4.0 Design of Pier

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Detailed Engineering Design of Chargahawa River Bridge For evaluation
Design only.
Calculation VOLUMN-III
4.0 Design of Pier

4.1 Design Data:
Concrete: M20
Reinforcement: Fe415
Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000:

Permissible direct compressive stress, σco = 5.0 N/mm2
Permissible flexural compressive stress, σc = 6.67 N/mm2
Maximum Permissible shear stress, τmax = 1.8 N/mm2
Basic Permissible tensile stress, σt = 0.53 N/mm2
Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000:

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress, σst = 200 Mpa
Permissible direct compressive stress, σco = 170 MPa
20
Design of Data:
Modular Ratio, m = 10
Neutral axis depth factor, n = (mσc)/( mσc+σst) = 0.250
Lever arm factor, j = (1-n/3) = 0.917
Moment of resistance coefficient, R= ½ x n x j x σc = 0.765
Unit weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2000:

Concrete (cement-Reinforced) = 2.4 t/m 3
3
Macadam (binder premix) = 2.2 t/m
3
Water = 1.0 t/m
Backfill = 1.6 t/m 3
4.2 Geometrical Properties:

center to center Span of bearing 18.00 m
Total span length 18.6 m
HFL = 1002.15 m
LBL = 997.00 m
Max. scor depth below HFL = 3.28 m
Depth of Superstructure = 1.4 m
Depth of Bearing & pad = 0.05 m
Ave. Velocity of water current = 2.2 m/sec
Pier shape, semi-circular, = 0.66 m
RL of max scour lev. = 998.87 m
Free board = 0.9 m
RL of Pier Cap required = 1003.05 m
RL of Pier Cap provided = 1003.05 m
RL of foundation top = 997.50 m
Ht. of HFL from base of pier = 4.65 m
Ht. upto deck from GL = 7.50 m
Size of bearing l= 400 b = 250 mm
Expansion joit = 40 mm
C/C distance between girder = 2.4 m
Diameter of pier, b1 = 1.2 m
Number of pier, n = 3
Width of pier cap, b3 = 1.6 m
Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 1

Design only.
Length of pier cap,b4 = 6.6 m

b5 = 0.64 m
b6 = 0.9 m
h1 = 4.80 m
Pier cap Thickness,h2 = 0.75 m
h3 = 0.05 m
Calculations of loads and Moments
Due to dead Load PLAN

Dead load from superstructure = 162.16 t
Self wt. of bearing & expansion joint = 9.01 t
Total DL from superstructure = 171.17 t
Self wt. of pier
wt. of pier shaft = 39.09 t
wt.of pier cap = 19.01 t
Total DL at pier base = 229.27 t
Due to LL Load - unequal loading

Class A wheel loading in longitudinal direction
For maximum load on pier, the arrangement of IRC class A loading will be as shown below:
2.7 2.7 11.4 11.4 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8
Max. LL on pier from right side = 2(11.4*20+11.4*18.8+6.8*14.5+6.8*11.5+6.8*9.5+6.8*5.5)/20

= 69.01 t
impact factor = 1.188
Max LL including Impact = 81.95 t
LL / m length of pier = 68.29
LL from left side = 2(2.7*17.44+2.7*16.34)/18
= 10.13
LL including Impact = 12.03 t
LL / m length of pier = 10.03 t
Moment due to unequal loading of LL 22.37 t-m

In transverse direction
Max. LL including impact = 93.99 t
Eccentricity = 0.25 m
Moment due to LL = 23.50 t-m
Class AA Track loading in longitudinal direction
Max. LL on pier = 62.13 t

impact factor = 1.100
Max LL including Impact = 68.34 t
LL / m length of pier = 62.13
Moment due to unequal loading of LL 21.87 t-m

