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03
 The Video Lifecycle is an
involved, multi-step process that
requires technical solutions and
services at every stage.

blinkx is the only technology

company to offer a full suite of
solutions for media owners’
and publishers’ requirements at
every step of the Video Lifecycle.
LOCATE
PROCESS
INDEX
CONTROL
MONETIZE
DELIVER
LOCATE
Today, most video content is captured and stored
in encoded digital files. These files may be stored
in a private content management solution on a
secure, private network or they may be public-
ly available on the Internet. The remainder of
video content is maintained as legacy archives
in non-digital form. blinkx has developed the
blinkx distributed Video Fetch Server (dVFS)
and blinkx offline Video Fetch Server (oVFS) to
traverse and identify content in digital and non-
digital forms, respectively.
BLINKX DISTRIBUTED
VIDEO FETCH SERVER (dVFS)
The blinkx distributed Video Fetch Server is a
configurable server that is capable of interfacing
with a variety of video repositories (including
over 50 distinct database and content manage-
ment systems) in order to locate and extract video
that is contained within them. The blinkx dVFS
is architected as a parallel server that runs multi-
ple spider modules which each trawl the reposi-
tories to be indexed. While some private systems
can be relatively straightforward to interface
with, offering some form of public interface or
export function, others are extremely complex
to spider. The blinkx dVFS is able to automati-
cally aggregate from all with minimal manual
configuration.
The award-winning blinkx dVFS Web Edi-
tion Spider has played a major role in building
blinkx’s video index - now the largest in the
world. The Web Edition module is available ex-
clusively to our customers for spidering any sites
that are of interest to them.
As with the standard dVFS, the Web Edition is
fully parallelized in order to improve scalability
and is built on a complex process architecture
that supports dynamic resource allocation and
In addition to static and dynamically generated
HTML, the blinkx dVFS is capable of analyzing
and processing popular Web scripting languages
(including JavaScript/AJAX and Flash) and uses
variable substitution and code pre-compiling
techniques to infer content that is hidden in dy-
namically generated pages.

09
module self-replication in order to automati-
cally match the scale of the task set before it. The
spider trawls link structure, automatically bias-
ing towards likely sources of video content in or-
der to improve video yield.
BLINKX OFFLINE
VIDEO FETCH SERVER (oVFS)
If stored on tape or disk, offline video content
must be captured and encoded before it can
be used within a digital medium such as the
Internet. The blinkx offline Video Fetch Server
(oVFS) facilitates this process by interfacing
with standard video capture cards in order to
capture streams of analog content from offline
stores (such as tapes) or directly from live-air
broadcast.
10
Parallel and massively scalable automated spiders
that intelligently focus to find audio/video content
Render page fully in memory, allowing videos’
contextual metadata to be indexed
Ability to index any video from any page,
regardless of format (including Flash)
Automatic generation of thumbnails, previews
and word-timing
Agnostic approach, metadata, video analysis,
speech recognition and closed captioning
blinkx dVFS supports MySQL, Oracle and all other
common databases and standard C.M. systems
blinkx oVFS interfaces directly with offline video
sources including most tape and disk formats,
satellite, cable and terrestrial broadcast
Native support for over 50 common database
and content management systems
 LOCATE PROCESS
PROCESS
INDEX Once a digital video has been found or created
CONTROL from an analog original, the next step is analysis.
This process involves breaking down the piece of
MONETIZE
content into several of its constituent compo-
DELIVER
nents and processing each one to fully under-
stand the video’s overall meaning. The resulting
data can serve as a foundation for functions such
as search, organization, selection or suggestion.
BLINKX VIDEOLOGGER
VIDEO ANALYSIS MODULE
blinkx processes video content using a multi-
threaded server technology known as the Vid-
eoLogger. In constant development for the past
ten years, blinkx’s VideoLogger is a central man-
agement service that is responsible for marshal-
ling each piece of content through one or more
analysis modules that extract information.
The VideoLogger can be used in isolation but is
usually coupled directly with the Video Fetch
Server (VFS) modules.
The VideoLogger analysis modules use a variety of
advanced image and audio analysis techniques to
automatically extract information about a video
in real-time, facilitating the creation of a rich
12
index that accurately describes the video content.
This precise, time-stamped index provides fine-
grained access to the video content that can be
used to efficiently search and locate a specific
video segment for playback. Used together, the
VFS and VideoLogger modules can simultane-
ously index and digitize (encode) input content
to transform the video and audio assets into
accessible, Web-ready content.
Existing methods of making audio and video
searchable rely on either textual metadata (added
by professional editors or end-users as part of a
‘tagsonomy’) or closed caption data that is added
during the television production process. Both
of these approaches are significantly flawed.
Metadata is descriptive information (e.g., sum-
maries and tags) created by a video’s original edi-
tor but often omits aspects of a video that may be
of interest to others.
Typically, it is only applied on a per-video
basis, offering generic summaries of a video, and
is therefore an ineffective method of providing
users with precise, granular descriptions of the
subtle details in a clip. Additionally, the prac-
tice of free tagging, especially when opened to a
community, is prone to spamming - where users
falsely apply descriptors to content to subvert the
search process.
Closed captioning is flawed primarily because it
is generated by human transcribers who can suf-
fer from high error rates. Furthermore, closed
captioning is extremely rare on the Internet;
recent research by blinkx suggests that less than
0.001% of all Internet video content contains any
closed captioning. Even in cases where closed
captioning exists, the majority of these videos
only have basic titles that mark a content seg-
ment’s beginning and end - rather than a com-
plete transcript.
If they exist, the blinkx VideoLogger does ex-
tract and use metadata and closed captioning as
the first step in the indexing process. In addition,
blinkx’s technology utilizes advanced speech
recognition and visual analysis techniques to
analyze and understand the spoken word and
visual content of an audio/video file, ensuring Once the video or audio stream has been indexed,
unparalleled comprehension of online multi- encoded and analyzed, the digital video files and
media content. the descriptive analysis output are stored in the
blinkx video index.
The VideoLogger can also control the encoding
process using third-party encoders that output
in popular formats including MP4, Flash, Real
and Windows Media. Using an output module,
the VideoLogger controls both indexing and
encoding processes to ensure synchronization
between the metadata captured from the video

