon-11 in Tubes of Length to

Diameter Ratios from 8 to 200
Grewal, S. , P. Howard, J. Linehan, M. Grolmes
Emergency Venting Requirements

Huff, J.E.
Vol. 1, No. 4
October 1982
pp 211-229
Two Phase Flow Venting from Reactor Vessels

Leung, J.C. , H. Fisher
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 1989, Vol 2, April
A Generalized Correlation for Flashing Choked Flow of
Initially Subcooled Liquid
Leung, J. C., Grolmes, M. A. , AIChE J., Vol 34, No. 4 pp
688-691 (April 1988)
Monograph on Calculations for Pressure Drops - Two Phase

DRAVO Engineering
Flashing Flow
Simple Gassy and Hybrid Systems

Leung, J.
Presented to DIERS Users Group Meeting
Gaithersburg, Maryland, April 20, 1988
Understand Two-Phase Flow in Process Piping

Coker, A.K.
November 1990
pp 60-65
A Two-Fluid Model for Non-Equilibrium Two-Phase Critical

Discharge
Schwellnus, C.F. , M. Shoukri
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Volume 69, February 1991
pp 188-197
Application of the DIERS Methodology to the Study of Runaway

Polymerization: Validation of the DIERS Methodology Using Blow
Down Tests
Kirch, Larry , Joeseph W. Magee, Wanee W. Stupor
Vol 9, No. 1
January 1990
pp 11-15
Applying Calorimetry to Polymerization

Kirch, L.S., Magee, J.W., Stuper, W.W.
June 1987
pp 22-24
Designing Piping Systems for Two -Phase Flow

Cindric, David T. , Gandhi, Satish L., Williams, Ray A.
March 1987, p 51
An Overview of Flammable Liquid Drum Storage Protection

Capizzani, R.E.
Vol. 4, No. 3
July 1985
pp 139-143
Round-Robin "Vent Sizing Package" Results

Leung, J. , H. Fisher
(Methanol - Acetic Anhydride System)
Thermal Hazard Evaluation by Accelerating Rate Calorimeter

Townsend, D.I. , J.C. Tau
Thermochimica Acta, 37 (1980) 1-30
Relief System Reaction Forces in Gas and Two -Phase Flow

Huff, J.
Prepared for Presentation at the 25th Annual AIChE Loss
Prevention Symposium, August 18-22, 1991
Session: Prevention, Detection, and Mitigation of Emergency
Releases
Early On-Line Detection of Exothermic Reactions

Hub, L. , J. D. Jones
Vol 5, No. 4, October 1986
pp 221-224
Estimate Two-Phase Flow in Safety Devices

Simpson, L.L.
August 1991, pp 98-102
Clear Up Pressure Relief Valve Sizing Requirements

Papa, Donald M.
August 1991
pp 81-83
Sizing Safety Valve Inlet Lines

Cox, O.J., Weirick, M.L.
November 1980
pp 51-54
Size Safety Relief Valves for Flashing Liquids

Leung, J.C.
February 1992
pp 70-75
Blowdown of Pressure Vessels

I. Computer Model
Haque, M.A., Richardson, S.M., Saville, G.
Trans IChemE, Vol 70, Part B
February 1992
Two-phase Flashing Flow Methods and Comparisons

Leung, J.C., Nazario, F.N.
J. Loss Prevention Process Industries, 1990, Vol 3, April
pp 253-260
Venting of Runaway Reactions with Gas Generation

Leung, J.C.
Submitted to AIChE Journal for Publication
Discharge Reaction Forces

Leung, J.C.
Presented at DIERS Users Group Meeting
Pittsburgh, PA
April 29 - May 2, 1991
Simple and Explicit Formulas for Friction Factor in Turbulent

Pipe Flow
Haaland, S.E.
Journal of Fluids Engineering
March 1983, Vol. 105/89
State of the Art Review of Pressure Relief Valve Design, Testing

and Modeling
Petherick, P.M. , A.M. Birk
February 1991, Vol. 113, p 46-54
Blowdown of Pressure Vessels I. Computer Model

Haque, M.A. , S.M. Richardson, G. Saville
Size Relief Valves Sensibly

Coker, A.K.
Chem. Eng. Progress
August 1992
Size Relief Valves Sensibly - Part 2

Coker, A.K.
Chem. Eng. Progress
November 1992
Design Charts for Two -Phase Flashing Flow In Emergency Pressure
Relief Systems
First, K.E. , J.E. Huff
pp 681
Venting of Runaway Reactions with Gas Generation

