Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University
One Report Due For This Module (EM111 Materials & Energy)
1
EM111 Materials & Energy Laboratories
Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University
Create your FRONT PAGE as follows: EM111 Materials & Energy Laboratories
For: Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,
Dublin City University
1. Describe the COMBINED Aims of the OVERALL Materials & Energy Laboratory in your own words (8 A4 Page Lines
Max. typed or hand written):
2. Tabulate the results and Show any Calculations, Provided any Required Graphs, from Each Laboratory as Indicated
in the Laboratory Details :
4. Conclusions
4.1 Draw conclusion/summary for the Combined Materials and Energy Laboratory. (i.e. can be a summary of the results
found, observations and findings. (5 A4 Page Lines Max.)
4.2 Comment on possible sources of error. (3 A4 Page Lines Max.)
4.3 Describe 2 examples of applications/uses where you would use any of the materials (steel, Al, Brass, nylon) above and 2
nd
examples of applications/uses for the Energy Experiment (your 2 Experiment) you have described (6 A4 Page Lines
Max.)
5. Bibliography (Detail and Reference the books you sourced to write up your report using the following format;
For example if it was a Book:
th
1. Callister, W. D. “Material Science & Engineering”, John Wiley, 6 Edition, (2003), pages 63-64
2
EM111 Materials & Energy Laboratories
Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University
MATERIALS
LABORATORY
DETAILS
ROOM SB14
3
EM111 Materials & Energy Laboratories
Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University
MATERIALS: - MECHANICAL TESTING PART (A)
Reference Books: Callister (page 109)
Ger. & Timoshenko (page 1 -17)
Gauge length 22 mm
THEORY
In the context of a materials tensile test:
2
Engineering Stress = Force divided by Original Cross Sectional Area (Newtons/mm )
Engineering Strain = Extension divided by Original Gauge Length (mm/mm ) i.e. no units or dimensionless
(note: referred to as stress and strain.)
Stress and strain are used to describe the effects of an increasing tensile force on a material during a tensile lest. Stress
relates the force on a specimen to the cross-sectional area of that specimen. From the formula for stress above we can see
that if the area is reduced the stress increases, or if the force goes up the stress increases. Strain relates the elongation of a
specimen to the original gauge length of the specimen.
OBJECTIVES
To find the tensile characteristics of a material (i.e. how the material reacts when pulled apart). The material properties are
normally recorded and calculated as detailed on page 5. (see lecture notes for more information)
Normally a Stress V" Strain graph is produced from the tensile test recorded data. Values of "YS" and "UTS" can be taken
from this graph "read from the Y axis", Values of Young's modulus are calculated by finding the slope of the straight line
section at the start of the graph.
Stress and strain values can be calculated from the elongation and force values and a graph of Stress V" Strain can be
plotted.
4
EM111 Materials & Energy Laboratories
Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University
Procedure
Record the hardness value for each material (Aluminium, Steel, Brass and Nylon) as per the demonstrator's instructions.
Calculations
Determine the Rockwell B hardness values for the chosen engineering materials.
Note: The swinging hammer in this test contain a lot of energy, which would cause serious damage to anyone (or part of
anyone) in its path. The guards are for your own safety, and must be respected. NO-ONE is allowed place fingers in the path
of the hammer once it has been raised.
PROCEDURE
A load is applied as an impact blow from a pendulum hammer is released from an initial position at a fixed height h.
The specimen (Aluminium, Steel, Brass and Nylon) should be positioned at the base of the apparatus as shown in
Fig. 2.1 below.
Upon release, a knife-edge mounted on
the pendulum strikes and fractures the
specimen at the notch, which acts as a
point of stress concentration for its high
velocity impact blow.
The pendulum continues its swing, rising
to a minimum height h', which is lower
than h. The energy absorption, computed
from the difference between h and h', is a
measure of the impact energy.
Procedure
Record the Impact value for each material
(Aluminium, Steel, Brass and Nylon) as per the
demonstrator's instructions.
Calculations
2
Determine the Impact (J/mm ) values for the
chosen engineering materials.
