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ACKNOLEDGEMENT

First of all the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Almighty God, Ida
Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, for his blessing so that this science report could be finished on
time.

In this occasion, the writer also would like to thank to some parties who have given
support, advice, guidance and suggestion.

1. Ida Bagus Nyoman Japa, S.Pd as the school principal of SMPN 2 Amlapura

2. Dra. Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd as the science teacher of SMPN 2 Amlapura

3. Pak Pasek as the rice farmer

4. Pak Bandem as the rice farmer

5. All of my friends in class 8A in SMPN 2 Amlapura

This report revise and improve the writer realizes that the report has many
weaknesses. Therefore, it is hoped for any critics, as well as suggestions from the readers to
revise and improve this report.

Finally, the writer expect that this report would give a new insight for the readers.

Amlapura, February 10th 2011

The Writer
ABSTRACT

According to interviews, sources from books, and internet pest or plant disease is a
creature which destruct or damage cultivated plants. Farmers whom the writer had been
interviewed said that pest absolutely gave disadvantages for them since it can decrease their
crop more than 30%.

In this case, pest is very destructive for the farmers as well as they also endanger
human life since food becomes their primary need. People in the world consume many kinds
of food from several plants. They may come from rice, wheat, corn, cassava, and etc.

In Indonesia, mostly of its people consume rice as their primary food. Although we
can find people from other areas also consume sago and tubers as their primary food.

Indonesia is well known as agriculture country that is a country which mostly its
people work as farmers. Indonesia is also the biggest producer of rice in the world.

The Biggest Producer of Rice – 2005

(Million metric ton)

China : 185

India : 129
Indonesia : 54

Bangladesh : 40

Vietnam :36

Thailand : 27

Myanmar : 25

Pakistan : 18

Philippine : 15

Brazil : 13

According to the data, it can be seen that Indonesia produces enough rice for its
people. In order to increase the result of production, the government has done some efforts
such as giving a subsidy for fertilizer as well as giving pesticide and insecticide.

The result of using synthesis pesticide is very useful to control the pest and to produce
great and fine crops. However, it also has a negative effect which is very dangerous for
environment since it can damage our environment. For that reason, it is suggested to apply
more natural pesticide,

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study


Indonesia is a country in which mostly its people consume rice as their primary food.
It starts from senior official until pickers need rice as their primary food. Therefore, we can
see Indonesia has some areas as rice producers such as in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan.

Indonesia was the third greatest country in the world in producing rice in 2005. It
produced about 54 million metric ton. As mostly of its people work as farmers, Indonesia is
called as agriculture country.

Indonesia also has a great potency to increase the rice production since it many
volcanic areas which is very fertile to be cultivated as agriculture and plantation.

Central and local government has done many efforts and innovations to increase the
crops such as giving a subsidy for fertilizer and giving pesticide to control the pest.

During this time, the efforts are success in increasing the result of production but
there is a negative effect for that. The application of synthesis pesticide causes a destruction
of our environment. In addition, it is also possible to cause a negative effect for human as
well.

Pesticide which is used irresponsibly will damage the plants themselves. Besides,
when the pesticide contaminates water it may damage biological variety in the water.

In order to avoid the destruction, we need to do real action and efforts to overcome
the application of pesticide irresponsibly. One of them is by using natural pesticide such as
leaf of papaya, amethyst, and etc. it does not cost much money to make this natural pesticide.

Indonesia also faces another classical problem that is mostly farmers find difficulty in
leaving this synthesis pesticide. They consider that it is the best way to control the pests.
Besides, they are pleased by its ease in application. Therefore, it is a big task to make them
leave synthesis pesticide.

1.2. Statement of Problem

Based on the background of the study above, the problem of study can be formulated
as follow:

1. What is the significance of rice for people?

2. What kinds of pests do attack rice plants?

3. How do control the pests?

4. What is the appropriate solution to kill the pests?

1.3. Research Scope


The report will only be focused on natural pesticide as the solution to overcome the
negative effect of synthesis pesticide.

1.4 Research Objective

Based on the research scope above, the research objectives will be:

1. To find out the significance of rice in human life.

2. To find out kinds of pests which attack the rice plants.

3. To find out the way to overcome the pests attack.

1.5 Research Method

The reports uses two kinds of methods, they are:

1. Library research that is find out the information about natural pesticide and the
negative effect of synthesis pesticide through reading some books. The writer tries to
find out more information by searching some related articles in the internet.

2. The writer also does such kind of direct observation by interviewing some farmers.
They are Pak Bandem and Pak Pasek.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 The History and Kinds of Rice

Rice has already known as primary food for human during hundreds years ago. Rice
belongs to poaceae (synonym: Graminae or Glumiflorae). The cultivation of rice was
assumed come from Gangga valley, Brahmaputra River, and Yangtse valley.

