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SMART DUST: FUTURE WIRELESS MOBILE SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

BY

RIDHI SHARMA, CSE 3RD YEAR

DRONACHARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, UPTU

ABSTRACT decreasing computing device size, increased


Smart dust is tiny electronic devices designed to connectivity and enhanced interaction with the
capture mountains of information about their physical world have characterized computing
surroundings while literally floating on air. history. Recently, the popularity of small
Nowadays, sensors, computers and computing devices, such as hand held
communicators are shrinking down to computers and cell phones; rapidly flourishing
ridiculously small sizes. If all of these are packed internet group and the diminishing size and cost
into a single tiny device, it can open up new of sensors and especially transistors have
dimensions in the field of communications. accelerated these strengths. The emergence of
The Smart Dust project is aiming to build an small computing elements, with sporadic
autonomous sensing, computing, and connectivity and increased interaction with the
communication system packed into a cubic- environment, provides enriched opportunities to
millimeter mote, to form the basis of integrated, reshape interactions between people and
massively distributed sensor networks. So, this computers and spur ubiquitous computing
device will be around the size of a grain of sand researches. 
and will contain sensors, computational ability, Smart dust is tiny electronic devices designed to
bidirectional wireless communications, and capture mountains of information about their
power supply, while being inexpensive enough surroundings while literally floating on air.
to deploy by the hundreds. Smart Dust requires Nowadays, sensors, computers and
evolutionary and revolutionary advances in communicators are shrinking down to
integration, miniaturization and energy ridiculously small sizes. If all of these are packed
management. If the project is successful, clouds into a single tiny device, it can open up new
of smart dust could one day be used in an dimensions in the field of communications.
astonishing array of application, from following The idea behind Smart Dust is to pack
enemy troop movements and hunting send sophisticated sensors, tiny computers and
missiles to detecting toxic chemicals in the wireless communicators in to a cubic-millimeter
environment and monitoring weather patterns mote to form the basis of integrated, massively
around the globe. distributed sensor networks. They will be light
enough to remain suspended in air for hours. As
the motes drift on wind, they can monitor the
INTRODUCTION environment for light, sound, temperature,
The current ultramodern technologies are chemical composition and a wide range of other
focusing on automation and miniaturization. The
information, and beam that data back to the millimeter dimensions to the micro metre level.
base station, miles away. The Ultra-Fast Systems component of the Nano
electronics Research Centre at the University of
GOAL OF SMART DUST Glasgow is a founding member of a large
international consortium which is developing a
The goal of the smart dust project is to build a
related concept: smart specks. Some attribute
self-contained, millimeter-scale sensing and
the concepts behind smart dust  to a project at
communication platform for a massively
PARC called  smart Matter. Smart dust devices
distributed sensor network. This device will be
will be based on sub-voltage and deep-sub-
around the size of a grain of sand and will
voltage nano electronics and include the micro
contain sensors, computational ability, bi-
power sources with all solid state impulse super
directional wireless communications, and a
capacitors (nanoionic super capacitors).
power supply, while being inexpensive enough
The recent development of nano radios may be
to deploy by the hundreds. The science and
employed in the implementation of smart dust as
engineering goal of the project is to build a
a usable technology.
complete, complex system in a tiny volume
using state-of-the art technologies, which will
require evolutionary and revolutionary advances
in integration, miniaturization, and energy MAJOR COMPONENTS AND
management. We foresee many applications for REQUIREMENTS OF SMART DUST
this : technology Weather/seismological
monitoring on Mars, Internal spacecraft Smart Dust Structure:
monitoring, Land/space comm. Networks, A smart dust particle is often called motes . One
Chemical/biological sensors, Weapons stockpile single mote has a Micro Electro Mechanical
monitoring, Defense-related  sensor networks, System (MEMS), a semiconductor laser diode,
Inventory Control, Product quality MEMS beam steering mirror for active optical
monitoring, smart office spaces, Sports - sailing, transmission, a MEMS corner cube retro-
balls. reflector for passive optical transmission, an
BACKGROUND optical receiver, a signal processing and control
The Defense Advanced Research Projects circuitry, and a power source based on thick-film
Agency (DARPA) has been funding Smart Dust batteries and solar cells.
research heavily since the late 1990s, seeing A major challenge is to incorporate all these
virtually limitless applications in the sphere of functions while maintaining very low power
modern warfare. So far the research has been consumption and optimizing the operating life of
promising, with prototype smart dust sensors as the mote. The structure of a single moat is
small as 5mm.But further scaling down needs shown in Figure . Smart dust motes consist of a
advance technological changes. Costs have passive optical transmitter with a micro
been dropping rapidly with technological fabricated corner- Cube Retro-reflector (CCR).
innovations, bringing individual motes down to This CCR contains three mutually perpendicular
as little as $50 each, with hopes of dropping mirror fabricated of gold- coated poly-silicon.
below $1 per mote in the near future. The CCR reflects any ray of light within a certain
range of angles centered about the cube
Design and engineering diagonal back to the source.
The smart dust concept was introduced by
Kristofer S. J. Pister (University of California) in The power system consists of a thick-film battery
2001, though the same ideas existed in science or a solar cell, or both with a charge-integrating
fiction before then (The Invincible, 1964). A capacitor (power capacitor). The thick film
recent review discusses various techniques to battery of sol or gel V2O3 provides as a backup
take smart dust in  sensor networks beyond in darkness, while solar cells generate energy
from sunlight. Depending on its objective, the the dust mote itself does not emit light, the
design integrates various sensors, including passive transmitter consumes little power. Using
light, temperature, vibration, magnetic field, a micro-fabricated CCR, we can achieve data
acoustic, and wind shear, onto the mote. Active transmission at a bit rate up to 1 kilobit per
transmitters make possible peer-to-peer second, and over a range up to 150 meters,
communication between dust motes, provided using a 5milliwatt illuminating laser.
there exists a line-of-sight path between them. One should note that CCR-based passive
optical links require an uninterrupted line-of-sight
path. Moreover, a CCR-based passive
Corner Cube Retro-Reflector (CCR): transmitter is inherently directional; a CCR can
transmit to the BTS only when the CCR body
diagonal happens to point directly toward the
BTS, within a few tens of degrees.
A passive transmitter can be made more omni-
directional by employing several CCRs oriented
in different directions, at the expense of
increased dust mote size. If a dust mote
employs only one or a few CCRs, the lack of
omni-directional transmission has important
consequence on feasible network routing
strategies.