Figure 2.1
5
EM111 Materials & Energy Laboratories
Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University
2. Tabulate the results of each test as follows:
Show in detail how you calculated one of the Stress and Strain values (include units throughout) above (8 A4 Page Lines
Max.):
On the graph provided overleaf label the following the 4 lines according to their material types (Metal, Ceramic,
Plastic) and suggest an example of a material which would behave in this way (use Steel, Aluminium, Glass/brass,
PVC/Nylon, etc.) (Provide the graph in your report)
On the graph provided indicate the following regions/points; Modulus of Elasticity (E), Yield Stress (Y S) (The stress
at which Yield occurs), Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) (The maximum stress recorded), Breaking Point, and which
material is Ductile or brittle.
250
Stress (N/m2)
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Strain
6
EM111 Materials & Energy Laboratories
Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University
Tabulate the hardness and Impact data (Record the data of the energy used to fracture specimen of each material type.
2
Include units in your table, e.g. J/mm )
7
EM111 Materials & Energy Laboratories
Dr. J. Stokes
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University
ENERGY
LABORATORY
DETAILS
ROOM SB32
8
School of Mechanical and Manuf&during Engineering
E F 'i 7' i , (
Introduction
Numerous industrial applications require heat transfer from hot to cold fluids and a
wide variety of Heat Exchangers have been developed for this purpose. Heat is
transferred whenever a temperature difference exists and the modes of transfer
namely conduction, convection and radiation may operate separately or
simultaneously.
Conduction is the mode of heat transfer through solids and liquids whcre there is no
movement of the fluid in the direction of the heat flow.
Convection is the mode in which heat is transferred through a fluid system by the
motion of the fluid.
Radiation is the mode of heat transfer by electromagnetic waves. This mode is very
important at high temperatures and is considered negligible in small heat exchangers.
Apparatus
The unit consists of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with hot water flowing through
the central tube while cooling water flows through the annular space. Thermocouples, ""
are used to sense the stream temperatures at various points throughout the system.
Other features include hot and cold water circuits, temperature control and cooling
water control valves. ( See circuit diagram 1 for more details.)
I~I
T~tLCe
Selector Sw~ch
t
II @ II
13 t5
Heal Exchanger
t Healer
Power
+
Oran
Incfcolor
0
19 Hg, Low
~
Flow Flow
0 Meter
MeIer
Ccxfug
Water
Flowmeter
t Hooler
COfilroi
and
COfilrol
Hi(tl Flow
C;xilral
V0 1ve
18 88
Man Healer
t Sw~ch
..-
Sw~ch
Mans
Cold
b==============>?=::[]_ Purp t
Waler In
Tori<
Drain
Ie Heat
Exchorger
Oran
Start up procedure:
1. Set the Cooling Water Flow Control valves to give either concurrent or counter-current flow as
indicated by the arrows on the front panel.
2. Tum on the cooling water supply and open the cooling water flow control valve on the cooling
water flowmeter. Ensure that cooling water flows freely through the flowmeter and heat exchanger
to the drain.
3. Supply power to the unit and tum on the main switc:;h. The hot water high and low flowmeters
should indicate a circulating flow.
Close the low flow meter valve and fully open the high flow meter control valve.
4. Tum on the heater supply switch and adjust the heater control.
The heater power indicator will flash, indicating the relative power to the water heaters. When the
indicator is on fully, the power supply is at maximum.
~: A certain amount of air will come out of solution as the water is heated, but this will be
automatically vented within the heating tank.)
If this is the fIrst time that the unit has been operated then it may need to run for approximately
15 minutes in order to ensure that the majority of dissolved air is released from the hot water
circuit.
5. When the hot water temperature l:l reaches the desired temperature (noi. more than 75 to 80°C)
adjust the high or low flow control valves to give the desired hot water flow rate. Adjust the cold
water flow and heater control to obtain stable running conditions so that the system temperatures
remain constant.
6. Alternatively the flows may be set to the desired values and the temperatures adjusted by alteration
of the heater control.
7. Note that if the hot water temperature exceeds approximately 90°C then the high temperature cut
out will operate and tum off the power to the water heater. The heater power indicator light will
be extinguished under these conditions.