Leung, J.
AIChE J.
May 1992, Vol. 38, No 5, p 723

Leung, J.C. , M.J. Creed, H. Fisher
pp 264
An Analytical Approach to Hybrid System Relief Sizing

Leung, J.C.
Presented at DIERS Users Group Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA
April 29 - May 2, 1991
Two Phase Flashing Flow Methods and Comparisons

Leung, J.C. , F.N. Nazario
J.LossPrev. Process Ind., 1990, Vol 3, April
ASME PTC 25-19XX

Pressure Relief Devices
Industry Review Draft
October 1992
Measurement of Flow Resistance of Rupture Disc Devices

Continental Disc Corp.
Venting Techniques for Thermal Explosions

de Groot, J.J. , A.H. Heemskerk
6th International Symposium "Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion
in the Process Industries"
Oslo, Norway
June 19-22, 1989
Safety Aspects of Organic Peroxides in Bulk Tanks

de Groot, J.J. , D.M. Groothuizen, J. Verhoeff
I&EC Process Design and Development, 1981, 20, 131
Discharge Reaction Forces
Leung, J.C.
Presented at DIERS Users Group Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA
April 29 - May 2, 1991
Safety Aspects of Organic Peroxides in Bulk Tanks

de Groot, J.J. , D.M. Groothuizen, J. Verhoeff
I&EC Process Design and Development, 1981, 20, 131
Disengagement Prediction via Drift Flux Correlation Vertical,

Horizontal and Spherical Vessels
Sheppard, C.M.
Vol. 11, No. 4
October 1992

Isaacs, Marx
February 22, 1971
p 113
The Two - K Method Predicts

Hooper, William B.
August 24, 1981
pp 96-99
Calculate Head Loss Caused by Change in Pipe Size

Hooper, William B.
November 7, 1988
pp 89-92
Laminar Tube Flow Through an Abrupt Contraction

Christiansen, E.B. , S.J. Kelsey, T.R. Carter
AIChE J., Vol 18, No. 2
pp 372-380
A Generalized Critical Flow Model for Nonideal Gas

AIChE J., Vol. 34, No. 9
pp 1568-1572
Sizing Pressure Relief Valves in Flashing and Two -Phase Service: An Alternative Procedure
Nazario, F.N. , J.C. Leung
J. Loss Prevention Process Ind., 1992, Vol 5, No 5
pp 263-269
The Onset of Two-Phase Venting via Entrainment in Liquid Filled Storage Vessels Exposed to
Fire
Epstein, M. , H. Fauske, G.M. Hauser
pp 45-49
Transient Flow Phenomena and Reaction Forces During Blowdown of Gas at High Pressures
Through Relief Lines Behind Rupture Disks
Perbal, R.
DSM-Research
Geleen (The Netherlands)
Measurement of Flow Resistance of Rupture Disc Devices

Huff, J.E. , K.R. Shaw
Vol. 11, No. 3
July 1992
pp 187-200
The Anatomy of an Acrylic Acid Runaway Polymerization

Levy, L.B. , J.D. Penrod
Vol. 8, No. 2
April 1989
pp 105-108
Flashing Two-Phase Flow Including the Effects of Noncondensible Gases

February 1991, Vol. 113
pp 269-272
The Effect of Oxygen on Vinyl Acetate and Acrylic Monomer Stabilization

Levy, L.B.
Process Safety Progress
Vol. 12, No. 1
January 1993
pp 47-48
Nonideal Isentropic Gas Flow Through Converging-Diverging Nozzles

Bober, W. , W.L. Chow
December 1990, Vol. 112
pp 455-461
Technology Summary
Emergency Relief Systems for Runaway Chemical Reactions and Storage Vessels: A
Summary of Multiphase Flow Methods - Final Report
A publication of the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) of the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers
ISBN 0-8169-0390-5
Size and Design Relief Headers

Hall, S.M.
March 1993
pp 117-122
Keeping Score in Rupture Disks

Brazier, Geof
September 1993
pp 155-157
Transient Flow Phenomena and Reaction Forces During Blowdown of Gas at High Pressures
Through Relief Lines Behind Rupture Disks
Perbal,R.
Vol 12, No, 4, October 1993
pp 232-239
Design Charts for Two -Phase Flashing Flow in Emergency