Smart Dust requires both evolutionary and


revolutionary advances in miniaturization,
integration, and energy management. Designers
can use micro electromechanical systems to
build small sensors, optical communication
components, and power supplies, whereas
microelectronics provides increasing
functionality in smaller areas, with lower energy
consumption. The power system consists of a
thick-film battery, a solar cell with a charge-
integrating capacitor for periods of darkness, or
both. Depending on its objective, the design
CCR comprises three mutually perpendicular integrates various sensors, including light,
mirrors of gold-coated poly silicon. The CCR has temperature, vibration, magnetic field, acoustic,
the property that any incident ray of light is and wind shear, onto the mote. An integrated
reflected back to the source (provided that it is circuit provides sensor-signal processing,
incident within a certain range of angles communication, control, data storage, and
centered about the cube’s body diagonal). If one energy management. A photodiode allows
of the mirrors is misaligned, this retro-reflection optical data reception. There are presently two
property is spoiled. The micro-fabricated CCR transmission schemes: passive transmission
includes an electrostatic actuator that can using a corner-cube retro reflector, and active
deflect one of the mirrors at kilohertz rates. It transmission using a laser diode and steerable
has been demonstrated that a CCR illuminated mirrors.
by an external light source can transmit back a The mote minuscule size makes energy
modulated signal at kilobits per second. Since management a key component. The integrated
circuit will contain sensor signal conditioning various components of the system to conserve
circuits, a temperature sensor, and A/D energy. Periodically the micro controller gets a
converter, microprocessor, SRAM, reading from one of the sensors, which measure
communications circuits, and power control one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli
circuits. The IC, together with the sensors, will such as temperature, ambient light, vibration,
operate from a power source integrated with the acceleration, or air pressure, process the data,
platform. and store it in memory. It also turns on optical
The MEMS industry has major markets in receiver to see if anyone is trying to
automotive pressure sensors and communicate with it. This communication may
accelerometers, medical sensors, and process include new programs or messages from other
control sensors. Recent advances in technology motes. In response to a message or upon its
have put many of these sensor processes on  own initiative, the microcontroller will use the
exponentially decreasing size, power, and cost corner cube retro reflector or laser to transmit
curves. In addition, variations of MEMS sensor sensor data or a message to a base station or
technology are used to build micro motors. another mote.
The primary constraint in the design of the
Smart Dust motes is volume, which in turn puts
a severe constraint on energy since we do not
have much room for batteries or large solar
cells. Thus, the motes must operate efficiently
and conserve energy whenever possible. Most
of the time, the majority of the mote is powered
off with only a clock and a few timers running.
When a timer expires, it powers up a part of the
mote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of
the timers control the sensors that measure one
of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such
as temperature, ambient light, vibration,
acceleration, or air pressure. When one of these
timers expires, it powers up the corresponding
sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to a
digital word. If the data is interesting, it may
either be stored directly in the SRAM or the
microcontroller is powered up to perform more
complex operations with it. When this task is
complete, everything is again powered down
and the timer begins counting again.
Another timer controls the receiver. When that
timer expires, the receiver powers up and look
for an incoming packet. If it doesn’t see one after
a certain length of time, it is powered down
again. The mote can receive several types of
Figure : Components of smart dust packets, including ones that are new program
DESCRIPTION OF WORKING OF SMART code that is stored in the program memory. This
DUST allows the user to change the behavior of the
The smart dust mote is run by a microcontroller mote remotely. Packets may also include
that not only determines the task performed by messages from the base station or other motes.
the mote, but consists of the power to the When one of these is received, the
microcontroller is powered up and used to
interpret the contents of the message. The
message may tell the mote to do something in
particular, or it may be a message that is just
being passed from one mote to another on its
way to a particular destination. In response to a
message or to another timer expiring, the
microcontroller will assemble a packet
containing sensor data or a message and
transmit it using either the corner cube retro
reflector or the laser diode, depending on which
it has. The corner cube retro reflector transmits
information just by moving a mirror and thus
changing the reflection of a laser beam from the
base station. This technique is substantially
more energy efficient than actually generating
some radiation. With the laser diode and a set of
beam scanning mirrors, we can transmit data in
any direction desired, allowing the mote to
communicate with other Smart Dust motes.