14
asset and the associated digital file. The output
of these analytical modules are stored as further
metadata tracks alongside the digitally encoded
content itself; not only does blinkx know what
was said, blinkx knows exactly when it was said.
AUDIO ANALYSIS MODULE
blinkx’s audio analysis technology uses advanced
statistical methods to deal with all aspects of
processing the digital audio signal from an
audio or video stream. It employs a wide range
of recognition technologies – from keyword-
and phrase-spotting to continuous vocabulary
speech, speaker and language recognition.
In order to analyze the spoken words of an audio
or video stream, blinkx uses audio analysis tech-
niques that are based on neural network tech-
nology and Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to
construct an efficient acoustic model that can
provide a fast, accurate and dynamic solution
within rapidly changing acoustic environments,
such as radio and television.
The technology is based on decomposing digi-
tized speech into its phonetic constructs. The
phonetic sequence is then analyzed in conjunc-
tion with the acoustic model and statistical prob-
abilities to calculate the most probable sequence
of words and utterances.
LARGE VOCABULARY RECOGNITION
Unlike traditional speech recognition systems
which have fixed vocabularies, blinkx supports
large text corpora, including hundreds of mill-
ions of words that can train the system and
refine its accuracy according to the specific
requirements of its customers.
Using patented predictive technology, blinkx’s
speech analyzer can offer users the benefits of
a large vocabulary speech recognition system
without the overhead of a vast search space.
Rather than relying solely on existing metadata
to describe an audio or video clip, blinkx has the
ability to retrieve a wide range of multimedia
content based on the words spoken in the televi-
sion or radio clip.
SPEAKER INDEPENDENCE
Whereas other approaches require training data
from specific speakers to realize their full poten-
tial, blinkx performs consistently well across a
wide variety of previously unrecognized speech
sources. Transcription of speech and segmenta-
tion by speaker requires no initial per-speaker
training because blinkx’s underlying technology
was developed as a tool to maintain inter-speaker
independence - not to be a single user transcrip-
tion tool.
NON-DICTATED SPEECH
Information feeds, such as news broadcasts and
radio, are often difficult to transcribe due to
noisy conditions and less-than-perfect articula-
tion. blinkx’s sophisticated signal processing and
statistical techniques enable the transcription
engine to filter out extraneous noise, compensate
for low volume levels and probabilistically pre-
dict intended dialogue.
PHONEME-LEVEL PHRASE
AND WORD SPOTTING
blinkx breaks down all forms of speech into
phrases, words and phonemes (the smallest
sound units in a particular language), offering
an exceptional granularity of understanding.
MULTIPLE LANGUAGE
MODEL ARCHITECTURE
blinkx’s core technology is entirely language
independent, enabling multiple languages to be
simultaneously processed and searched. blinkx
combines both phonetic and conceptual methods
to disambiguate the limitations inherent in tra-
ditional approaches, combining more accurate
language recognition with effective informa-
tion retrieval. Besides also supporting traditional
legacy techniques such as keyword-spotting and
Boolean protocols, blinkx VideoLogger enables
users to search audio data from a range of sources
using multilingual natural language queries.
IMAGE ANALYSIS MODULE
blinkx VideoLogger’s advanced video capture
and analysis technology also utilize neural net-
works and HMMs to optimize the encoding of
content in real-time. A comprehensive range
of media analysis plug-ins allow for the auto-
matic creation of metadata and the ability to
search entire media streams or clips by a range of
parameters such as audio, scene, speaker, loca-
tion, key frame, image, on-screen text, face,
token and concept.
17
By making video easy to identify, locate and
re-use, blinkx’s VideoLogger allows the elements
to be assembled and repurposed faster and with
greater accuracy than ever before. blinkx is capa-
ble of a wide range of intelligent video analytics
functions, including:
LOGO AND SCENE-CHANGE DETECTION
The blinkx VideoLogger is capable of automati-
cally detecting, analyzing and interpreting all
activity within video data and can, for exam-
ple, interpret and understand the significance
of specific images or note scene changes. Using
advanced techniques, the blinkx VideoLogger
identifies and categorizes objects in a scene by
size, shape, color, speed, direction, location and
time of day. Additionally, it utilizes techniques
such as comparing object histories, motion detec-
tion, object sizing, object tracking, object count-
ing and behavioral analysis; putting each object
and motion in context.
FACIAL IDENTIFICATION
blinkx’s video analysis also offers powerful bio-
metric identification tools to enable facial recog-
nition. However, traditional 2-D facial recogni-
tion has fundamental limitations with regard to
posture, expression and lighting. The blinkx Vid-
eoLogger employs superior three-dimensional
recognition techniques rather than 2-D facial
matching processes for optimum performance.
 19
ON-SCREEN CHARACTER RECOGNITION
Neural networks based on optical character rec-
ognition techniques allow the blinkx Video-
Logger to support advanced character recogni-
tion. Unlike template-matching used by other
systems, which is dependent on receiving high-
quality images, blinkx’s visual analysis techniques
provide much greater tolerance for matching
poorly-defined characters.