In transverse direction
Moment due to LL = 23.92 t-m
Due to longitudinal Forces

Design only.
Due to tractive effort or braking = 14 t

This act at = 1.2 m above deck level
or at a distance from base of pier = 6.75 m
Moment due to longitudinal force = 94.5 t-m
Due to resistance in bearing due to temperature

o
Maximum temperature variation, T = 25 C
Coefficient of thermal expansion, α = 1.17E-05 /m/oC
Max. Elongation , δ = 4.68 mm
Shear Mdulus of bearing material, G = 1.00 Mpa
Depth of bearing = 50.00 mm
Longitudinal force / bearing = 0.936 t
The total resistance offered by bearing = = 2.808 t
Unbalanced force at the bearing = 2.81 t
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from pier base = 7.40 m
Total longitudinal force due to Breaking & temperature 16.81 t

Moment due to longitudinal force = 158.68 t-m
Moment due to temperature on DL only = 20.78 t-m
Due to water current

For pier parrallel to direction of water current, the intensity of pressure is given by
Ic = 52KV2
where, K= 0.66 a constant depending on the geometry of pier
V= 2.2 velocity of current in m/sec
Ic = 166.11 kg/m2
Height of HFL from base of pier = 4.65 m
Width of pier at HFL = 1.1 m
a.) water current force parallel to the pier = 1.19 t
And corresponding moment = 3.86 t-m
b.) Water current varying at 20 degree
Intensity parallel to the pier = 156.09 kg/m2
Intensity perpendicular to the pier = 56.81 kg/m2
Force parallel to the pier 1.12 t
Force perpendicular to the pier 0.41 t
Moment parallel to the pier 3.63 t-m
Moment perpendicular to the pier 1.32 t-m
Due to wind force
The area of superstructure in elevation providing 25% for railing = 31.13 m2
a. height upto deck level from ground level = 7.20 m
Wind pressure at that height (refer. IRC:6-2000), P = 86 kg/m2
Wind force on superstructure = 2.68 t
Wind force against moving load 20.4 m long corresponding to IRC class A @ 300 kg/m
= 6.12 t
Total wind force = 8.80 t
b. Minimum force on deck at 450 kg/m 7.47 t
c. Minimum force with wind pressure of 225 kg/linear m in the plane of unloaded structure
7.00 t
Wind force to be considered = maximum of (a,b,c) = 8.89 t
Moment parallel to pier due to wind force acting at 1.5m above deck = 64.02 t-m
Due to Buoyancy
Force due to buoyancy on the pier shaft = 15.78 t
Due to seismic forces
A. Along longitudinal direction
Description Total Load (t) Seismic Load(t) Lever arm (m) Moment (t-m)
Superstructure DL 162.16 16.22 6.25 101.35
Pier cap 19.01 1.90 5.175 9.84
Pier Shaft 39.09 3.91 2.4 9.38

Design only.
Total 220.26 22.03 120.57

B. Along Transverse direction
Moment due to dead load is taken to be same as that in longitudinal direction. In addition, seismic
forces and moments on LL including impact must be considered for transverse condition.
Total LL on pier = 93.99 t
Seismic force due to LL = 9.40 t
Lever arm = 8.15 m
Moment due to seismic force on LL = 76.60 t-m
Total Seismic force = 31.42 t

Total Moment due to seismic force = 197.2 t-m
Summary of Loads and Moments

Horizontal Force (t) Moment (t-m)
Description Vertical Load
Tran. Long. Tran. Long.
DL (Superstr.+pier) 220.26
LL (Unequal loading) 93.99 23.92 21.87
Longitudinal force
(Braking+Temp) 16.81 158.68
Water current at 20
degree skiew 1.12 0.41 3.63 1.32
Wind forces 8.89 64.02
Buoyancy 15.78
Seismic forces 31.42 22.03 197.17 120.6
The forces and moments due to seismicity are grater than those due to wind forces. As per standard
design practce, seismic forces and moments will be adopted neglecting the effect due to wind forces.
Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF

Vertical load (t) 314.25 204.48 314.25
Horizontal Load (t) 17.21 17.21 39.24
Moment (t-m) 181.87 160.00 302.44
Design of pier shaft section