COMPUTING AT THE MILLIMETER SCALE


Computing in an autonomous cubic-millimeter
package must focus on minimizing a given
tasks, energy consumption. Smaller, faster
transistors have reduced parasitic capacitance,
thereby resulting in diminished dynamic power
consumption. Constant electric field scaling has
reduced supply voltages, producing dramatic
power reductions for both high-performance and
low-energy computing because dynamic power
has a quadratic dependence on supply voltage.
However, constant electric field scaling also
calls for a reduction in the threshold voltage.
This will result in larger leakage currents, which
are already a concern in the high-performance
processors to be released in 2001 that will leak
amps of current. The process engineers need to
keep leakage currents low, which will also
benefit low-energy designers. In millimeter-scale MODE OF COMMUNICATION
computing, the shrinking transistors size lets Smart Dust full potential can only be attained
designers, compact significant computing power when the sensor nodes communicate with one
into this small area  another or with a central base station. Wireless
communication facilitates simultaneous data
Low-energy computation collection from thousands of sensors. There are
besides advanced micro fabrication technology several options for communicating to and from a
processes, using other techniques at every level cubic-millimeter computer. Radio frequency and
achieves low-energy computation. First, optical communications each have their
because we use a high-performance process strengths and weaknesses.
but operate at low speeds, we can drop the Radio-frequency communication is well
supply voltage to the minimum level at which the understood, but currently requires minimum
devices still function; theoretically this is 0.1 volt, power levels in the multiple milli watts range due
6 but for 0.5- to 0.2-micron processes it is more to analog mixers, filters, and oscillators. If
realistically 0.2 to 0.3 volt. To minimize current whisker-thin antennas of centimeter length can
leakage, which can cause significant power be accepted as a part of a dust mote, then
consumption at the low clock rates and duty reasonably efficient antennas can be made for
cycles that these low-energy architectures use, radio-frequency communication. 
we can increase the channel-to-source junction Semiconductor lasers and diode receivers are
reverse bias, thus increasing the threshold intrinsically small, and the corresponding
voltage. Initially, adding two extra supply transmission and detection circuitry for on/off
voltages in this package may seem onerous; keyed optical communication is more amenable
however, if the mote scavenges solar power, to low-power operation than most radio schema.
placing two small photodiodes on the integrated Most important, optical power can be collimated
circuit provides the few atto-amps per device in tight beams even from small apertures.
necessary to bias these junctions. The Smart Diffraction enforces a fundamental limit on the
Dust motes tasks closely relate to the physical divergence of a beam, whether it comes from an
realm, where the fastest sampling is 10 to 20 antenna or a lens. Laser pointers are cheap
kHz for vibration and acoustic sensors so the examples of milli radian collimation from a
amount of data is small enough that we can use millimeter aperture. To get similar collimation for
low data transition rates. Therefore we can use a 1-GHz radiofrequency signal would require an
clock rates in the 1 to 180 kHz range to antenna 100 meters across, due to the
decrease dynamic power consumption. Despite difference in wavelength of the two
these low clock rates, the circuits perform all transmissions. As a result, optical transmitters of
their transitions during a small portion of the millimeter size can get antenna gains of one
cycle; then they remain idle. Thus, powering million or more, while similarly sized radio
down blocks for even a few clock cycles saves frequency antennas are doomed by physics to
energy. be mostly isotropic. 
Remote programmability
Remote programmability plays an important role Collimated optical communication has two major
in millimeter-scale computing. Given their small drawbacks. Line of sight is required for all but
size and large numbers, we prefer to program the shortest distances, and narrow beams imply
these devices in masses, without direct the need for accurate pointing. 
connections. Remote programmability also Further optical communication is explored in
avoids the costs of recollecting and some depth due to the potential for extreme low-
reprogramming devices after we deploy them. power communication.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Two approaches to optical communication are
explored: Passive reflective systems and active
steered laser systems. In a passive
communication system, the dust mote does not
require an onboard light source. Instead, a
special configuration of mirrors can either reflect
or not reflect light to a remote source.
Passive-reflective systems
The passive reflective device consists of three
mutually orthogonal mirrors. Light enters the
CCR, bounces off each of the three mirrors and
is reflected back parallel to the direction it
entered. In MEMS version, the device has one
mirror mounted on a spring at an angle slightly