First, K.E., Huff, J.E.
January 1989
Don't Become Another Victim of Vacuum

Sanders, Roy E.
September 1993
pp 54-61
What Force is on the Vessel Nozzle During Relief Valve Venting

Hodel, Alen E.
Chemical Processing
March 1994, p 11
Design of Long Safety Valve Vent Line Systems for Gas Relief
Friedel, L. , J. Schmidt
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 1993, Vol 6, No. 5
pp 293-301
Prediction of Discharge Rate from Pressurized Vessel Blowdown Through Sheared Pipe
Khajehnajafi, Shahryar , Ashok Shinde
Volume 3, Number 2, April 1994
pp 75-82
The Anatomy of an Acrylic Acid Runaway Polymerization

Levy, Leon B. , James D. Penrod
Volume 8, Number 2
April 1989
pp 105-108
Average Volumetric Concentration in Two-Phase Flow Systems

Zuber, N. , J. A. Findlay
Journal of Heat Transfer, November 1965
pp 453-468
Berechnung der Kompressiblen Strömung in Zu- und Austrittsleitungen von

Sicherheitsventilen
Calculation of Compressible Flow in the Inlet and Outlet Lines for Safety Valves
Ehrhardt, G.
3R International, 31 (1992), Heft 4, April
The Omega Method for Discharge Rate Evaluation

Leung, J. C.
Paper Presented at the Fall 1994 DIERS Users Group Meeting, Boston, Mass.
TOLL MANUFACTURING: Rapid Assessment of Reactor Relief Systems for Exothermic

Batch Reactions
Waldram, S.P.
Trans IChemE, Vol 72, Part B, August 1994
Pressure Relief System Design for Vapor or Two-Phase Flow ?

Wehmeier, G. , F. Westphal, L. Friedel
Trans IChemE, Vol 72, Part B, August 1994
Pressure Relief and Two-Phase Flow

Selmer-Olsen, S.
IChemE Symp. Ser. No. 130 (Major Hazards Onshore and Offshore, Oct 1992)
pp 229-248 (1992)
Some Experimental Aspects of Transient Releases of Pressurized Liquified Gases

Bettis, R. J. , S. F. Jagger
IChemE Symp. Ser. No. 130 (Major Hazards Onshore and Offshore, Oct 1992)
pp 211-227 (1992)
Chemical Reaction Hazards - A Technical Review

Chilworth Technology, Inc.
June 1994
Aspects of Emergency Relief Design for Reactive Systems
Goetz, David D. , Jeffrey S. Sawrey
Volume 13, No. 4
p 177-182
Emergency Relief Systems for Runaway Reactions

Swift, Ian , Hans K. Fauske, Michael A. Grolmes
Vol. 2, No. 2
April 1983
p 116
Approximate Hazard Rating and Venting Requirements from CSI-ARC Data

De Haven, E.S.
Vol. 2, No. 1
January 1983
p 21
Experimental Investigation of the Phase Distribution in a Reactor Vessel During

Depressurization
Thies, Andreas , Dieter Mewes
FED-Vol. 165, Gas-Liquid Flows - 1993
ASME 1993
p 45
2-Parameter P-V Method for Flashing Flow

Leung, Joe
Personal Communication, 9 September 1993
Summary of Multiphase Flow Methods
FAI/83-27
Fauske and Associates, Inc.
October, 1983
Phenomenological Model for Dispersed Bubbly Flow in Pipes

Nikitopoulos, Dimitris E. , Efstathios E. Michaelides
AIChE J.
January 1995, Vol 41, No. 1
Vent Sizing for Fire Considerations for Special Equipment and Piping
Hauser, John , Matthew L. Becker
Vol 14, No. 1
January 1995
pp 26
An Advanced Method for the Estimation of Reaction Kinetics, Scaleup, and Pressure Relief
Design
Melhem, George , H. G. Fisher, D. A. Shaw
Vol 14, No. 1
January 1995
pp 1
Accurately Size Batch Reactor Relief Systems

Turner, Frank , Siegfried H. Richter
March 1995
pp 33-43
FAI Process Safety News

Spring 1995
Avoid Common Relief-Valve Pitfalls

Bravo, Fabio , Delia Contreras, David Jester
August 1995, p 82
Application of the DIERS Methodology to the Syudy of Runaway Polymerization: Validation

of the DIERS Methodology Using Blow-Down Tests
Kirch, Larry , Joseph W. Magee, Wayne Stuper
Plant/Operation Progress (Vol. 9, No. 1)
January 1990, p 11
Designing for Two-Phase Relief: Is That the Answer ?