The pier section will be designed for the Case A and the section adequacy will be checked for both the
cases. As the moment of inertia of the pier along Y-Y axis is greater than along X-X axis, the design
needs to be done for stresses along the X-X axis only.
Design vertical load = 104.75 t
Design Moment = 60.62 t-m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D = 1.2 m
Effective diameter, d = 1109 mm
Check for position of eccentricity D/4<e<1.5D

0.28 < 0.58 < 1.80 O.K.
Length of pier, L = 5.55 m

Effective length of column, le =1.2xL = 6.66 m
Radius of gyration, r = 0.3 m
Ratio of effective length to radius of gyration = 22.2 > 12
< 50 Short column
Minimum area of steel = 0.8 %
Maximum area of steel = 8 %
Assume percentage area of steel = 1 %
Modular ratio. α = 10
Section modulus, W = 0.131 m3
Gross area of concrete, Ag = 0.950 m2
Net area of concrete, Ac = 0.941 m2

Design only.
X-sectional area of steel, Asc = 9503 mm2

Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal = 0.98 N/mm2
Bending compressive stress, σc, cal = 4.61 N/mm2
Check σ c o, cal σ c , cal
i) Combined stress = + = 0.89 < 1.0 O.K.
σ co σc
ii) Resultant tension, σt, cal = 3.64 N/mm2 > 0.53 N/mm2
iii) Resultant compressive stress = 5.59 N/mm2 < 6.67 O.K.

iv) Tensile stress in steel = 36.36 N/mm2 < 200 O.K.
Provide 20 numbers 25 mm diameter bars giving area of steel= 9817 mm2
Spacing of bars = 158 mm O.K.
Design for lateral tie:

Diameter of lateral tie >φL/4 = 6.25 mm
> 8 mm
Pitch of lateral tie < least lateral dimension of column = 1009 mm
< 12x dia of smallest longitudinal bar = 300 mm
Provide 10 mm dia lateral tie @ 150 mm c/c with cross links.
Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case B


0.28 < 0.81 < 1.65 O.K.
Check
σ c o, cal σ c , cal
σ co σc

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case C


0.28 < 1.08 < 1.65 O.K.
Check σ c o, cal σ c , cal
σ co σc

Design only.

Design of pier cap:

Calculations of loads and Moments
Due to dead Load
Total DL from superstructure = 28.53 t
wt.of pier cap = 9.50 t
Total DL on pier = 38.03 t
Load from each girder = 20.82 t
Due to live Load

Total live load including impact = 93.99 t
Load from each girder = 29.85 t
Design of pier cap

As the bearings are placed centrally over the column and the width of bearing is located within
half the depth of cap from any external face of the columns, the cap beam need not be designed
for flexure.
Min. area of steel required = 2212 mm2
Provide 8 nos. of 25 mm φ bars giving area of steel = 3927 mm2
at top and 8 nos. of 25 mm φ bars giving area of steel = 3927 mm2
at bottom.
Equivalent shear force = 50.67 t
Shear stress, tv = 0.47 N/mm2
Percentage area of tension steel = 0.36 %
Permissible shear strength of concrete, tc = 0.265 N/mm2
Assuming 10 mm φ 8 legged vertical stirrups giving area of steel = 628 mm2
Spacing of stirrups = 385 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm φ 8 legged vertical stirrups @ 100 mm c/c.
Provide 4 nos. 20 mm dia. Bars on each face as a side face bars.
As per IRC:78-2000, clause 710.10.4 the two layers of mesh reinforcement, one at 20 mm from
top and the other at 100 mm from top of abutment cap each consisting of 8 mm φ bars @ 100 mm
c/c in both directions, shall be provided directly under the bearings.
Check for bearing stresses

The allowable bearing pressure with nearly uniform distribution on the loaded area of a footing or
base under a bearing or column shall be given by following equation,
A1
C= C 0 ×
A2
C0 = 5.00 MPa, permissible direct compressive stress in concrete
A1 = 1.776 m2, dispersed largest concentric area similar to A2
A2 = 0.356 m2, loaded area
Therefore, Α1/Α2 = 4.989 > 2
And, C = 7.07 Mpa
Actual compressive stress = 1.42 < C O.K.