Generally, rice has some characteristics such as it harvests every one season that is six
month, it has short trunk, adventitious root, its structured-like trunk is arranged by stems or
leaves, perfect leaves which grow upright, the shape of its leaves are sharp and pointed with
light green up to dark green, the roots of leaves are parallel, it is covered by smooth rare hair,
it’s flower is complexly arranged, it’s type starts to have branches, every unit of flower is
called as floret, which is located at one spikelet which sits on a panikula; a grain type of fruit
or caryopsis that can not be differed between it’s fruit and it’s seed, it is almost-rounded to
oval shaped, it is sized 3 mm to 15 mm, it is covered by palea and lemma or in daily language
is well known as hull of rice, it’s dominant structure is endospermium that people eat.

Nowadays, rice grows and spread in many countries which have enough water with
warm temperature. Rice likes moist and muddy soil. Some scientists assume that rice comes
from the evolution of ancient plants which grew in swamp. Their opinion is based on some
facts that we can find some species which grow in swamps (some areas in Kalimantan), rice
also needs much water along the growth. Besides, we also find there are special hoses in its
roots which have function to take the oxygen to the roots.
Rice has a significant role as a primary food in the world. It is also as the third cereal
which mostly consumed beside wheat and corn. As a result, it becomes a source of
carbohydrate for mostly people in the world.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom : Plantae

Division : Magnoliophyta

(exclude) : Monocots

(exclude) : Commelinids

Order : Poales

Family : Poaceae

Genus : Oryza

Species : Oryza Sativa

Scientists consider that O. Sativa consist of two subspecies, Indica and Japonica
(synonym Sinica). Generally, Japonica has short life, it has long trunk but easily get damage,
its lemma has awn, the grain tend to be round and produce good-tasting rice. Conversely,
Indica has long life, its plant is smaller than Japonica, its lemma does not have any awn or
only with short awn, its grain tends to be oval. Although both of these species are able to
breed with each other, the percentage of surface is low. The well known example of this
breed is cultivar ‘IR8’, it is a fine selection breed of Japonica (cultivar ‘Deegeowoogen’ from
Formosa with Indica (Cultivar ‘Peta’ from Indonesia). Besides these two varieties, there is
another minor Javanica which has similar characteristics with the two main varieties above.
It can be found only in Java.

The examination by using biology molecular shows that there are two more minor
subspecies besides Indica and japonica, such as aus (no irrigated rice from Bangladesh),
royada (swamp rice from Bangladesh), ashina (swamp rice from India), and aromatic (good-
smell rice from south Asia and Iran, and include famous basmati rice). This classification
makes use of RFLP and helped by isozim. The examination uses genetic indication of SSR
toward genome of cell nucleus and two locus in genome chloroplast shows that the difference
between Indica and Japonica. However, japonica is devided into three groups: temperate
japonica (japonica which grow in cold areas, come from China, Korea, and Japan), tropical
japonica (“japonica that is from tropical area” from Indonesian Archipelago) and aromatic.
Subspecies of aus is a separated group.

Based on molecular evolution evidences, it is approximated that large group of indica


and japonica has been separated since 440.000 years ago from an ancestor population of
O.rufipogon. Rice domestication process occurs on different point towards the two separated
group. Based on archeological evidences, rice has started to be cultivated (domesticated)
since 10.000 up to 5.000B.C.

Rice is varied in all over the world. Some of them are: gogo rice, rawa rice, pera rice,
ketan (sticky rice), wangi rice.

1) In some rain storing area, people develop gogo rice, it is a type of dry rice that
is relatively tolerance without any flooding like in a ricefield does. In Lombok
it is developed a gogo rancah rice system that provides flooding in a certain
time which raises the rice harvest.

2) Rawa rice or up and fall tide rice lives in savage or it is cultivated in swamp
area. besides in Borneo, this type of rice is also found in Gangga river valley.
Rawa rice is able to form a long trunk that is adaptable to the extreme seasonal
water depth change.

3) Pera rice is a rice that has level of amilosa and pati more than 20% in it’s rice.
The grains of the cooked rice do not stick each other. Opponent of Pera rice is
pulen rice. Most of Indonesian people like this type of rice and some kinds of
rice sold in Indonesian market are classified as pulen rice. This classification
is primarily seen from it’s rice consistency.

4) Ketan (sticky rice), whether they are white, red/black has been known for
years. Ketan rice has level of amilosa under 1% in it’s rice pati/ essence. It’s
essence/ pati is dominated by amilopektin, that makes it really sticky when it is
cooked.

5) Wangi rice or harum (aromatic rice) is developed by people in some places of


Asia, the famous one is ‘Cianjur Pandanwangi’ race (it is now already be a
superior cultivar) and ‘rajalele’. Both of these cultivars are variety of javanica
that has long life.