Arnold, S.T. , J. S. Duffield
Simplified Vent Sizing Equations for Emergency Relief Requirements in Reactors and
Storage Vessels
Leung, J. C.
AIChE Journal
October 1986, Vol. 32, No. 10, p 1622
Dealing with Two-Phase Flows

Daniels, Lawrence
Chemical Engineering, June 1995, p 70

Summer 1995
Analysis of DIERS Venting Tests: Validation of a Tool for Sizing Emergency Relief Systems
for Runaway Chemical Reactions
Klein, H.H.
January 1986, p 1
Runaway Limits for Homogeneous and Catalytic Reactors

Balakotaiah, V. , D. Kodra, D. Nguyen
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 50, No. 7, pp 1149-1171, 1995
Process Safety of Polymer Resin Manufactureing: A 20 Year Perspective

Balchan, A.S. , J. A. Klein, F. J. Klein
Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Volume 1
The Omega Method for Discharge Rate Evaluation

Leung, J. C.
Paper No. 46e, AIChE Meeting, Denver, Colorado, August 16, 1994
Design Thermally Safe Semibatch Reactors

Stoessel, Francis
September 1995, pp 46
Vapor Generation Model for Flashing in the Initial Blowdown Phase

Watanabe, T. , M. Hirano, F. Tanabe
Separation of Liquid From Vapor Upon Pressure Relief

Muschelknautz, S. , F. Mayinger
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 1990, Vol 3, January, p 125
On the Prevention of Two Phase Fluid Venting During SAfety Valve Action
Sallet, D. W.
Experimental Investigation of the Phase Distribution in a Reactor Vessel During

Cepressurization
FED-Vol. 165, Gas Liquid Flows - 1993, ASME 1993
Two-Phase Flashing Flow Methods and Comparisons

Leung, J. C. , F. N. Nazario
Improve the Design Of Fire Emergency Relief Systems

Stickles, R. Peter , Georges A. Melhem, David R. Eckhardt
November 1995
p 50
Protection of Storage Tanks from Two-Phase Flow Due to Fire Exposure
Fisher, Harold Harry S. Forrest
Process Safety Progress (Vol. 14, No. 3)
July 1995
p 183
SIVENT - ein Computer-Programm zur Dimensionierung von Sicherheitsventilen und

Berstscheiben einschlie ßlich der Zu- und Abströmleitungen
Geisbrecht, Dr.
Bericht 193.0501.2
25.01.94
A Safety Review of Organic Peroxides in the Acrylate Industry

de Groot, J.J. , J. Nuysink
Polyacrylates and Initiators Symposium 1992
A Simple Approach to Transient Two-Phase Level Swell

Grolmes, Michael A.
Multi-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer III
Part A: Fundamentals
Elsevier Science Publishers, 1984
Emergency Pressure Relief Evaluation Procedures for Nonreactive Systems Subject to

External Fire Exposure
Grolmes, M.
CTI 95-66
February 1995
Loss Coefficient, Discharge Coefficient and Equivalent Length

Grolmes, M.
CTI 95-94
May 1995
Simultaneous Determination of Thermo-Chemical and Heat Transfer Changes During an

Exothermic Batch Reaction
Singh, J. , S. P. Waldram, M. S. Appleton
Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries
Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium
Antwerp, Belgium
June 6-9, 1995
Reliable Scale-Up of Thermal Hazards Data Using the PHI-TEC II Calorimeter

Singh, Jasbir
Thermochemica Acta, 226 (1993) 211-220
Application of ARCTM Thermokinetic Data to the Design of Safety Schemes for Industrial
Reactors
Townsend, D.I. , H.D. Ferguson, H.T. Kohlbrand
Process Safety Progress (Vol. 14, No. 1)
January 1995, p 71
Liquid Flow Through Safety Valves: Diameter Ratio Effects on Discharge Coefficients, Sizing
and Stability
Morris, S.D.
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 9, No. 3, pp 217-224
Modeling Boiling Delay and Transient Liquid Swell During Emergency Pressure Relief of
Liquified Gases
Boesmans, B., J. Berghmans
Journal of Hazardous Materials 46 (1996) pp 93-104
Choked Gas Flow Throgh Nozzles: An Explicit Formula for the Inlet Mach Number
Morris, S.D.
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 9, No. 3, pp 189-191
Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Flashing Water Flow Through a Safety Valve
Bolle, L., P.Downar-Zapolski, J. Franco, J.M. Seynhaeve
Journal of Hazardous Materials 46 (1996), pp 105-116
Vent Line Void Fractions and Mass Flow Rates During Top Venting of High Viscosity Fluids
Bell, K., S.D. Morris, R. Oster
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 1993, Vol 6, No. 1
Loss Characteristics of Orifices and Nozzles

