The Great Transformation

Time Span: 1896 To 1915

Massive waves of immigration, a headlong economic boom with the growth of prairie agriculture and
urban industry transform Canada between 1896 and 1915. Those who shape the new society include
peasants from Eastern Europe, in search of free land; socialists who try to mobilize an emerging urban
working class; and campaigners for temperance and women's suffrage. The dizzying pace of change also
brings ethnic intolerance and racism, particularly against Asian immigrants. As well, growing tensions
over Canada's role in the British Empire help put an end to Sir Wilfrid Laurier's reign in 1911. When
World War I breaks out, a burst of enthusiasm in English Canada and resistance in French Canada
foreshadows domestic conflict as wartime pressures grow.

An unprecedented age of prosperity and massive immigration transform Canada at the turn
of the 20th century. Canada's first francophone leader, Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, leads
a country marked by Prairie boom times and massive industrialization. Those who shape the
new society include peasants from Eastern Europe, in search of free land; socialists who try
to mobilize an emerging urban working class; and campaigners for temperance and
women's suffrage. The dizzying pace of change also brings ethnic intolerance and racism,
particularly against Asian immigrants. As well, growing tensions over Canada's role in the
British Empire foreshadow divisive times to come as the First World War looms on the
horizon.

Ordeal by Fire

Time Span: 1915 To 1929

Canada's heavy military role in World War I (60,000 dead in a population of 8 million) transforms its
society, its politics and its place in the world. The horror, bravery and sacrifice of trench warfare are
evoked in Canada's great battles: Ypres, the Somme, Vimy Ridge, Courcelette and Passchendaele. The
domestic consequences of Canada's war effort are also wrenching - the conscription crisis of 1917 marks
a low point in English-French relations. After the war ends, labour revolts in Winnipeg and across the
country raise fears of a Bolshevik insurrection. The return to stability in the mid-1920s lasts only briefly
as the crash of 1929 plunges the country into economic chaos.

Canada's heavy military role in World War I (60,000 dead in a population of 8 million)
transforms its society, its politics and its place in the world. The horror, bravery and
sacrifice of trench warfare are evoked in Canada's great battles: Ypres, the Somme, Vimy
Ridge, Courcelette and Passchendaele. The domestic consequences of Canada's war effort
are also wrenching - the conscription crisis of 1917 marks a low point in English-French
relations. After the war ends, labour revolts in Winnipeg and across the country raise fears
of a Bolshevik insurrection. The return to stability in the mid-1920s lasts only briefly as the
crash of 1929 plunges the country into economic chaos.

Formulas for molecular compounds

 A molecular formula  shows the type and number of atoms in a molecule

 type of atom indicated by element symbol

 number of atoms per molecule indicated by subscripts (if greater than one)
o H2O contains 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom per molecule.
o Carbon tetrafluoride, CF4, contains four fluorine atoms and one carbon atom per
molecule.
 atoms in formulas are sometimes grouped to show how they're connected in the molecule
o Methanol is usually written as CH3OH to show that 3 hydrogens are bound to the carbon
and another hydrogen is bound to the oxygen.
o Acetic acid can be written as CH3COOH or as HC2H3O2 or C2H4O2. The first formula
shows how the molecule is put together; the second formula emphasizes that one
hydrogen is different from the others; the third formula is the least informative because it
shows only the numbers and types of atoms in the molecule.
 groups that appear more than once in the molecule are enclosed in parentheses
o CH3(CH2)3CH3 could be written as C5H12, but all information about the structure of the
molecule would be lost.
o (CH3CH2)4P2O7 molecules contain 8 carbons, 20 hydrogens, two phosphoruses, and
seven oxygens.

 molecular weight  = sum of weights of atoms in the molecule

o The molecular weight of CH3OH is approximately 12 + 4*1 + 16 = 32 since the carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen have atomic weights of 12, 1, and 16 u, respectively.

Formulas for ionic compounds

 empirical formula  gives the elemental composition of a compound

o formula lists elements present by element symbol

o subscripts give ratios of ions or atoms in the compound

CuSO4 contains 4 atoms of O and 1 atom of S for every 1 atom of Cu.

Na2CO3 contains 2 atoms of Na and 3 atoms of O for every 1 atom of C.
  writing ionic empirical formulas

o write the cation formulas, including charge

o write the anion formulas, including charge
o combine enough cations with enough anions to give a total charge of zero
 trick: swap charges as subscripts
 don't write charges when the ions are combined
o use the simplest (lowest) cation-to-anion ratio possible
o list cations first, anions last

Potassium ions (K+) and chloride ions (Cl-) combine to give potassium chloride, KCl
Calcium ions (Ca2+) and bromide ions (Br-) combine to give calcium bromide, CaBr2
Aluminum ions (Al3+) and sulfide ions (S2-) combine to give aluminum sulfide, Al2S3

2. naming ionic compounds from formulas

o name the anions
o name the cations
 recall that the names of transition metal and main group cations must include
their charge as a Roman numeral.
o the name of compound is cation name followed by anion name

Na2S contains sodium ion and sulfide ion. The compound is sodium sulfide. SnCl4 contains a tin
cation and four chloride ions. Each chloride carries a -1 charge, so the tin must have a +4 charge.
The compound is tin(IV) chloride. 

3. the formula weight  is the sum of atomic weights for atoms in the formula

NaOH: Na2CO3 (NH4)2SO4

Na 23.0 u Na 2×23.0 u N 2× 14.0 u
O + 16.0 u C + 12.0 u H + 2×4×1.0 u
H + 1.0 u O + 3×16.0 u S + 32.0 u
40.0 u 106.0 u O + 4×16.0 u
132.0 u

Polyatomic ions

 definition: ions formed from more than one atom

 examples: ammonium (NH4+), hydroxide (OH-), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO4-)

 polyatomic ions retain their identity within ionic compounds, and in many reactions
 names, formulas and charges of common polyatomic ions  should be memorized!

 formulas for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions are written as usual, except:

o put parentheses around polyatomic ions whenever there are more than one

o don't break up polyatomic ions (write Ca 3(PO4)2, not Ca3P2O8)