With the ability to integrate with multiple data-

bases and automatically cross-reference and cor-
relate identified characters with other data,
the blinkx VideoLogger offers the most sophis-
ticated, comprehensive, end-to-end solution
which encompasses every aspect of character
recognition together with advanced recording,
retrieval and analytical capabilities.
 INDEX
LOCATE
PROCESS When a user requests a specific piece of content
INDEX or a suggestion of something new to watch, that
CONTROL request is processed by the blinkx Index.
MONETIZE
The Index uses a complex, multi-dimensional,
DELIVER
pattern-matching process to compare the request
to its records on each piece of available content,
and then uses its findings to create a list of the
most relevant suggestions. These suggestions are
fed back to the user, either in an ordered results
list that can be organized in a number of ways,
or by creating a channel or playlist of content
pieces that can be consumed sequentially.

The blinkx Index is a platform-indepedent serv-

er that typically runs as a single virtual service
supported by multiple actual nodes, running on the need through analysis of the many content
distinct physical machines that can be in mul- records at its disposal. These functions are split
tiple locations. blinkx’s Index architecture sup- into three broad groups: Search, Category and
ports linear scalability, redundancy and fault- Community.
tolerant functionality and is supported by a
fully-featured automated service architecture
that is able to automatically identify service re-
quirements and provision resources as required.