Power will be automatically restored when the water temperature l:l has fallen to approximately
70°C.
Shutting Down
1. Tum the heater control anti-clockwise to its minimum setting and tum off the heater switch.
2. Tum the cooling water flow to a high value, and fully open the hot water flow control valves.
3. When the system has cooled to about 40°C, tum off the mains switch and isolate the unit from the
mains.
1). Write a ONE PAGE description of the apparatus using the enclosed diagram
2). Determination of lIeat Transfer Rate, Log Mean Temperature Difference and
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient.
1). Set cooling water flow control valves for counter current flow.
2). Check that the heater tank contains water to the correct level.
3). Close the 'Low' flow control valve and fully open the 'High' flow control valve.
4). Switch on the mains and the water heater and set the heater control to a high
value.
5). Increase the hot water temperature to approx 70°C and then adjust the hot water
flow rate to a convenient value Eg 5 llmin (80 g/s)
6). Adjust the cold water flow until stable operating conditions are reached (approx
70°C)
Results
1
1) Hot water mass flowrate m. =V *p*---- (kg/s)
1 I 1000 *60
6) Plot a graph of Temperature Distribution for counter current flow with Distance
from Hot Inlet on the X-axis and Temperature on the Y-axis
OBSERVATION SHEET
For relative positions of temperature measurement points please refer to schematic diagram on Page 1.
Thermal Conductivity at
k/Wm- I K- 1
mean temperature
Inlrod"Ol;OIl
Air oolldWoning m.ay be <l<scribed as lite ,,""Irol of lite a1D'DS!,h,:re so ~lal a desirtd
leIop"':"u"" humidily aoo air dislribulion is achieved uruJer "o,"rolled and repealablt
circwm"ances. Applir:a'k"" i"c1ode dnnleS1ic, "ffoces, b",pitals Ilnd buildiJlg uni"
IIIlJ D~,er arras wbich "'lllire human comfort. Induslrial application inclode
1""",,"luries, food slOJ3gt, manafaclurillg, and pharmaceulical produclion
Appanuo.
l11e unjt C<)II.isl, of a Ilunlocr Dfkey oomponcllts. The.'ie inclade Cans, filt"", heal
c>:ehangers and homidifiers. We' and dry bulh ,hem",mOlen are os<:d '0 find lhe
humidily oflbe air al various pointS Ihroughout II><: rig "loog wi'h " range of Dlher
i""nullenialin" fm p"","ure rncasweme,,1 and tlow measuremenl
I) II.", d .. dtn",,,s'ralor give " <l<lailoo i"trOO,"'I;oo aboullhe ')'SIt'" aud lughliglll
II><: I:cy oomponenls follJl<l On lhe: rig in 0 <hort ,me page overview oflhe: systom
2) hlilow lhe ;ns!rnc'....... on je,t shed I 10 gene",le lit"", e)'<k evenlS on "
Psyd.omclric CIw1. HigJ<iighl lite wet and dry bulb lempe"'lu"" a, c<'IC!I po;1lt ond
find Ihe mois",,,, conlent alld II", specific c"llwlpy "Clhe ai, III "",h poi"l. Preenl
Ihis da13 in a table for ead c)'<I".
Tos, Sh«' I
I) Tun] on II>c rig and SCI die fM to gi,.., on orifice prt::SStlrt: drop of 401""'.
2) To'" On lhe oon'pressor only and record table 2 OIl the "b>crvali"n sltt<:l.
3) Tlln, on dIe 1- preheattr and allow lhe: 'ySltm 10 settle for S rni"" I:>efore
""""rding lable J dala.
4) Tom on Ih" I ~ rebealer all"w "'" sy,le.., '0 ",,,Ie for S min, b<fo.., recording
table 4 dOUL
S) Ask ,he demon""'I"r I" can-fully mnl 00"" ,he rig.
t
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o
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0>"0
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._
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C 0.
0:::>
.-
........ .c.
......
