CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

ANIMAL TISSUE
1. The term tissue was introduced by – Bichat
2. The term histology was given by − Mayer
3. Founder of histology − Marcello Malpighi
4. Father of microscopic anatomy − Marcello Malpighi
5. Father of histology − Bichat
6. Epithelia are predominantly cellular, there cells are closely placed with very
little amount of the cementing inter cellular substance − glycoproteins
7. Cells rest upon extra cellular supporting layer called basement membrane.
8. The cells are tightly packed due to desmosome, interdifitation or tight
junctions etc.
9. Tessellated epithelium is present in mesothelium and endothelium.
10. Function of pavement epithelium − Protection and transport of materials.
11. Germinal epithelium and distal convoluted tubules are simple cuboidal
epithelium. Cuboidal epithelial is involved in secretion, absorption and
excretion
12. Function of columnar epithelial tissue − absorption and secretion
13. Ciliated epithelium − fallopian tubules, ependyma
14. Sensory epithelium − Nasal chamber, taste buds ;
organ of corti
15. Glandular epithelium (Goblet cells) − Mucus membrane of stomach
and intestine
16. The germinative layer of stratified epithelium is made up of cuboidal or
columnar cells
17. Keratinized squamous − uppermost layer of cells contacts large amount of
fibrous dead proteins, Keratin. Epidermis of skin, hairs, nails, hornes etc.
18. Non keratinized squamous layer lacks of keratin −epithelium of chick;
vagina etc.
19. Stratified columnar − mammary gland
20. Transitional columnar − no germinative and basement layer
 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

21. On the basis of mode of secretions they are merocrine (Salivary glands,
Sweat glands), Apocrine (Mammary glands) and Holocrine (Wax gland).
22. On the basis of structure glands are:
S.N Types Structure Example

1. Exocrine With ducts Gastric and intestinal glands

2. Endocrine Ductless Thyroid gland, pituitary gland etc.

3. Heterocrine Mixed Pancreas and alimentary canal

23. Exocrine glands are further classified on the basis of structure into two
types.
a) Tubular : They are further divide into four types like Simple tubular
(crypts of lieberkuhn), Coiled tubular (sweat glands), Branched
tubular (gastric glands) and Compound tubular (Brunner’s glands)
b) Saccular/Alveolar: They are again further divide into three types like;
Simple alveolar (Poison and mucous gland of frog), Branched
alveolar (Sebaceous gland) and Compound alveolar (Mammary
glands).
24. Intercellular substance consists of fibres suspended in a large amount of an
amorphous, transparent and gelatinous ground substance. The ground
substance is made up of proteoglycane and glycoproteins
25. Fibroblast cells synthesize the proteins like collagen, elastin and reticulin
that forms the connective tissue fibers.
26. Macrophages or histiocyts are specialized for phagocytosis. They are also
known as scavenger cells, e.g. astrocytes, kupffer cells and dust cells
27. Mast cells secrete three major chemicals
1. Histamine − Vasodilator

2. Serotonin − Vasoconstrictor

3. Heparin − Anticoagulant

Besides these they also secrete major part of matrix.

 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

28. Connective tissue has three kinds of fibres:

Collagen Elastic Reticular

1. They are wavy and They are branched They occur in form of
always occur in and straight network
bundles
2. They are made up of They are made up They are made up of
collagen protein elastin protein reticulin (modified
collagen)

3. They yield gelatin on They are resistant to They are similar to

boiling with distilled chemical changes collagen
water

4. They provide rigidity They provide They form matrix of

and strength to the elasticity to the the organ.
organs organs

29. Fibrous connective tissue provides rigidity and strength and form tendons
which attach skeletal muscles on to bone or other skeleton muscles.
30. Due to the presence of abundant collagenous fibres, the skin dermis of
large mammals yields Leather after chemical treatment (tanning).
31. Yellow elastic connective tissue forms ligaments. Which connect bone
together
32. Excessive stretching of ligament is called Sprain
33. Brown fat is found in hibernating mammals and in new-born human babies.
34. Ground substance of mucos connective tissue is called Wharton’s Jelly. It is
found in umbilical cord, cock’s comb etc.
 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

35. There are four types of cartilage:-

S.No Name Character Occurrence

1. Hyalin Glassy and Pearly white Articulate surfaces of long

bones sternal parts of ribs;
proportion of fibres increase
ring of trachea and
with advancing age of an
bronchi, hyoid etc.
individual.

2. Fibrous Perichondrium absent Inter vertebral discs, pubic

cartilage symphasis

3. Elastic cartilage Perichondrium present Ear pinna, epiglottis etc.

4. Calcified Modification of hyaline Supra scapula of pectoral

cartilage cartilage girdle and pubis of frog

36. Bone is hard due to deposition of salts of calcium phosphate, Calcium

carbonate and magnesium phosphate
 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

37. There are three types of bone cells:

1. Osteoblasts Bone forming cells - They form exosteum and
endosteum.

- They control osteogenesis

2. Osteocytes Bone maintaining -Located in the form of concentric

cells lamella. They present in lacuna.
Which have many projections
known as canaliculi

- Control metabolism

3. Osteoclast Wandering cells - Locate in howship’s lacuna

- Help to clear the debris of bone

38. The long mammalian bone is characterized by the presence of Haversian

system or osteon.
39. Haversian canals run parallel to the narrow cavity and contains blood
vessels and nerves.
40. One Haversian canal is connected to another by horizontal canal which is
known as Volkman’s canal .
 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

