IIndoor

d Air
Ai Quality
Q lit – Basic
B i
Introduction

Eric NG,
Regional Technical Sales Manager
Basic Information About Indoor
Air Quality
„ What Causes Indoor Air Problems?
„ Pollutant Sources
„ Amount of Ventilation
„ Indoor Air Pollution and Health
„ Additional Resources
„ ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-
2001 Ventilation for Acceptable
2001,
Indoor Air Quality

(USEPA, Oct 2005)

What causes indoor air
problems?
„ Release of gases or particles
into the air from indoor
pollution sources
„ Inadeq ate ventilation
Inadequate entilation
„ High Temperature and
h idi levels
humidity l l
Pollution Sources
„ Combustion sources: oil, gas, kerosene, wood and
tobacco products
„ Building materials and furnishings: wet or damp
carpet, pressed wood products from furniture
„ Products
d ffor cleaning
l i andd maintenance.
i Solvents
S l
and new paintworks.
„ Importance dependent on HOW MUCH and
HOW HAZARDOUS.
„ Also HOW OLD and Proper p Maintenance.
„ Contaminated ventilation system, Improperly
placed outdoor intakes.
Ventilation
„ If too little outdoor air enters a room,
pollutants can accumulate.
accumulate
„ How air enters:
„ IInfiltration,
fil i
„ Natural Ventilation,
„ and Mechanical Ventilation
Indoor Air Pollution and Health
„ Health effects from Indoor air pollutants
may y be experienced
p soon after exposure
p or,,
possibly, years later.
„ Short term and treatable - Irritation of eyes,
y ,
nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and
fatigue.
„ Long-term effects – respiratory diseases,
heart disease and cancer.
Improving Indoor Air Quality
„ Source control – eliminate sources of pollution or
reduce their emissions.
„ More cost efficient approach
„ Ventilation improvements
„ IIncrease outdoor
d air
i coming
i indoors
i d to lower
l the
h
concentration of indoor air pollutants.
„ Unblockingg air supply
pp y vent,, or opening
p g window to
temporarily increase ventilation.
„ Control short-term activities that generate high level
of pollutants – E.g.
E g painting,
painting pain stripping,
stripping cooking,
cooking
welding, soldering or sanding.
Improving Indoor Air Quality
(Con’t)
„ Air cleaners
„ There are many types and sizes of air cleaners on the
market.
„ Generally not designed to remove gaseous pollutants.
„ Effectiveness depends on HOW WELL it collects
pollutants from indoor air. And HOW MUCH air it
draws through. And MAINTENANCE of air cleaners.
„ Effectiveness also depends on “Strength”
Strength of pollutant
source.
„ Plant has been suggested to reduce levels of some
chemicals in lab experiments.
experiments
„ But over-watered promote the growth of
microorganisms which can affect allergic individuals.
What Types of Air Cleaners are
Available?
„ Mechanical Filters
„ HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) 99.97%
„ ULPA (Ultra-HEPA) 99.999%
„ Electronic air cleaners
„ Electrostatic Filters/ charged media filters
„ Electrostatic precipitators
„ Ion generators

Note: the latter two types may produce ozone

(USEPA Oct2005 & AHAM 2005)
Indoor Air Quality Guidelines
(NEA, 1996)
1
1. Carbon Dioxide 1000 ppm
2. Carbon Monoxide 9 ppm
3. Formaldehyde 0.1 ppm
4. Ozone 0.05 ppm
5. Suspended
p particulate
p matter 150 mg/cu.m
g
6. Volatile Organic Compounds 3 ppm
7. Total Bacterial Counts 500 CFU/cu.m
8. Total Fungal Counts 500 CFU/cu.m
9. Air Temperature 22.5 to 25.5 deg. Celsius
10. Relative Humidity < 70%
11. Air Movement < 0.25 m/s
(NEA 1996)
(WHO 1987)
 Instruments for measuring IAQ
1. Dustt monitor
D it (e.g.
( TSI D DustTrak)
tT k)
2. IAQ monitor for Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Temperature
and Humidity (e.g. TSI Q-Trak Plus)
3. Air Sampler for bacteria and fungus (e.g. SAS100)
4. Ozone meter (e.g. Aeroqual 500)
5
5. Volatile Organic Compounds Detector
Detector, PID (e.g. (e g Photovac
2020ppbPlus)
6. Formaldehyde meter (e.g. Photovac 2020ppbPro)
7. Ai movementt (e.g.
Air ( TSI model d l 8345)
8. Odour meter (e.g. Cosmos XP329)…and more?
9. How about Ultrafine p particles ((e.g.
g TSI P-Trak)? )
10. Radon? (e.g. Charcoal canisters, liquid scintillation detectors, electret ion
detectors, alpha-track detectors, and continuous monitors)
TSI DustTrak
„ Realtime dust concentration mg/m3
„ Range:
g 0.001 to 100 mg/m3
g ((calibrated
to ISO 12103-1, A1 test dust)
„ 1% of reading or 0.001mg/m3
whichever is higher
„ Size fractions: PM10, PM2.5, PM1,
Respirable
p
„ Data logging 21days
(@1min interval)
Features and
F d Benefits
B fi
•Integrated pump allows use of size-selective aerosol inlet
conditioners
•Measure particle concentrations corresponding to
respirable, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 size fractions
•Displays real-time concentration (mg/m3) during
sampling
•Display statistics: max, min. and average readings and
elapsed
l d time
i
•Alarm setpoint from 0.002 to 100 mg/m3
•Analogg output
p allows remote access to real-time pparticle
concentration data
•Sheath air system keeps optics chamber clean for
improve reliability and low maintenance
•Preprogram, analyze data, print graphs and create report
with TRAKPRO™ Data Analysis Software
„ ENV (Oct 1996), Guidelines for good indoor air quality in office premises, Institute of
Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore.
DustTrak Sensor
A li i
Applications