Alvi, S.H., S. Sridharan, N.S. Lakshmana Rao
September 1978, Vol. 100, pp 100-307
The Non-Equilibrium Relaxation Model for One-Dimensional Flashing Liquid Flow

Downar-Zapolski, P., Z. Bilicki, L. Bolle, J. Franco
Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol 22, No. 3, pp 473-483
Pressure Relief With Highly Viscous Liquids

Fründt, Jens
Vol. 16, No. 1, Spring 1997
Pressure Relief Sizing for Gas Generating Reactions

Singh, J., J. Wilday
The 1996 IChemE Research Event/Second European Conference for Young Researchers
Recent Advances in Tank Blanketing and Venting

Ostand, P.R.
Enviornmental Engineering World
September-October 1996
Runaway Phenomena in Low Density Polyethylene Autoclave Reactors
Zhang, S.X., N.R. Read, W. Harmon Ray
AIChE Journal
October 1996, Volume 42, No. 10, p 2911
Efficiently Evaluate Complex Pressure Relief Systems

Wright, R.K., A.G. Walker
January 1997, p 102
Emergency Pressure Relief Calculations Using the Computer Package RELIEF

Duffield, J.S., R. Nijsing, N. Brinkhof
Journal of Hazardous Materials 46 (1966) 131-143
Rapidly Design Safety Relief Valve Inlet Piping Systems

Westman, Martin A.
March 1997, p 80
Venting Characteristics of Beverage Cans and Lessons to be Learned

Hans K. Fauske
9th DIERS Users Group Meeting
May 1, 1991
Pittsburgh, PA
Determine Two Phase Flows During Releases

Hans K. Fauske
February 1999
Preventing Runaway Reactions: EPA Releases a New Case Study

October 1999
Relief Valve Design – Some Comments on Sizing, Standards and Suppliers

F. P. Nichols
Scottsdale, Arizona
April 14-16, 1997
Viscous Two Phase Flow Through Safety Relief Valves Engineering Design Report
R. Darby
Scottsdale, Arizona
April 14-16, 1997
PRV Relief Systems: A Uniform Interpretation of Codes, Standards and Practices
J. E. Huff
Pittsburgh, PA
October 27-29, 1997
Multi-Segment Discharge Pipe Flow

J. C. Leung
Pittsburgh, PA
October 27-29, 1997
Two-Phase Flashing Flow Evaluations Based on DIERS, API, and ASME

Methodologies
J.C. Leung, F.N. Nazario
Paper Presented at the Spring 1989 Houston AIChE Loss Prevention
Symposium
April 2-6, 1989
Blowdown of Pressure Vessels

II. Experimental Validation of Computer Model and Case Studies
Haque, M.A., Richardson, S.M., Saville, G., Chamberlain, G.,
Shirvill, L.
Trans IChemE, Vol 70, Part B
February 1992
An Analytical Approach to Hybrid System Relief Sizing

Leung, J.C.
Presented at DIERS Users Group Meeting
Pittsburgh, PA
April 29 - May 2, 1991
Relief Vent Sizing and Location for Tubular Reactors

Grolmes, M.A., Yue, M.H.
Paper Presented at the 1992 Process Plant Safety Symposium
Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 370-387
Properly Program the Sizing of Batch Reactor Relief Systems

Richter, S.H., Turner, F.
April 1996

Leung, J.C., Creed, M.J.
Paper presented at
March 7-9, 1989
Cambridge, MA
Sizing Safety Valve Inlet Lines
Cox, O.J., Weirick, M.L.
CEP November 1980
Vent Sizing for Gas-Generating Runaway Reactions

Singh, J.
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 1994, Vol. 7, No. 6
Relief VAlve Sizing For Oxide Reactor & Initiator G-1 Polyol Reconstruction
Allen, J.T.
BWC# 494
Use Correct Conversions For Sonic Flow In Safety Relief Valves