Design only.
Design of pier footing (Piles)

Diameter of pier = 1.2 m
Length of footing, L = 6.5 m along longitudinal direction
Width of footing, B = 6.5 m along transverse direction
Depth of footing = 1.1 m
Bearing capacity of soil = 0 t/m2
Load bearing capacity of pile = 40 t
Numbers of piles along longitudinal dirrection = 4 m
Numbers of piles along transverse dirrection = 4 m
Total numbers of piles = 16
Diameter of piles = 700 mm
Length of piles = 16 m
Soil Type : Clayey Silt
Determination of depth of fixity of piles:

Unconfined compressive strength, S = 0.46 kg/cm2
Modulus of subgrade reaction, K = 13.2 kg/cm2
Therefore, Lf/d = 6 from figure 1 and 2.
and, depth of fixity, Lf = 4.2 m
Calculation of loads
self weight of footing = 111.54 t
Buoyancy force on foundation base = 46.48 t
The forces and moments due to seismicity are grater than those due to wind forces. As per standard
design practce, seismic forces and moments will be adopted neglecting the effect due to wind forces.
Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF

Vertical load (t) 314.25 262.00 416.56
Horizontal Load (t) 17.21 17.21 38.76
Moment (t-m) 180.91 160.00 330.49

Design only.
Case: A
Deducting the bearing capacity of pile cap as a open footing, vertical loads to be taken by piles
= 314.25 t
Loads on each pile due to vertical load = 19.64 t
Axial load on extreme pile due to moment = 7.80 t
Resultant compressive force = 27.44 t < 40.00 t O.K.
Resultant tensile force = 0.00 t < 40.00 t O.K.
Horizontal force on each piles = 1.08 t
Moment on each piles = 4.52 t-m
Design of piles:
Length of pile, L = 16 m
Diameter of pile, D = 0.7 m
L/D = 22.86 > 12 Hence the pile is designed as long column.
Least radious of gyration, r = 17.5 cm
Reduction coefficient for reduction of stress values is given as,
cr = (1.25-L/48B) = 0.774
Safe stress are,
Permissible direct compressive stress, σco = 3.87 N/mm2
Permissible flexural compressive stress, σco = 5.16 N/mm2
Permissible Flexural Tensile stress, σst = 154.762 Mpa (in steel)
Maximum compressive stress in concrete = 0.88 N/mm2 < 3.869 N/mm2
Provide minimum area of compression steel @ 1.25 %.
Asc = 4811 mm2
Provide 15 nos. Of 25 mm φ bars, giving area of steel = 7363 mm2
Check for combined stress:
Percentage area of steel provided, pt = 1.276
p/fck = 0.064
d'/D = 0.089
Pu/fckD2 = 0.052
From chart, Mu/fckD3 = 0.07
and Mu = 48.02 t-m
Working moment, M = 32.01 t-m > 4.52 t-m O.K.
Shear stress due to horizontal force = 0.03 N/mm2
Permissible shear strength of concrete = 0.45 N/mm2 O.K.
Case: C
Axial load on extreme pile due to moment = 14.25 t
Resultant compressive force = 40.28 t < 90.00 t O.K.
Resultant tensile force = 0.00 t < 90.00 t O.K.
Horizontal force on each piles = 2.42 t
Moment on each piles = 10.17 t-m
Pu/fckD2 = 0.062
From chart, Mu/fckD3 = 0.072
and Mu = 61.74 t-m

Design only.
Working moment, M = 41.16 t-m > 10.17 t-m O.K.