41. On the basis of structure of bones, they are four types:-

S.N Types Location Characters

1. Compact bone Middle part of long bone is They have marrow

called diaphysis cavity filled with
white bone marrow

2. Spongy bone End part of long bone is Rich in red bone

called epiphysis marrow

3. Diploid bone Flat bones of skull and ribs Combination of

compact and spongy
bones

4. Pneumatic Found in birds Hollow, contains air

bones marrow

42. On the basis of origin of bones. They are three types

S.N. Types Characters Examples

1. Dermal bones / Ossification of the Phalanges and clavicle

membranous dermis
bone

2. Cartilaginous Ossification of Vertebrates, girdle

bone / Replacing cartilage bones, limb bones and
bones periotic bone of ear
capsule

3. Sesamoid bone Ossification of tendon Patella

43. pH of blood − 7.3 −7.4 (slightly alkaline)

44. Specific gravity of blood − 1.04 to 1.07
 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

45. Blood is formed of plasma (55%) and blood corpuscls (45%). This is known
as haematocrit value.
46. Proteins constitute about 7% to 8% part of plasma. These mainly include
albumins, globulins, prothrombin and fibrinogen.
47. Amphibian RBCs are the largest among vertebrates.
48. Musk deer has the smallest RBCs.
49. RBCs of amphibians are oval, biconvex and nucleated.
50. RBCs of mammals are round, biconcave and non-nucleated except camels
and llamas, in which shape of RBC is oval.
51. RBCs of mammals lose their nucleus at reticulocyte Stage of maturation of
RBCs.
52. Number of RBCs in -5 to 5.5 millions/mm3 and in + -4.5 to 5.0
millions/mm3
53. WBCs are colourless, nucleated and motile cells of blood.
54. Number of WBCs about 8000/mm3 in blood
55. Granulocytes are three types:-
Type DLC Nucleus Function

1. Neutrophils 60 – 70% 2 to 5 distinct Phagocytosis.

lobes

= Drum stick
shaped.

2. Eosinophils 2 – 4% Bilobed & trilobed Play important role in

immunity, allergy and
hypersensitivity.

3. Basophils 0.5 – 2% Bilobed & trilobed Store heparin, histamine

and serotonin.
 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

56. Agranulocytes are two types:-

S.N Types DLC Nucleus Function

Large, spherical Destruction of

20 –
1. Lymphocytes and central bacteria and other
40%
pathogens

2. Monocytes Kidney shaped or

(Largest 2–8% horse-shoe Phogocytosis.
corpuscles) shaped

57. The process by which lymphocytes squeeze through thin capillary wall is
called diapedesis.
58. Blood platelets are without nucleus formed by the fragmentation of cells
called megakaryocytes.
59. Number of blood platelets = 3 laks /mm3 of blood.
60. Platelets are the source of thromboplastin. Which is necessary for blood
clotting.
61. The mineral necessary for coagulation of blood is calcium.
62. Lymph contains less protein, large number of leucocytes mainly
lymphocytes and a few granulocytes and no RBCs.
63. Distinctive features of three types of muscles:
Striated muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

• It is also known as • It is also known as • They are long,

striped, voluntary or unstriped, unstriated, cylindrical and
skeletal muscle. involuntary or visceral branched to form a
• They are long and muscle. network.
cylindrical without • They are elongated and • Intercalated discs are
tapering ends. spindle shaped with present at the junction
tapering ends. of the cell membranes
of adjacent cells.
 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

• Muscles attach to the • Muscles in the walls of

skeleton and arranged the heart. Hence, they
in bundles. Hence, • Muscles in the walls of are known as cardiac
they are known as the stomach, intestine, muscles.
skeletal muscles. ducts of glands, walls of
the arteries etc. Hence,
they are known as
• Sarcolemma is visceral muscles.
present. • Sarcolemma is absent • Sarcolemma is
• Multinucleate. present.
• Uninucleate.
• Myofibrils are thicker, • Myofibrils are thin and • Uninucleate.
greater in number and indistinct • Myofibrils are present
distinct. but are not very
• Myofibrils show distinct. Thus
prominent light and resemble smooth
dark bands. Hence, muscles
they are called striped • Myofibrils do not show • Myofibrils show dark
or striated muscles. light and dark bands. and light bands which
Hence, they are called are faint and less
unstriped or unstriated prominent. Thus,
• T-tubules are well muscles. resemble the striated
developed. muscles
• T-tubules are well
• T-tubules of show and
developed
rhythmic contraction,
which is not under the
control of our will.
Hence, they are known as
• They suffer fatigue involuntary muscles
• They do not suffer fatigue

• They do not suffer

fatigue
 CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

64. Unstriated muscles are two types:

a) Multi unit smooth muscles – wall of large blood vessels, ciliary and
iridial muscles and arrector pilli.
b) Single unit smooth muscles – muscles of wall of urinary bladder and
gastro – intestinal tract.
65. Nissl’s granules are ribonulceoproteins, present in cyton.
66. Myelin-sheath is present in myelinated nerve fibres but such sheath is
absent in non-myelinated nerve fibres.
67. Centrioles are absent in nerve cells.
68. Regeneration is absent in nervous tissue.
69. Axon contains neuroplasm with neurofibrils and mitochondria but nissl’s
granules and other organelles are absent.
70. On the basis of structure, neurons are three types:
a. Unipolar – embryo & some invertebrates.
b. Bipolar – Retina, taste buds, etc.
c. Multipolar – Motor neurons and connector neurons.
71. Glial cells are three types – astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and
microglia.
72. Microglia is scavenger of nervous system.