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Rolling
Rolling is a deformation process in which the thickness of
the workpiece is reduced by compressive forces exerted by
two opposing rolls.
towoLo =tfwfLf
vf − vr
s=
vr
Forging
ho
ε = ln
h
F = Yf A
F = Kf Yf A
Extrusion
Tube drawing
Fixed mandrel and floating mandrel