Shear stress due to horizontal force = 0.06 N/mm2
Permissible shear strength of concrete = 0.56 N/mm2 O.K.
Lateral Reinforcement:
Lateral reinforcement should be 0.2% of the gross volume. Using dia. 10 mm ties,
we have the volume of one tie = 145577 mm3
If p be the pitch of the ties in mm, then
Volume of pile per pitch length = 384845.1 p
Hence equating, we get, p = 189 mm
Hence provide dia 10 mm ties at 160 mm c/c in the main body of the pile.
Design of Pile Cap:

Maximum bending moment in the pile cap due to vertical load,
At center of cap = 322.5 t-m
At face of column = 260.3 t-m
Bending moment due to moment on steam = 90.5 t-m
Maximum bending moment = 413.0 t-m
The effective depth required is given by,
dreq = 912 mm
Adopt 1030 mm effective depth and overall depth = 1100 mm
Area of steel required along width of cap = 21872 mm2
Using 25 mm dia. bars, spacing would be 146 mm
Provede 25 mm dia. Bars @ 110 mm c/c, provided area of steel = 29006
at both top and bottom.
Distribution reinforcement @ 0.12% = 8580 mm2
Provide 25 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c, giving area of stee = 21271 mm2.
Shear force = 263.94 t
Shear stress, tv = 0.39 N/mm2
Percentage area of steel, pt = 0.43 %
Permissible shear strength of concrete, tc = 0.278 N/mm2 < tv O.K.
Shear reinforement to be designed..
Assuming 10 mm dia 20 legged vertical tirrups, then Asv = 1571 mm2
And spacing of stirrups, S = 416 mm
Maximum spacing of stirrups, = 218 mm

Provide 10 mm dia 20 legged vertical tirrups @ 160 mm c/c.
Check for punching shear along pier,

bo = 6692 mm
tv = 0.15 N/mm2
Punching shear strength, tc = 0.716 N/mm2 > tv Safe.
Check for punching shear along pile,
bo = 5435 mm
tv = 0.06 N/mm2
Punching shear strength, tc = 0.716 N/mm2 > tv Safe.

4.0 Design of Pier

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4.0 Design of Pier

Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000:

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000:

Unit weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2000:

4.2 Geometrical Properties:

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 1

Length of pier cap,b4 = 6.6 m

Calculations of loads and Moments

Due to dead Load PLAN

Due to LL Load - unequal loading

Max. LL on pier from right side = 2(11.4*20+11.4*18.8+6.8*14.5+6.8*11.5+6.8*9.5+6.8*5.5)/20

Moment due to unequal loading of LL 22.37 t-m

Class AA Track loading in longitudinal direction

Max. LL on pier = 62.13 t

Moment due to unequal loading of LL 21.87 t-m

Due to longitudinal Forces

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 2

Due to tractive effort or braking = 14 t

Due to resistance in bearing due to temperature

Total longitudinal force due to Breaking & temperature 16.81 t

Due to water current

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 3

Total 220.26 22.03 120.57

Total Seismic force = 31.42 t

Summary of Loads and Moments

Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF

Design of pier shaft section

Check for position of eccentricity D/4<e<1.5D

Length of pier, L = 5.55 m

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 4

X-sectional area of steel, Asc = 9503 mm2

iii) Resultant compressive stress = 5.59 N/mm2 < 6.67 O.K.

Design for lateral tie:

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case B

Check for position of eccentricity D/4<e<1.5D

iii) Resultant compressive stress = 4.71 N/mm2 < 6.67 O.K.

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case C

Check for position of eccentricity D/4<e<1.5D

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 5

iii) Resultant compressive stress = 9.41 N/mm2 < 10.01 O.K.

Design of pier cap:

Due to live Load

Design of pier cap

Check for bearing stresses

Actual compressive stress = 1.42 < C O.K.

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 6

Design of pier footing (Piles)

Determination of depth of fixity of piles:

Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 7

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 8

Working moment, M = 41.16 t-m > 10.17 t-m O.K.

Design of Pile Cap:

Maximum spacing of stirrups, = 218 mm

Check for punching shear along pier,

Unique Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd Page 9

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Max. LL on pier from right side = 2(11.420+11.418.8+6.814.5+6.811.5+6.89.5+6.85.5)/20