"03:
C
o
o
«
Test Reference: 1 2 3 4
Wet t2 (oC)
Wet t8 (oC)
%Saturation (%)
Specific Enthalpy e
(kJ/kg)
no ,,, "0
Figure 10
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School of Mechanic:,:! and Manufacturing Engineering
Introduction
Apparatus
The unit consists of a vapour compression cycle utilising a small work input to
transfer heat form a Water source evaporator to a cooled condenser. All relevant
temperatures, pressures and flowrates are measured enabling the complete cycle to be
investigated. (See Fig 1)
Useful data:
Experimental Procedure
1) Have the demonstrator give a detailed introduction to the system and a outline of
how pumping over into the condenser is achieved.
Results
1) Write a ONE PAGE technical description of how the refrigeration unit works
starting at the compressor.
2) Using the data collected during test 1 plot the refrigeration cycle diagram on the
p-H diagram supplied. Comment on the condition of the refrigerant at each point
on the diagram (i.e. liquid, vapour etc,)
3) Using the same data collected during test 1 calculate the overall heat transfer
coefficient between the refrigerant and water in both the evaporator and the
condenser.
Expansion
Work
Valve
(OptionaD
Pressure
Pressure c====~~v.. Relief Valve
Relief Valve
- Wallmeter (OplionaD
-
..-
Vent Water Drain + -
Valve _--H---\t-"
Control
Valve
0 - t Sight
Gloss tJ
Control
Valve
tJ Evoporatar
Condenser Water
Woter Flow Meter
Flow Meler Oil Return
Condenser Capillary
Compressor
t Expansion
t
Valve
t
t8
(Optional)
Main
Swilch
t
Pressure
SWitch
- Charging
Valve t
l81
-
t
-
Figure 1 Water Inlet
2
R633 Valve Positions
NORMAL OPERATION
OIL RETURN
(Only when In Pump Down Condition)
SHUTDOWN
Figure 2
GENERATION OF A REFRIGERATION CYCLE DIAGRAM ON A PRESSURE-
ENTHALPY CHART
Note this procedure can ONL Y be undertaken by the following detailed method with the optional
temperature indicator fitted to the R633 unit as the temperature of the refrigerant liquid in the
condenser is required for one state point on the cycle diagram. However the procedure may be
modified for use with the standard thermometer set. See Page 48.
The fining procedure for the optional temperature Indicator kit, if not already fitted, is given in
Appendix A. Details of the kit are available from P.A. Hilton Ltd, or their local representative.
The vapour compression refrigeration cycle is of paramount importance in terms of food and drug
preservation, air conditioning, and heat pumps. In order to analyse the system performance in terms
of the thermodynamic cycle it is common for engineers to record system pressures and temperatures
and then to plot the various Slate points on a pressure-enthalpy chart of the working fluid.
The working fluid in the Hilton Refrigeration Cycle Demonstration Unit Series R633 is R141b. This
has the chemical name 1,1,-Dichloro-l-fluoroethane.
A detailed description of the various parameters displayed and obtainable from pressure-enthalpy charts
will be found in most text books on thermodynamics and therefore will not be expanded upon in this
manual.
In order to plot a cycle diagram for the unit the following procedure should be adopted.
Procedure:
(i) Start the unit for normal operation as shown on Page 15 and ensure that the unit is air free by
venting air from the condenser as described under air venting on Page 18.
Once air free increase the condenser cooling water flow to a mid range value. The pressure at
which the condenser stabilises will depend upon the water inlet temperature.
(ii) Set the evaporator water flow to a mid range value and allow the unit to run for approximately
15-20 minutes. The time taken to stabilise will depend upon the local ambient conditions and the
cooling water inlet temperature.
(iv) In order to demonstrate that the cycle varies for different operating conditions it is recommended
that the condenser pressure is varied by adjustment of the condenser cooling water flow rate. The
unit should be allowed to stabilise and the system parameters recorded.
The procedure may also be repeated at different evaporating temperatures and the results plotted
on a pressure-enthalpy chart as described below.
The results from the following table are shown plotted on Page 50.