askew from perpendicularity to the other mirrors.
The mirror low mass allows the CCR to switch
between 0 and 1 states up to a thousand times
per seconds, using less than a nano joule per 0- Active- steered laser systems
1 transition. A 1-0 transition on the other hand is For mote- mote communication, an active
practically free because damping the charge steered laser communication system uses an
stored in the electrode to the ground requires onboard light source to send a tightly collimated
almost no energy. light beam towards an intended receiver.
Passive communication system suffers several Steered laser communication has the advantage
limitations. Unable to communicate with each of high power density. This system allows
other, motes rely on a central station equipped communication over enormous distances using
with a light source to send and receive data from mill watts of power.
other motes. Also, because CCR reflects only a Here, a laser emits an infrared beam that is
small fraction of the light emitted from a base collimated with a lens. This lens directs the
station, the systems range cannot easily extend narrow laser beam into a beam steering mirror,
beyond 1 km. aiming the beam towards the intended receiver. 
imaging receivers can overcome both the above
challenges. Light from a large field of view can
be focused in an image, as in our eyes or in a
camera. Imaging receivers utilize this to analyze
different portions of the image separately to
process simultaneous transmissions from
different angles. This method of distinguishing
transmissions based on their originating location
is referred to as space division multiple access
(SDMA). In contrast, most radio- frequency
antennas receives all incidents radio power in a
single signal, which requires using additional
tactics, such as frequency tuning or code
division multiple access (CDMA), to separate
simultaneous transmissions. 
Video camera
A video camera is a straight forward
implementation of an imaging receiver. If each
member in a colony of smart dust motes flashes
its own signal at a rate of a few bits per seconds,
then each transmitter will appear in the video
stream at a different location in the image. 
Using a high speed camera and a dedicated
digital signal processor to process the video
signal achieves higher data rates. With modern
cameras and DSPs, processing video at about
1000 frames per second should be feasible. This
allows communication at a few hundred bits per
seconds, which is acceptable for many
applications. Alternative receiver architecture
provides a more elegant solution at much higher
data rates, avoiding the need for computationally
intense video processing and very high speed
cameras. 
Smart Pixel Imaging Receivers
This is a fully integrated CMOS imaging device
LISTENING TO A DUST FIELD that receives data upto a few megabits per
Many smart dust applications rely on direct second. The receiver leverages the power of
optical communication from an entire field of shrinking integrated circuits and recent
dust motes to one more base stations. These developments in CMOS smart pixels sensors to
base stations must therefore be able to receive create a microchip similar to a digital camera
a volume of simultaneous optical transmissions. sensor, but with a complete asynchronous
Communication must be possible outdoors in receiver circuit integrated into every pixel in the
bright sunlight. Using a narrow band optical filter imaging array.
to eliminate all sunlight, except the portion near During the receivers operations, each pixel
the light frequency used for communication can autonomously monitors its own signal, looks for
only partly solve this problem. a transmission, decodes it, and transmits the
Imaging receivers data off chip when it receives a valid data
packet. Each pixel in the imager requires a
photo sensor and circuits to perform analog Atmel microcontroller with sensors and
signal processing and amplification, analog-to- communication unit. The communication unit is
digital conversion and an asynchronous serial one of the following: an RF transceiver, a laser
receiver. Such a receiver should be able to module, a corner cube reflector. Devices can
receive transmissions of only a few milli-watts in have one or all of the following sensors:
strength up to a few megabytes per second over temperature, light, humidity, pressure, 3axis
a distance of several kilometers. magnetometer, 3axis accelerometers.
GOLEM DUST
This consists of a CMOS IC that contains an
integrated optical receiver, an analog to digital
CURRENT ADVANCEMENTS converter, and a custom controller. This IC is
MICROBOTICS designed to interface with a MEMS chip
consisting of a solar cell array for powering the
Add legs or wings to smart dust and we get system, a corner cube retro reflector and a
micro robots. Like smart dust, these synthetic capacitor accelerometer which will be read by
insects will sense, think, and communicate. In ADC. The entire system will be 6.6 mm3. 
addition they will have the ability to move about
and interact physically with their environment.
Micro machining can be used to build micro LIMITATIONS
actuators and micro mechanisms, forming legs A major challenge is to incorporate all functions
and wings, which are integrated with other smart while maintaining very low power consumption,