•Ambient/work area monitoring

•Site perimeter monitoring/environmental
sampling
•Indoor air quality studies
•Trending/screening
•Engineering
g g studies
Remote monitoring and SMS
alerts – realtime..

well…almost.
IAQ C l (CO2,
IAQ-Calc (CO2 CO)
• CO2 range: 0 to 5000 ppm
R
Resolution:
l i 1 ppm • Accuracy:
A ± 3% off reading
di off ± 50
0
ppm, whichever is greater
• CO range: 0 to 500 ppm
Resolution:
R l ti 0
0.1
1 ppm
Accuracy: ± 3% of reading of ± 3 ppm, whichever is
greater
• Temp.
Temp range: 0 to 60 °C
C
Resolution: 0.1°C • Accuracy: ± 0.6°C
• Relative Humidity range: 5 to 95% RH
Resolution: 0
0.1%
1% RH • Accuracy: ± 2.0%
2 0% RH
• Wet Bulb temp range: 5 to 60 °C
Resolution: 0.1°C
• Dewpoint range: -15
15 to 49°C
49 C
Resolution: 0.1°C
• Data logging: Up to 14000 samples and 1000 test id's
2020 bPRO – Features
2020ppbPRO F
„ Hi h precision
High i i across dynamic
d i range
„ 10ppb precision 0 to 40 ppm
„ Display readings in ppm, ppb, or mg/M3
„ Lamp condition diagnostic
„ Lamp quality assessment done at calibration
„ User defined interval sampling time
„ 1 – 900 seconds
„ Dräger developed pre-filters
„ Ch
Charcoall for
f clean
l air
i calibration
lib ti
„ Humidity reduction (use above 95% RHD)
„ Formaldehyde for indoor air quality
„ Automated sample collection system
 Ozone
„ Ozone is a molecule composed of 3 atoms of
oxygen.
oxygen
„ Two atoms of oxygen form the basic oxygen
molecule – essential to life.
„ The third oxygen atom can detach from ozone
and re-attach to molecules of other substances,
thereby altering their chemical composition.
„ High concentration potentially cause harmful
health consequences.
consequences Damage the lungs.
lungs
„ Relatively low amounts can cause chest pain,
coughing, shortness of breath, and, throat
irritation.
Reference: USEPA (Jul 2004)
Ozone
„ “Good up high – Bad nearby”
Ozone meter
Air Sampler (for Total Bacterial
and Fungal counts)
Odour meter
Od
Questions and Answer
R f
References
„ USEPA (Oct, 2005), An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality, available
at http://www
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ia-intro.html,
epa gov/iaq/ia intro html United States Environmental
Protection Agency (Accessed 22nd Oct 2005)
„ USEPA (Jul, 2004), IAQ Publications – Ozone Generator Fact Sheet,
available at http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html, United
States Environmental Protection Agency (Accessed 22nd Oct 2005)
„ AHAM (2005), About Air Cleaners, available at
http://www.cadr.org/consumer/index.html, Association of home
appliance manufacturers (Accessed 22ndd Oct 2005)
„ NEA (1996), Guidelines for Good Indoor Air Quality in Office
Premises, availalble at
http://app nea gov sg/cms/htdocs/category sub asp?cid=47#q14
http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=47#q14,
National Environmental Agency, Singapore (Accessed 26th Oct 2005)
„ World Health Organisation. European Series No 23: Air quality
gguidelines for Europe.
p WHO Regionalg Office for Europe,
p ,
Copenhagen, 1987.