Pulse Code Modulation

Prepared By:- Piyush Sahni

0219It081018

Electronics & Communication.

Pulse Code Modulation

Pulse code modulation(PCM) S

is the name given to the class SAMPLING.
A
of baseband signals obtained M
from the quantized
P
PAM signals by encoding each L
quantised samples into a Q
I QUANTIZATION.
digital word. U
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I ENCODING.
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Components of PCM
encoder
Sampling :-
Analog Sampling Pulse amplitude
signal process modulated (PAM) signal

Sampling theorem: A bandlimited signal with

no spectral components beyond , can be
uniquely determined by values sampled at
uniform intervals of

 The sampling rate, fs = 1/Ts = 2fm

is called Nyquist rate.
Types of Sampling

There are 3 sampling methods:

Ideal - an impulse at each sampling
instant.
Natural - a pulse of short width with
varying amplitude.
Flattop - sample and hold, like natural
but with single amplitude value.
Three different sampling
methods for PCM
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level
Note :-

According to the
Nyquist theorem,
the sampling rate
must be fs > 2fm
at least 2 times the
highest frequency
contained in the
signal.
Nyquist sampling rate for low-pass
and bandpass signals.
Aliasing effect

LP filter

Nyquist rate

aliasing
Quantiza
tion.

● Uniform ● Non-Uniform
Quantization. Quantization.
Quantization :-

-:Sampling results in a Out

series of pulses of varying
amplitude values ranging
between two limits: a min
and a max.
-:The amplitude values are
infinite between the two In
limits.
-:We need to map the
infinite amplitude values
onto a finite set of known
values.
-:This is achieved by
dividing the distance
between min and max into
L zones, each of height ∆.
Quantization Levels

-: The midpoint of each zone is

assigned a value from 0 to L-1
(resulting in L values).

-: Each sample falling in a zone is

then approximated to the value of
the midpoint.
Quantization Zones

Assume we have a voltage signal with amplitutes

Vmin=-20V and Vmax=+20V.
We want to use L=8 quantization levels.
Zone width ∆ = (20 − −20)/8 = 5
Τηε 8 ζονεσ αρε: −20 το −15, −15 το −10, −10 το −5, −5 το 0, 0
το +5, +5 το +10, +10 το +15, +15 το +20
Τηε µιδποιντσ αρε: −17.5, −12.5, −7.5, −2.5, 2.5, 7.5, 12.5, 17.5
Assigning Codes to Zones

Given our example, nb =

Each zone is then 3
assigned a binary code.
The 8 zone (or level) codes
are therefore: 000, 001,
010, 011, 100, 101, 110,
The number of bits and 111
required to encode the
zones, or the number of
bits per sample as it is Assigning codes to zones:
commonly referred to, is 000 will refer to zone
obtained as follows: -20 to -15
nb = log2 L 001 to zone -15 to -10,
etc.
Quantization and encoding of a
sampled signal
Quantization Error

When a signal is quantized, we

introduce an error - the coded signal
is an approximation of the actual
amplitude value.
The difference between actual and
coded value (midpoint) is referred to
as the quantization error.
The more zones, the smaller ∆ ωηιχη
ρεσυλτσ ιν σµαλλερ ερρορσ.
ΒΥΤ, τηε µορε ζονεσ τηε µορε βιτσ
Companding / Non-linear
Quant.
Signals with lower amplitude values will suffer
more from quantization error as the error range:
∆/2, ισ φιξεδ φορ αλλ σιγναλ λεϖελσ.

compression+expansion companding

Χοµπανδινγ: Τηε σαµπλε ϖαλυεσ αρε χοµπρεσσεδ ατ

τηε σενδερ ιντο λογαριτηµιχ ζονεσ, ανδ τηεν εξπανδεδ
ατ τηε ρεχειϖερ. Τηε ζονεσ αρε φιξεδ ιν ηειγητ.
Thank You