Physical Properties of Organic Compounds

PROPERTIES Alkanes Alkenes Arenes Halogen Derivatives

TYPES Aliphatic Aromatic Aliphatic Aromatic Benzene Arenes Haloalkanes Haloarenes
CH3 Cl

EXAMPLE H3C CH3 H2C CH2 CH3Cl

CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n C6H6

NOMENCLATURE Presence of cis CnH2n–2 Variable CnH2n+1X C6H5X
~e Cyclo~e and trans isomer Phenyl~
Higher bp than
corr. alkanes due
↑es with ↑ C g
to larger Mr.
↑es with ↑g C 80°C
Similar bp as (for some also
Higher bp than
↑ in Mr = More e –
alkane with same due to presence
6C alkane (69°C)
= more id-id number of C of pd-pd) Comparable bp
Higher bp Higher bp and 6C alkene
*Branching ↓ bp *bp may be
(63.5°C). Dependent on e– to corr. alkyl
than corr. slightly higher for than corr.
BOILING POINT Branched isomer cloud size Bp ↑es halides i.e higher
has lower surface aliphatic cis isomers as aliphatic Comparable bp
the dipole (molecular weight) -with size of X. bp than corr.
area than alkanes alkenes with cyclohexane Effect of id-id
straight-chain moment do not alkanes
(81°) and forces outweigh ↓
isomer = lower cancel out = pd-
cyclohexene polarity of bond
id-id interactions. pd interactions  (83°C). i.e weaker pd-pd
Higher bp
-with more subsn
of X
↑es with ↑g C Dependent on
5.5°C
M.P affected by molecular weight
Higher mp than
how close the
molecules can ↑es with ↑g C 6C alkane (– and shape. Comparable mp
pack together Higher mp Higher mp 95°C) and 6C Higher mp
Trans–isomers alkene (–138°C). to corr. akyl
Branchg may ↑ than corr. pack better into a than corr. For isomers, 1,4- than corr.
MELTING POINT Comparable mp usually has the highest halides i.e higher
mp aliphatic regular lattice i.e. aliphatic with cyclohexane alkanes due
higher bp than mp compared to 1,2- bp than corr.
Though less alkanes alkenes (6.5°). to larger Mr.
efficient id-id cis-isomers. and 1,3-. More alkanes
Has higher mp symmetrical molecular
forces, isomer than cyclohexene
able to pack into fits better into crystal
(–104°C) lattice.
regular arrays
SOLUBILITY Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble
(POLAR SOLVENTS) (unable to form H bondg with water)
SOLUBILITY Soluble (CCl4) Soluble Soluble Soluble
(NON POLAR SOLVENTS) (acts as solvent)

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 Physical Properties of Organic Compounds

DENSITY Less Dense Less Dense

Less Dense (Denser than Less Dense (Denser than Less Dense Less Dense Denser
(WRT WATER) aliphatic alkanes) aliphatic alkenes)

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 Physical Properties of Organic Compounds

PROPERTIES Hydroxy Compounds Carbonyl Compounds Carboxylic Acid & Derivatives Nitrogen Compounds
TYPES Alcohols Phenols Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic A. A. Derivatives Amines Amides
OH H R O
O
R N R
EXAMPLE CH3OH C O C O RCOOH R C N R
H3C C Cl
R
R R ethanoyl chloride
R
CnH2n+1OH ~amine/ 1°: ~oic acid ~amide
NOMENCLATURE C6H5OH ~al/formyl~ ~one/oxo~ ~oic acid ~yl chloride 2°: alkyl on N as sub.
CnH2n+2O amino~
Much higher
than Acid chlorides:
Higher bp due to
correspong Lower bp wrt to Polar compds
H bonding in
alkanes.IMF H Polar compds. Higher bp than carboxylic acid (ex 3°) can H
polar compd.
Bondg. Higher High bp due to H
bondg. 182°C non-polar compds of similar because of its
inability to form H mp than non- bondg, usually
Higher than Mr. Stronger than
BOILING POINT alcohol because
bonding. polar compds of higher than corr
Lower alc are hexanol (156.5°C) similar Mr but
liquids at room -OH is more carboxylic acids.
Lower bp than acid and alc. Acid amides: lower than alc
temp till 12C polarized
and carboxylic (1° or 2°)
because no H bonding (presence of e– Has –NH2 group
Factors acid.
carbonyl groups) and posses IM H
*Length of Alkyl
bonding. Higher bp.
Chain (id-id)
*Branching

Higher mp than
Polar compds. Higher mp than non- Acid chlorides: non-polar
Much higher polar compds of similar Mr. High mp due to H
41°C Higher mp due to Polar, no H Bg compds of
than Lower mp than acid and alc. bondg, usually
MELTING POINT Higher than H bonding in similar Mr but
correspong because no H bonding
polar compd. lower than alc higher than corr
hexanol (–52°C) Acid amides:
alkanes. and carboxylic carboxylic acids.
Branching & packing affects mp too. Polar, H Bg acid.

Lower alc are Partially soluble in rt Lower aldehydes and

Lower acids Acid derivat.s:
due to H bg but has big Lower amines
SOLUBILITY soluble. Solubility ketones are soluble in water, depend on size Lower amides are
↓ as C ↑ due to ↑
h.phobic ring. Solubility are soluble in Amides & Acid
are soluble due
soluble due to H Bondg
(POLAR SOLVENTS) is enhanced by heating ability to form H bonding with to H Bondg
h.phobic nature water Chloride: soluble
or addition of alkali. water
SOLUBILITY Soluble (solubility decreases with increasing C for all these compounds)
(NON POLAR SOLVENTS)
DENSITY Similar Similar Similar Similar
(WRT WATER)

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