The slate points a, b and c on the diagram on Page 50 are located in the following manner:-
(i) Point a is at the intersection of the evaporator chamber pressure Po = 32 kN m,2 absolute and the
evaporating temperature ls = 4.0°C.
(ii) Point b is at the intersection of the compressor chamber pressure Po = 70 kN m,2 absolute and the
compressor discharge temperature ~ = 41.7°C.
Example of Measured Results and Calculations:
Using the Values on the Graph overleaf and information page after the graph, the Rate of Heat Transfer to
Water in Evaporator:
= Cp (t1 – t2) = 20.0 x 10-3 x 4.18 x 103 x (11.2 – 9.7) W = 125.4 W
inlet = (t1 – t5) = (11.2 – 4.0) K = 7.2 K
outlet = (t2 – t5) = (9.7 – 4.0) K = 5.7 K
mean = = = 6.4208 K
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
60
50
40
30
20
.-..
l.. 15
-~
.0
QJ
l..
:::
V)
10
8
V)
QJ 6
l.. 5
-
Q.
QJ 4
::: 3
"0V)
.0
~
2
.......
QJ
1.5
:::
"0V) I
.0 0.8
et:
c 0.6
0
0.5
'"
'"QJ 0.4
l..
~
0.3
0.2
0.1
Unites I Units P: bar T : 0(' REFERENCES T=O°C h=200kJlkg s=lkJ/ kg.K
h : kJlkg s : kJ/1.;g.K v : m 1 !kg Tb : 32 Pc : 41.8 Tc:204.1 d(25°C) : 1.2(
rrrrmlllITTTrTrlll\T1
\"rTrllfTTl II[rrlllm1mrrrm
II 1m 1[T11T[\,1m,"T]11mtTTTIfrrym]l1TIpm [Tl1
1"[TTT1lIITTTIV"TTlfTTTlT iTm rn I 11~ I~ l11TrmF m1j rnrymrr TIl
T 'I I ,~T 1]1 rrrynrrrn rrrrrmFrprrrym \ I I '\'.
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Enthalpie I Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
elFatochem
~
DETERMINATION OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN R141b AND WATER
IN THE EVAPORA TOR AND CONDENSER
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) is the heat transfer rate per unit area of heat transfer surface
when a temperature difference of one degree exists between the hot and cold fluids.
In the evaporator, the refrigerant temperature is sensibly constant, but the water temperature falls as it
passes through the coils. In the condenser some degree of superheating may be present when the gas
enters the condenser glass chamber. However the quantity of heat delivered due to the superheating
will be small relative to that attributable to the condensing phase change. Examination of the high
pressure line of the cycle diagram generated in Experiment No.9 on Page 47 will confIrm this.
In order to analyse the overall heat transfer coeffIcient a representative temperature difference must be
determined that represents the driving force for heat transfer between the refrigerant and the water.
The temperature difference to be used in this case is the "Logarithmic Mean" which is given by
Procedure:
(i) Start the unit for normal operation as shown on Page 15 and ensure that the unit is air free by
venting air from the condenser as described under air venting on Page 18.
Once air free increase the condenser cooling water flow to a mid range value. The pressure at
which the condenser stabilises will depend upon the water inlet temperature.
(ii) Set the evaporator water flow to a mid range value and allow the unit to run for approximately
15-20 minutes. The time taken to stabilise will depend upon the local ambient conditions and the
cooling water inlet temperature.
Test No. 1 2 3 4 5
Evaporator Temperature k, / °C
Condenser Temperature ~ / °C
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 , .
Enthalpie / Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
elf atocheln
~
School of Mechanical and M~nufacturingEngineering
Introduction
However the vapour compression refrigeration cycle cycle may equally be used to
upgrade heat from a low grade ( such as a river, atmosphere, soil) so that it may be
discharged at a more useful higher temperature for some other application e.g. space
or water heating.
For Example large dairy fanns require chilled water for cooling milk and hot water
for cleaning pipework. A heat pump can provide energy savings in this situation
assuming the scale and utilisation factors justify the increased capital costs.