LOCATE
CONTROL
PROCESS
The blinkx Control layer is accessed through INDEX
a large family of functions - each of which CONTROL
represents a different way of expressing a partic- MONETIZE
ular requirement to the video index. Each causes DELIVER
the index to react in a different way, meeting
SEARCH FUNCTIONS
These functions allow a user to explore and keyword
search the blinkx Index with a high degree of
control and accuracy. blinkx’s technology sup-
boolean
ports keyword search, Boolean search, concep- phrase
tual search, automatic hyperlinking, fielded or conceptual
meta-search, federated search, parametric search
and guided-navigation.
contextual
hyperlinked
parametric
guided
clustered

22
CATEGORY FUNCTIONS
blinkx Category functionality facilitates the def-
inition of a manually designed or automatically - manually defined taxonomy and ontology
inferred taxonomy or ontology of subjects and
topics. This taxonomy can then be used as a ba- - automatically generated taxonomy and ontology
sis for the automatic organization of content—
incoming media is automatically sorted into - automatic categorization
suitable categories, allowing for easy retrieval.
- automatic topic clustering
Systems powered by blinkx are capable of intui-
tively sorting information on a grand scale, with - theme spotting
the assistance of Category functions. blinkx’s
Category functions also support Topic-based - user and community categorization
Clustering that can identify trends within in-
coming data. For example, Topic-based Cluster-
ing can spot breaking news topics or suggest a
taxonomy that will best describe a particular
corpus of video.
COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS
With the Community functions, a blinkx-pow-
ered system can infer profiles based upon the
consumption and creation of content by users
and groups.
‘leaders’, suggest user groups based on those who
have similar interests and recommend content
based upon the creation, consumption and shar-
ing of content.

blinkx supports both implicitly generated pro- - thematic clustering

files that are built on automatic observation - explicit and implicit profiling
of user actions, and explicit profiling based on - alerting
user-driven preference setting and training. In - community suggestion
all cases, blinkx understands that individual us- - group selection
ers can have many diverse interests - blinkx pro- - audience/content demand profiling
files are multi-faceted by design.

These profiles can be used to support a wide va- SORTING AND FILTERING
riety of recommendation strategies: alert users Regardless of the function used, blinkx’s Index
to new content that will be of interest to them, results lists can also be sorted and filtered in a

24
automatically identify users who are topic number of ways:
SORTING
BY CONTENT PROVIDER:
preferential weighting of content from speci-
fied sources over all other content providers in
an index
BY RELEVANCE OR DATE:
view content results based on best possible match
to search query or freshness of content
BY ARBITRARY METADATA:
sort a results list by any of the fields of metadata
which describe each piece of content (e.g., sort by
author, security clearance, number of comments
or number of views)
FILTERING
SAFE FILTER:
pre-populated filter which blocks inappropriate
content in order to facilitate family-friendly
results lists
QUALITY FILTERS:
ensure that only content of certain quality levels
(measured by frame rate, resolution, bit rate or
destination network latency) are returned
FORMAT FILTERS:
block content encoded in formats the user does
not wish to view, allowing for return of files
only in Flash, Windows Media, RealPlayer any
required combination of content formats
 MONETIZE
LOCATE
PROCESS Persuasive automated advertising must combine
INDEX historical, demographic knowledge of a user
CONTROL with an understanding of the content that he or
MONETIZE she consumes at a given moment in time.
DELIVER
Put simply, knowing who is watching what and
why makes it easy to select highly relevant ad-
vertising. blinkx’s ad platform, AdHoc, achieves
this by first capturing these inputs and then au-
tomatically synthesizing them to deliver a selec-
tion of advertising that aims to best monetize a
particular user or content event.
UNDERSTANDING PEOPLE
When combined with a form of user identifica-
tion harness (such as a user account or Internet
browser cookies), blinkx’s profiling technol-
ogy can follow a specific user over an extended
period of time. blinkx’s analysis of users’ media
consumption enables it to automatically build a
multi-faceted profile for specific users’ interests.
UNDERSTANDING CONTENT
As described in the “Process” section, blinkx’s
VideoLogger analysis modules can extract and
understand all information about a video clip.
27
UNDERSTANDING INTENT
Users often watch the same piece of content
for different reasons. The key to capturing the
intent of a given user at a specific point in time is
to follow the search activity that led them there.
If a user finds a piece of content based on search
activity through a blinkx-powered engine,
blinkx is able to capture both the search leading
to the consumption of that content and also the
failed searches that preceded it.
SYNTHESIS AND SELECTION
blinkx’s AdHoc platform combines the access-
ible inputs with manually defined business rules
and applies the remaining analysis to databases
of available ads. blinkx partners can decide
which ad databases are leveraged – their own,
the blinkx platform or third party ad networks.
Once relevant ads have been identified, AdHoc
can deliver them in a variety of ways.
BLINKX AD DELIVERY FORMATS
PRE-, POST- AND INTERSTITIAL-ROLL
These popular ads are full-screen video ads that
are played before, after or during a piece of con-
tent (respectively). Though extremely arresting
as they play directly in the video player window,
roll ads are less popular because they interfere
with the clip playback experience. Roll ads are
priced based on an impressions model.
BLINKX UN-ROLL UNIT
The blinkx Un-roll unit allows the viewer to
engage with a brand continuously throughout a
video. The experience begins with a branded cur-
tain that draws back to reveal the video. As the
video plays, touch-points such as overlay ads and
logos appear at contextually relevant moments
within the video, made possible by blinkx’s Ad-
Hoc technology. The video ends with a clear
call-to-action and the viewer has the option to
continue to the advertiser’s Web site.
OVERLAY ADVERTISING
Like user-initiated ads, overlays appear in the
video player. In contrast, however, overlay ads
are display advertisements in themselves, con-
taining graphical elements and a form of mes-
saging or call-to-action that is always visible.

