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Introduction to Magnet
Electronic Measurement & D’Arsonval Meter Movement in DC
Ammeter & Voltmeter
Instrumentations Voltmeter/Ammeter Loading Effect
Ohmmeters
Multimeters
Direct-Current Meters Galvanometer
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Magnet Applications Electromagnetic Devices
Magnetic disk/tape read/write head
Magneto-optical disk
Transformer
Solenoid
Relay
Speaker
Basic Solenoid
N S
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Examples Voltmeter Loading Effects
When voltmeter measure voltage across component, voltage is lesser
whenever, voltmeter is connected
Decrease maybe negligible or considerable depends upon sensitivity.
This effect is called Voltage Loading & resulting error is Loading Error
Voltmeter loading can be reduced by using a high sensitivity voltmeter
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Ammeter Insertion Effect Ohmmeter
Inserting Ammeter in a circuit always increases the resistance of circuit An instrument to determine resistance is Ohmmeter
and, thus always reduces the current in circuit. The expected current: It consists of batter, meter movement calibrated to read ohms and resistor
E Ro is current-limiting resistance & adjustable for zeroing & for correcting aging
Ie = of battery
R1 Includes meter internal resister Rm
Placing the meter in series with R1 causes the current to reduce to a Rx is unknown resistance to be measured Simple Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter Scale
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Multimeter Multimeter
General purpose test instrument that
necessary circuitry to measure AC or DC
Voltage, current or resistance
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