Peters, J.K.
June 1996
Estimate Two Phase Flow in Safety Devices

Simpson, L.L.
August 1991
Study of the Runaway Characteristics of Suspension Polymerization of Styrene

Nemeth, S., Thyrion, F.C.
Chem. Eng. Technol. 18 (1995) 315-323
The Onset of Two-Phase Veinting Via Entrainment in Liquid Filled Storage Vessels Exposed
to Fire
Epstein, Michael, Fauske, Hans K., Hauser, George M.
November, 1996
FAI's Results for the September 1996 DIERS Emulsion Polymerization Round Robin Test
November, 1996
Easily Size Relief Devices and Piping for Two Phase Flow
Leung, J.C.
December, 1996
Properly Isolate Pressure Relief Devices

V. Edwards, D. DeMichael
November 1999, 57-64
Proposal to Improve the Technical Basis for Sizing Pressure Relief Valves Based on Tank
Fire Scenario
J. L. Woodward
W.Baker Eng. P005-001
Revised 22 March 1999
Protecting Reactors with Pressure Relief Systems

H. Giesbrecht
Modeling of the Upsurge Behavior for a Pressure Release of High Viscosity Liquids
Jens Frundt, Artur Steiff, Paul Michael Weinspach
Chemie Ingenieur Technik (68) 8196
1996
Specify the Right Sized Relief Valve

Virginia Carillo
April 1999
Choice of Runaway Reaction Scenarios for Vent Sizing Based on Pseudo-adiabatic

Calorimetric Techniques
Jean Louis Gustin
Properly Model Relief Systems

Mark G. Brosius, John L. Dial, II
CEP
July 1997
Practice Oriented Approach to the Design of Safety Valves and Their Blow-off Lines for the
Flow of Gas/Vapor-Liquid Mixtures
J. Schmidt, F. Westphal
Chem. Ing. Tech. 69, (7), 776-792 (1997)
Practice Oriented Approach to the Design of Safety Valves and Their Blow-off Lines for the
Flow of Gas/Vapor-Liquid Mixtures. Part 2
J. Schmidt, F. Westphal
Chem. Ing. Tech. (69) 8197

David. D. Goetz, Jeffrey S. Sawrey
Proces Safety Progress (Vol. 13, No. 4)
October 1994
Viscosity Correction Factor for Safety Relief Valves

Ron Darby, Kamyar Molavi
Process Safety Progress (Vol. 16, No. 2) Summer 1997
Quickly Design Subsonic Safety Relief Systems

Martin A. Westman
CEP
February 1998
Pressure Relief System Documentation: Equipment Based Relational Database is Key to

OSHA 1910.119 Compliance
P. C. Berwanger, R. A. Kreder
(Vol. 17, No. 1) Spring 1998
Critical Length Helps Calculate Compressible Flow

Italo H. Farina
February 1997
Make the Correct Conversions for Relief-Valve Sonic Flows

Hendrick C. Van Ness
CEP
July 1997
Utilize Plant Data from Emergency Relief Events to Test Design Methods: A Proposal to the
AIChE DIERS Users Group
Victor H. Edwards, Walter B. Howard
Process Safety Progress (Vol. 16, No. 3) Fall 1997
Pipe Design for Robust Systems

Michael Bussler, Tony Paulin
June 1997
An Overview of SuperChems for DIERS: A Program for Emergency Relief System and
Effluent Handling Designs
G. A. Melham, H. G. Fisher
Process Safety Progress (Vol. 16, No. 3) Fall 1997
Modeling of Dispersion of Two Phase Releases: Part 1 – Conservation Equations and Closure
Relationships
M. J. Pattison, R. Martini, S. Banerjee, G. F. Hewitt
Trans. IchemE, Vol 76, Part B, February 1998
Modeling of Dispersion of Two Phase Releases: Part 2 – Numerical Solution Scheme and
Validation
M. J. Pattison, R. Martini, S. Banerjee
Trans. IchemE, Vol 76, Part B, February 1998
Easily Design Safety Relief Vent Header Systems

Martin Westman
CEP
October 1997
Emergency Relief System Design – Instruction Module
Ron Darby
Prepared for SACHE
March 1997
An Overview of the Shell Fluoroaromatics Plant Explosion