While it is possible for users to further investi-
gate by clicking on the ad, overlay advertising is
generally priced based on an impressions model.
TEXT AND BANNER ADS
Text and banner ads are the most traditional form
of Internet advertising and are used extensively
in non-video content. However, blinkx AdHoc is
format agnostic and can therefore apply its un-
derstanding of a viewer and content to these ads,
selecting keyword and banner ads that are of rel-
evance to the current user and/or content.
VIDEO SEO
29
Online video requires much more sophisticated
methods of Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
than traditional text-based content, due to
complexities and nuances inherent in its form.
blinkx’s advanced technology solves this prob-
lem. Publishers can take advantage of blinkx’s
unrivaled understanding of video content by in-
tegrating our technology with their Web prop-
erties to greatly augment existing SEO initiatives
and strategies.
AUTOMATIC VIDEO ANALYSIS
AND PROCESSING
To optimize video content for search engines, it
is necessary to create as much textual informa-
tion about it as possible, in order to maximize
ways the video can be searched and retrieved.
Like traditional text-based technologies, blinkx
generates textual information about standard
titles, categories, and user-created tags, but in
addition, blinkx actually listens to, watches, and
reads video content.
This means blinkx has the power to analyze and
process not only textual content, but also audio
and visual video components, using speech rec-
ognition and visual analysis technologies. These
processes greatly increase the number of words
associated with a given video, thus driving more
traffic to it. blinkx’s enhanced sources of de-
scriptive data also enrich SEO content by allow-
ing Web developers easy access to video content,
no infrastructure involvement necessary.
ENTITY EXTRACTION
blinkx is able to generate a massive amount of
textual information about a given piece of video,
so it’s critical to be able to refine searchable infor-
mation into the most relevant descriptive units
or entities, that describe the video’s most basic
components. blinkx’s technology automatically
and accurately assesses context and pulls out key
words, so publishers attract the most relevant
possible audience to their video.
Video entities such as names, statistics, and lo-
cations are extracted from information associ-
ated with a video object, like comments, titles,
tags, and audio. After identifying these entities,
blinkx tags a publisher’s content with broad de-
scriptions of the video’s content.
These descriptions automatically populate the
conventional components of a Web page, like ti-
tles, html, or optimized URLs, to make a page as
accurately searchable as possible. Additionally,
these extracted entities can be used to provide
superior navigation via site structure, categori-
zation, and taxonomical integration.
CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING
For optimum SEO, it is essential to understand
the key concepts or themes associated with a vid-
eo’s content, because they determine relevance
and ultimately drive navigation. In order to es-
tablish these concepts, blinkx automatically ex-
tracts and indexes textual information about the
video to further its conceptual understanding.
Video assets and generated tags are then scruti-
nized to identify overall concepts, to yield more
accurate, relevant results than are possible with
keyword-based search technologies.
By recognizing complex concepts within the
video, rather than simply scanning inferior tag-
ging, blinkx determines relevance based on actu-
al content, not subjective human interpretation.
blinkx delivers advantageous ways for search
engines to drive relevant audiences to publish-
er content by placing it in context, whether in
search results or associated links.
31
 LOCATE
PROCESS
INDEX STEP 1:
CONTROL DISPLAYING VIDEO
MONETIZE SEARCH RESULTS
DELIVER It makes sense for search engines to display results
for text-based web pages as text to efficiently
assist users. While many pieces of video content
DELIVER also have textual titles and metadata which could
be used to provide relevant summaries, these are