Apparatus
The air and water heat pump apparatus is a vapour compression cycle utilising a
small work input to transfer heat form either a Air or Water source evaporator to a
cooled condenser. AU relevant temperatures, pressures and power inputs are
measured enabling the complete cycle to be investigated. (See Fig 1)
Analysis
A machine whose prime function is to remove heat from a low temperature region(
usually below ambient) is called a Refrigerator. For such a system the important
quantity is the heat supplied (taken in )to the system from the surroundings.
The main running cost of both these systems is the power input 'W'.
Experimental Procedure
Test 1:
I) Turn on the water supply to the unit and turn on the main switch.
2) Select the water evaporator by pressing the evaporator change over switch.
3) Set the condenser gauge pressure to between 700 and 11 OOkN/m 2 by adjusting the
condenser cooling water tlowrate.
Results
3) Determine the specific enthalpy at each point from the graph. (Four points)
.Evaporator:
Condenser:
Compressor:
~
ill
Q~
C
(-)
0
2
~
~ ~,
u
U
0
><>
M
0
~
M
'"
M
0
g
g
'"
0
~
0;
~
N
2-
s>-
<i-
0
N
N
i"
Z
UJ
8N
§ .,
"::
"t '
0
~
[
"t
~
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..,E
,~
~
c
0
§
G.
G'
<>
¥
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:;
0
0
~
><>
"-
~
~ !.
u
Q
0
N
<-
~.
u
~
0
'"0 '"0
~
0 q <> 0 0 0
g 0 0 0
~ ~ ~
0 0 0
.,; ~
0
..;
0
N :." 0
'"0 '"0 "-
0 0 ci N
0 0
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0
Test I 2 3 4 5 6
Electrical input to
Electrlcd W / Watls 470
compressor
Compressor suction
p. I kN m- 2 148
gauge pressure
Compressor suction
p.1 kN m- 2 253
absolute pressure
Condenser gauge
P21 kN m-2 1180
pressure
Condenser absolute
P2/ kN m- 2 1285
HFCl34a pressure
Compressor suction
tt / DC -1.4
temperature
Compressor delivery
~ I DC 80.0
temperature
Condensed liquid
~ / DC 44.8
temperature
'.
Evaporator inlet
~ I DC -4.2
temperature
Water
Inlet temperature t"fC 16.4
Condenser
Coollng
Condenser outlct
LtI"C 49.8
temperature
o
lsolaHog Valve Pawer Heter
Thermostatle Solenoid
Normal! y Open Expansion Valve
Valve
Evaporator
~
Condensed Evaporator '0 Water
Liquid
o Wate1
ReceJver Changeover
g Flowmeter 18 Solenold
1
Switch Valve
o AIr
Refrigerant
Flowmeter
••
IF"-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'"'-'-'-~..:J
- Non-Return
Valve
~---.
~~
~_=Zt4~"Z"Z'~'~"*'Z'Z"D"~'="Z'*"~"Z"Z'D"~"~··Z·D·D··~··Z··Z·D··D··~··z··a·D··~·=··=·a··D··D·r=~z-a.rD.. ~..=
. z.a..D..D··=··=·:·:··_I=··_5=·_·Z._.Z.:..:..:.•._.a.•..:..:._.Z.:.•..:..•.•.Z·_·~~······:~_a~·_~a:·::e:t_lJ(·~n:~t_ _~ ~;~~
Water
Filter
Compressor I6 (InternaD
COoling Waste Water
Coil Drain
Cooling Water
Inlet
Fig 1 below shows the main components of a standard vapour compression cycle. The
changes in thermodynamic propertie::: of the refrigerant and the cycle of events are
detailed below
-Qcooo.to ,oem
Expansion valve
or .
capillary tube
Figure 1.
Process 1-2. Compression - dry saturated vapour enters the compressor where it is
compressed increasing its pressure and temperature
Process 3-4. Expansion - Simple throttle valve expansion form high to low
pressure. Constant enthalpy process
These processes and the corresponding thermodynamic properties are shown on the
following P-h diagram Fig 2.
Under-
~
rl-----t......;2
h j = h. h
Enthalpy I( kJ Ikg)
r=fh, ~h·)I~1
(hl-h,)
Figure 2