D. G. Mooney
IchemE Symposium Series No. 124
Case Studies of Incidents in Runaway Reactions and Emergency Relief

Ta-Cheng Ho, Yih-Shing Duh
Process Safety Progress (Vol. 17, No. 4) Winter 1998
Emergency Relief Adequacy for Acrylic Polymerization Processes

A. S. Balchan, D. A. Paquet Jr., J. A. Klein
Using Constant Slip Ratios to Model Non-Flashing (Frozen) Two-Phase Flow Through Nozzles
Scott C. Jamerson, Harold G. Fisher

David D. Goetz, Jeffrey S. Sawrey
Process Safety Progress (Vol. 13, No. 4) October 1994
Sizing of Vent Cross Sections Against Explosions in the PSA Plants M 702 and M 719
Dr. Giesbrecht
Bericht 199.0723.2Q
99-07-23
Predictive Accuracy of Design Methods for the Relief Cross Sections on Chemical Reactors
in the Case of Two-Phase Flow Discharge
Lutz Friedel, Steffen Korfmann
Chem. Eng. Technol. 21 (1999) 7
Gas Flow Calculations: Don’t Choke

Trey Walters
January 2000
Consider Bottom Venting for Emergency Relief of Reactive Liquids

Kenneth Walter, Victor Edwards
34th Annual AIChE Loss Prevention Symposium
March 6-8, 2000
Atlanta, GA
Non-Conformance of Existing Pressure Relief Systems with Recommended Practices: A
Statistical Analysis
Patrick Berwanger, Robert Kreder, Wai-Shan Lee, Aman A. Ahmad
March 5-9, 2000
Atlanta, GA
Quickly Design Subsonic Safety Relief Systems

Martin A. Westman
February 1998
Use of Intelligent Software Agents in an Industrial Pressure Relief and Blowdown Design
Tool
A. Struthers
Computers chemm. Engng.
Vol 21, Suppl., pp S83-S88, 1997
Dynamic Modeling Helps Relief Valve Study During Live ICI Project
S. N. Collins, M. Falgowski, T. I. Malik
Computers chemm. Engng.
Vol 21, Suppl., pp S911-S916, 1997
Emergency Relief Adequacy for Acrylic Polymerization Processes

A. S. Balchan, D. A. Paquet Jr., J. A. Klein
Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer 1999
Evaluation of Two-Phase Flow Models for Flashing Flow In Nozzles

Ron Darby
An Experimental Study of Viscous Flows in Contractions

David A. McNeil, Jack Addlesee, Alistair Stuart
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 12 (1999) 249-258
Properly Size Vents for Nonreactive and Reactive Chemicals

Hans K. Fauske
February 2000
Relief Sizing for Two Phase Flow

Ron Darby, Paul Meiller, jarad Stockton
March 5-9, 2000
Atlanta, GA
The Study of the Esterification of Methanol and Acetic Anhydride
Chilworth Technology
Focus 2000 - No. 1
Ease Relief System Design and Documentation

Shah M. Ahmad
May 2000
Evaluation of Two-Phase Flow Models for Flashing Flow in Nozzles

Ron Darby
Using Instrumented Systems for Overpressure Protection

Angela E. Summers
March 5-9, 2000
Atlanta, GA
Choice of Runaway Reaction Scenarios for Vent Sizing Based on Pseudo-adiabatic

Calorimetric Techniques
Jean-Louis Gustin
Batch Runaway Reactions Relief: Re-Evaluation of “Credible” Scenario

Jasbir Singh
Vol. 16, No. 4, Winter 1997
Accidental Releases of Two-Phase Multicomponent Critical Flow from Horizontal Pipes

Paola Verlicchi, Paolo Leonelli, Gigliola Spadoni
Process Safety Progress, Vol. 19, No. 4, Winter 2000
Properly Size Vents for Nonreactive and Reactive Chemicals

Hans K. Fauske
Chemical Engineering Progress, February 2000
Wiedergabegenauigkeit von vereinfachten Methoden für die Auslegung der