2.2 Way to cultivate Rice

• Cultivation of ricefield rice (Eng. Paddy or Paddy field), is estimated began in an area
of Yang tse river’s valley in China.

• Cultivation of dry land rice is known by people earlier than the cultivation of ricefield
rice.

• Cultivation of swamp area rice, is done in some places in Borneo island.

• Cultivation of gogo rancah or it is shortened gora, that is the modification of the


cultivation on dry land. It succeeds to be applied in Lombok Island, that has only a
short term rainy season.
Every cultivation system needs an adaptive cultivar towards each system. Group of rice
cultivar which is appropriate for dry land is known as gogo rice.

In brief, cultivating rice covers the process of raising seedlings, movement or plantation,
maintenance (watering, weeding, protecting and fertilizing) and harvesting. Another
important aspect yet it is not included in the arrangement of cultivating rice is cultivar
selection, seeds processing, and seeds storing.

2.3 Pests which Attack Rice

Pests are those organisms which are considered to inflict and unwanted in people
daily life. Though this term can be use for all organisms but, practically it is often to be used
only for animal.

Here is a list of pests which destroy rice plant:

• White rice trunk driller (“sundep”, Schirpopaga innotata)

• Yellow rice trunk driller (S.incertulas)

• White back trunk wereng (Sogatella furcifera)

• Brown Wereng (Nilaparvata lugens)

• Green Wereng (Nephotettix impicticeps)

• Green Lembing (Nezara viridula)

• Walang sangit (Leptocorisa oratorius)

• Ganjur/Rice borer (Pachydiplosis oryzae)

• Lalat bibit (Arterigona exigua)

• Ulat tentara/Ulat Grayak (Spodoptera litura and S. exigua)

• Ricefield rat (Rattus argentiventer)

1) White rice trunk driller (Tryporiza innotata)

Tryporiza innotata is named as white rice trunk driller because it’s moth is white. It
used to be known as a pest which inhabited in a rain storing ricefield. It is dominant in
the rain storing ricefield because it can fast for 3 to 6 months when the soil is dry and
there is no rice plant. However this pest can be found numerously in a technically
irrigated area like in Pantura lane (Java north coast). This transitional behavior is
estimated because of the building of irrigation channel and an influence of
continuously used pesticide.

2) Yellow rice trunk driller (S.incertulas)

Scirpopaga incertulas or is called as Tryporyza incertulas is known as yellow rice


trunk driller because it’s moth is brownish yellow. Another characteristic of this moth
is black dot at the back of it’s front wing. On a female moth this black dot looks
bigger and more clearly visible than male moth’s black dot. It used to be known as the
pest which existed on a well irrigation in which it didn’t suffer the period of fast.
However this pest now spreads in a twice a year rice cultivated area.

3) Pink rice trunk driller (sesamia inferen)

Sesamia inferen is called as pink rice trunk driller because it’s caterpillar is pink. This
trunk is not as dangerous as the white and yellow rice trunk driller. It is few populated
and it is never reported to affect a serious damage. It will only attacks together with
the white and yellow rice trunk driller.

4) Striped rice trunk driller (Chilo supressalis )

Chilo supressalis is called as striped rice trunk driller because it’s caterpillar has two
long stretch stripes. This pest neither doesn’t affect a too- significant damage.

5) Black rice trunk driller (Chilo Polychrysus)

Chilo Polychrysus is called as black rice trunk driller because it’s moth’s head is
black. This pest neither doesn’t affect a too- significant damage.

6) Stalked eyes rice trunk driller (Diopsis macropthalma)

Diopsis macropthalma is named as stalked eyes rice trunk driller because it has a red
protrusion which is rounded on it’s edge like a stalked eye. This pest is found in
Africa.

2.4 Method for Pest Controlling and the Effect on the Use of Synthetic Pesticide

There are several possible ways to control the pests, whether it is in traditional or
modern ways. In this globalization era like this present time, there are many modern ways in
agricultural world such as the application of pesticide, and synthetic insecticide.

The traditional method that is often used is the natural extract of papaya leaves,
amethyst and others natural extract.

The synthetic pesticide causes dangerous effect yet it is very effective to control the
pests. However if it is applied irresponsibly it can pollute as well as kill other organisms
includes human themselves.
According to the research conducted by a doctor who is from Jogjakarta in 1988, he
found that breastfeeding women in farmer family are contaminated by DDT in their mother’s
milk. DDT is such kind of chemical substance which causes many dangerous effects for
human body.

DDT usually comes from the application of chemical substances such as synthesis
pesticide, synthesis fertilizer. The use of chemical substances beyond the dosage suggested
will create many problems for environment include human. If it has already occurred then it
will be not easy to back the natural as it used to be.

In order to overcome this problem, governments run such kind of socialization in


terms of the application of synthesis pesticide and fertilizer. Besides, there are many public
advertisements to enrich people knowledge in applying synthesis pesticide and fertilizer.

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