Once relevant videos and necessary advertising far-removed representations of the content itself.
have been matched, the content must be delivered They force the user to judge moving images and
to the viewer. This is a two-step process: first, the sound simply on the basis of words. In order
multiple pieces of content are displayed in the to allow for efficient user appraisal of results,
form of a search results list. Then, once a specific blinkx has developed “Moving Thumbnail
video has been selected for viewing, it must be Generation”, a unique, patented display method
played to the user. to summarize video clips.
BLINKX’S MOVING
THUMBNAIL GENERATION
blinkx’s patented Moving Thumbnail
Generation technology analyzes every incoming
video file and creates a number of visual
thumbnails – short, compressed video segments
that represent different points in time of a given
clip. Thumbnails are generated either arbitrarily
(e.g., every minute, every 10 seconds, at the
start and end, etc.) or, more typically, based on
specifically identified events within the video
(e.g., the utterance of key words, the appearance
of a famous face, etc.). Later, when a video is
listed as relevant to a user’s search, blinkx not
only returns the textual summary and title of the
relevant video, but it also displays the Moving
Thumbnail that most closely demonstrates why
a given video is relevant to the search.
33
For example, in the case of a longer form video
that covers more than one topic, the Thumbnail
will feature screenshots related to the search
query. A user is therefore able to swiftly view
and assess how relevant a given video is to their.
STEP 2:
DELIVERY OF CONTENT
In-browser streamed video is an inexpensive
method of delivering content via popular
streaming technologies such as Real streaming
format, Windows Media, Flash Audio/Video
and Apple’s Quicktime. blinkx supports all of
these formats and, in addition, can deliver in-
browser video using a number of lesser-known
standards.
Direct streaming of video, on the other hand, is
an expensive process.
To guarantee high-quality content and low
latency, content providers often use a costly
content delivery network that charges a high
price per data unit of transferred content.
With regard to online video, these costs can
accumulate rapidly, especially in the case of
popular clips that are viewed by thousands or
millions of viewers in short periods of time.
To maintain both quality and latency while
dramatically reducing bandwidth costs, blinkx
has built BBTV (blinkx Broadband TV) - a peer-
to-peer streaming and download technology
that vastly improves the efficiency of providing
large-footprint content to a user.
BLINKX HYBRID
PEER-TO-PEER STREAMING
blinkx’s hybrid peer-to-peer technology supports
the on-demand streaming of television-quality
content over a typical home broadband connec-
tion.
For instance, BBTV uses seed servers to originate
content and, as increasing numbers of users
select and watch a given media file, redistributes
the content to the network of peers. Peer-to-peer
streaming shares distribution costs at various
levels of a network hierarchy, resulting in lower
delivery costs without sacrificing playback
quality.
BLINKX
DRIP-DOWNLOADING
blinkx’s drip-download technology is a large-file
download manager that allows content owners
to slowly download media to a user’s computer
over a period of time.
The drip-download takes place unobtrusively
in the background, automatically throttling
its download rate based on user activity, thus
minimizing reduction of a user’s productivity.
Drip-downloading is an efficient, low-impact
method of delivering extremely high quality
content to a user when streaming which a peer-
to-peer approach simply cannot deliver. BBTV’s
drip-download service is typically used to deliver
HD or DVD-quality films at full-feature length.
BLINKX DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
In addition to employing blinkx’s peer-to-peer
and drip-download technologies, BBTV also
supports the Microsoft Windows Digital Rights
Management (DRM) architecture.
This technology ensures secure handling of
owners’ and licensors’ content. Only authorized
viewers can watch DRM-protected content and
re-broadcast or share when explicitly allowed to
do so.
DRM