Entlastungsquerschnitte von Chemie-Reaktoren bei thermisch durchgehender Reaktion
Lutz Friedel, Steffen Korfmann
TÜ Bd. 40 (1999) Nr. 3 – März
Prediction of Single- and Two-Phase Flow Contraction through a Sharp-Edged Short Orifice
Ben Bella Shannak, Lutz Friedel, Mahmound Alhusein
Chem. Eng. Technol., 22 (1999) 10
Extrapolation of Laboratory Reaction Kinetic Data for Relief Vent Design in the Case of a
HetrogeneousRunaway Reaction
S. Korfmann, M. Wieczorek, L. Friedel, F. Westphal, H. –G. Schecker
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 58 (1999) 171-181
Predictive Accuracy of Simplified Vent Area Sizing Methods for the Case of Thermal
Runaway Reactions
L. Friedel, S. Korfmann
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 13 (2000) 125-152
Conceptual Design of Pressure Relief Systems

Paul W.H. Chung, Shuang-Hua Yang, Chao-Hong He
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 13 (2000) 519-526
Analysis Identifies Deficiencies in Existing Pressure Relief Systems

Patrick C. Berwanger, Robert A. Kreder, Wai-Shan Lee
Process Safety Progress, Vol. 19, No. 3, Fall 2000
Emergency Venting Requirements for Gassy Reactions from Closed-System Tests

James E. Huff
Plant/Operations Progress, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1984
Ease Relief System Design and Documentation

Shah M. Ahmad
Chemical Engineering Progress, May 2000
Runaway Reactions: Ignore the Chemistry at Your Peril

David Leggett
Chemical Engineering, August 2000, pp 78-85
Approximate Hazard Ratings and Venting Requirements from CSI-ARC Data

E. S. De Haven
Plant/Operations Progress, Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1983, pp 21-26
Emergency Relief System (ERS) Design: An Integrated Approach Using DIERS

Methodology
G. W. Boicourt
Volume 14, No. 2, April 1995
Relief Sizing for Two-Phase Flow

Ron Darby, Paul Meiller, Jarad Stockton
34th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium
Session T6004
AIChE Spring Meeting
Atlanta, GA
March 5-9,2000
Determining Two-Phase Flows During Releases
Hans K. Fauske
February 1999, pp 55-58
Select the Best Model for Two-Phase Relief Sizing

Ron Darby, Paul Meiller, Jarad Stockton
May 2001, pp 56-64
Holdup in Gas-Liquid Flow

G.A. Hughmark
Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 58, No. 4, April 1962, pp 62-65
Discharge Coefficients for Choked Gas-Liquid Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices and
Applications to Safety Devices
Stanley D. Morris
J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 1990, Vol. 3, July, pp 303-310
Compressible Gas-Liquid Flow Through Pipeline Restrictions

S. D. Morris
Chem. Eng. Process., 30(1991) 39-44
Pilot Scale Study of Multi-Phase Venting From A Vessel at Elevated Pressure and
Temperature
J.R. Chen, C. Lee, C. Cheng, W.K. Chou, T.C. Ho
Trans IchemE, Vol 78, Part B, November 2000
Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase Systems

Soo, S.L.
Blaisdell Publishing Company
1967
One-Dimensional Two Phase Flow

Wallis, Graham
1969
Handbook of Miultiphase Systems

Hetsroni, Gad (Editor in Chief)
1982
Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology

Fisher, H.G. , et. al.
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Zur Druckentlastung in gasentlösend aufwallenden Systemen mit höherviskoser

Flüssigkeitsphase
Dipl.-Ing. Siegfried Schemberg, Werdohl
Reihe 3: Verfahrenstechnik Nr. 303
VDI Verlag
Technology Summary
Summary of Multiphase Flow Methods
AIChE ISBN 0-8169-0390-5
Relief Systems Handbook

Cyril F. Parry
Published by Institution of Chemical Engineers
ISBN 0 85295 267 8
Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems

CCPS
ISBN 0-8169-0476-6
Workbook for Chemical Reactor Relief System Sizing

Contract Research Report 136/1998
HSE Books
ISBN 0-7176-1389-5

Two Phase Flow Bibliography

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Venting of Vessels Containing Reacting Fluids: A Parametric Study

Flow Through Emergency Relief Devices and Reaction Forces

Critical Two-Phase Mass Flow Rates of Liquified Gases

Hydrodynamic Considerations of Venting with High Viscosity

On The Prevention of Two-Phase Fluid Venting During Safety Valve Action

Rapid Depressurization of Pressure Vessels

The Design of Reactor Relief Systems

Round Robin "Vent Sizing Package" Results

Application of the DIERS Methodology to the Study of Runaway

Process Safety Evaluation Applying DIERS Methodology to