dust components.  thereby maximizing operating life; given the
The crawling microbot consume only tens of limited volume available for energy storage. The
micro watts of power; the motors can lift more functionality envisioned for smart dust can be
than 130 times the robot own weight. The flying achieved only if total power consumption of a
microbot have a wing span of 10-25 mm and will dust mote is limited to microwatt levels, and if
sustain autonomous flight. Developers folded 50 careful power management strategies are
micron thick stainless steel into desired shape to utilized. 
create the wings and exoskeleton. Piezoelectric As Privacy issues Though smart dust can be
motors attached to the exoskeleton actuate the used as a total surveillance device, abuse of
wings. These legged and winged micro bots will such technology can cost us our privacy.
consume a total power of less than 10 milli
watts, provided by onboard solar cells.
ADVANTAGES
Miniaturization effort could help solve one of the
COTS DUST most pressing economic problems of the day:
They are large scale bodies for models for smart run away energy costs. Once attached to
dust and they are devices that incorporate buildings walls, the sensors would form a
communications, processing, sensors and network relaying data about each room
batteries into a package about a cubic inch in temperature, light and humidity to central
size.  computer that would regulate energy usage for a
fraction of the cost of current climate control
COTS dust was designed with the intention of systems. The emerging smart energy
testing out communication and sensing technologies potentially could save nations on
capabilities of large number of nodes. Potential electricity costs, as buildings drain away more
applications are limitless! They can range from than a third of the total energy supply.
fire detectors to espionage, from earthquake
monitoring to people tracking. APPLICATIONS OF SMART DUST
The basic structure of COTS dust consists of an Chemical or biological sensors.
Weapons stockpile monitoring. Applications
Defense related sensor networks. It is a special class of sensor network
Inventory controls. Fine sensing granularity
Land or space communication networks. Applications :
Monitoring environmental conditions that affect Forest fire warning
crops and livestock. Enemy troop monitoring
Building virtual keyboards. Large scale Biology or Geology
Providing interfaces for the disabled. Smart office spaces
Product quality monitoring. Defense-related sensor networks
Internal space craft monitoring. Inventory Control
Future Work
Design of multi hop network
Autonomous network configuration Key Features of these electronic particles
Data Fusion Power
Network Decision making Survive for extended amount of time
Large Scale Distributed Processing 
What is really behind the race? Computer
CONCLUSION Science!
Research in the wireless sensor network area is Data Fusion
growing rapidly in both academia and industry. An efficient semantic to diffuse data in the
Most major universities and many companies network
now have sensor networking projects, and some Interpretation of multimodal sensing
products are appearing on the market.
Innovative research includes short-range micro
power radio, energy scavenging from thermal Come Back to Reality! COTS Dust
gradients and vibration, operating systems, Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components Dust
networking and signal processing algorithms, To enable us the research about the algorithms
and applications. While the raw power of future and semantics 
computing environments will enable more
massive and amazing hardware and software
networks, a growing community will be pushing
the limits on the lower end, building smaller Power
hardware and writing terser code. Power: Lithium Battery
Big Problem
BRIEF SUMMARY Low capacity per unit of mass and volume
Needs support by sleep mechanism and low
Back to future! power techniques
Colonies of ultra small size network Not really so much innovation after Volta!
Interaction of advances in technology Solar
VLSI more condense silicon processing Vibration
VLSI more silicon speed Acoustic noise
VLSI low power short range communication Thermal conversion
MEMS Micro-Electromechanical Systems Nuclear Reaction
Networking : Ad hoc wireless Network Fuel Cells
Distributed Processing : Operating system,
Database
Computation
Computation: ATMEL91M404000
Micro Controller 
Core and variety of different functions  Balance,Header
Flash , SRAM , E2PROM
GPIO , ADC , PWM ,Comparator Optical Communication
Embedded serial Buses  Active
Ex: Microcontrollers Atmel , Microchip, Motorola High power laser source
Microprocessors Intel Strong-Arms ,Motorola  Transmission of modulated laser beam
Passive
MEMS Corner Cube Reflector
Sensors Emit modulated ambient light
Motion Sensing Extremely low power 
Magnetometer
Study 3 Element of Earth Magnetic field
(Compass) Optical Vs. RF
Accelerometer Both mature technology
To measure Local vertical (tilt switch) or Both Electromagnetic waves 
measure motion vectors light is quiet short wavelength compared to RF 
Environmental Sensing(Weather Monitoring) Potential of smaller sizes
Pressure light techniques are extremely directional
Barometer Peer-Peer
Temperature RF techniques can be more omni directional
Light Directionality Brings the problem of alignment
Humidity

Communication Future Work
Acoustic Design of multi hop network
RF radio Autonomous network configuration
Optical Data Fusion
Passive Network Decision making
Active Large Scale Distributed Processing 

REFERENCES
Acoustic Communication
Power Hungry
High Background Noise 1. Brett Warneke, Matt Last, Brian Leibowitz,
Large Size (proportional to harmonics of sound) Kristofer S.J Pister, Smart Dust-Communicating
Fast Attenuation Curve with a cubic millimeter computer IEEE Journal-
Low communication baud rate Computer. January 2001. Pages 2-9.
Low power receiver
Good for event driven wake up systems
2. http://www.bsac.eecs.berkely.edu
RF Communication
New low power techniques
Not robust (No fancy Spread Spectrum) 3. http://www.robotics.eecs.berkely.edu
ISM Band
4. Research journal on smart dust,Kristofer S.J
For practical frequencies large ANT Size(~λ)
Pister
It may have a tail!!
Only one RF front end
5.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/searc
MCU acts as base band controller
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7. AIA, LEED AP Principal Architect at AECOM, US.

8. www.hindustantimes.com

9. "Telepointer: Hands-Free Completely Self


Contained Wearable Visual Augmented Reality
without Headwear and without any
Infrastructural Reliance", IEEE International
Symposium on Wearable Computing (ISWC00),
pp. 177, 2000, Los Alamitos, CA, USA

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