Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF
vitamins A and D
cultured at sea
Bivalves
Birds
Fish
OH
A O O O
dinophysistoxins (DTX) OH
E H
OH
HO
Pectenotoxin (PTX)
Yessotoxin (YTX)
O O
CH3
CH3
DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH POISONING (DSP)
Symptoms:
Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps
Onset of symptoms can occur within 30 mins up to a few
hours
Complete recovery within 3 days
Chronic effects – potent tumour promoters
Toxicity studies – OA is two times more toxic than DTX2
Toxicological studies
Induce widespread organ damage in mice
More dangerous than other classes of shellfish toxins
Target organs – liver, spleen, the small intestine
Carcinogenic
Chronic exposure – tumour formation in the lungs and malignant
lymphomas
Interstitial pneumonia
Shortened small intestinal villi
AZASPIRACID SHELLFISH POISONING (AZP)
Protoperidinium crassipes was initially thought to be the
causative agent
Cannot produce their own food by photosynthesis
Predators of dinoflagellates
Azadium spinosum
Dinoflagellate
Global outbreaks:
UK, Norway, France, Italy, Spain and Denmark
North Africa
Onset of symptoms:
Gastrointestinal – within 24hrs
Neurological - within 48hrs
Symptoms can last for a few days - possibility of
permanent memory loss
Birds
1991 – DA poisoning report in Monterey Bay, California
Pelicans and cormorants behaving strangely
Vomiting, unusual head movements, scratching , many deaths
Dinoflagellates responsible:
Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, Pyrodinium species
H 2N O
H
O NH
HN NH
N NH
HN OH
OH
Alexandrium tamarense Structure of STX
PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING (PSP)
Symptoms:
Mild – tingling sensation or numbness of the lips, face and neck.
Prickly sensation in fingertips and toes
6 deaths
Mackerel
PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING (PSP)
Have been detected in European waters, human
intoxications are rare
1970‟s – PSP intoxications from mussels cultivated in Spain,
Portugal and U.K
80-120 individuals
Philippines
2000 cases of PSP 1983-1998
115 deaths
NEUROTOXIC SHELLFISH POISONING (NSP)
Marine dinoflagellate – Karenia brevis
Produce neurotoxins called brevetoxins
Is a naked dinoflagellate – no protective layer
Affect finfish, aquatic mammals and birds
Death of large manatees and bottlenose dolphins
Vector – oysters
Primitive, non-selective
Relative Abundance
Can be validated
Robust
OA
Does not harm animals
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sensitive and selective method Time (min)
Regulatory limits:
AZP and DSP – 0.16 µg/g
ASP – 20 µg DA/g
Negative effect:
Major human health implications
Environmental impact
Severe economic losses to aquaculture, fisheries, and tourism.
DSP
PSP
AZA AZA
Canada,
AZA
DSP
ASP PSP
PSP ASP Italy, 1997
ASP
DSP
DSP
PSP
ASP DSP
ASP
NSP PSP
ASP
AZA
PSP
ASP
PSP
ASP
DSP
PSP ASP
DSP PSP
DSP
NSP
DSP
PSP
Mass spectrometry
Single MS
Triple quadrupole MS
Ion Trap MS
Time Of Flight MS
Orbitrap technology
Lower detection limits
Acid rain:
Increase mobility of humic substances and trace metals in soil
Reef Disturbances
Ciguatera finfish poisoning well-known in coral reef
areas in the Caribbean, Australia, and French Polynesia
Rare disease two centuries ago
Now it has reached epidemic proportions especially in
French Polynesia
Reef disturbance by hurricanes, military, tourist
developments and coral bleaching (linked to global
warming) as well as future increasing coral damage due
to ocean acidification
Increasing the risk of ciguatera.
INCREASED GLOBAL MARINE TRAFFIC
Vector in dispersal of non-
indigenous marine plankton
Tetrodotoxin
Also called pufferfish poisoning
Paralytic toxin
Usually found in tropical and sub-tropical waters
September 2007 - Trumpet shellfish (Charonia lampas sauliae) from
the southern coast of Portugal
Symptoms include:
perioral numbness, acral numbness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness or
vertigo, weakness, ataxia, dyspnea, diaphoresis, and death from
respiratory failure
INCREASED GLOBAL MARINE TRAFFIC
Another possible vector:
Translocation of shellfish stocks from one
area to another
Japanese seaweeds:
Sargassum muticum (England, Netherlands,
Norway)
Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria
japonica (Mediterranean)
Introduced to European waters through
Japanese oyster spat
CONCLUSION
Impact on human health – increased in recent decades
Increase of HAB‟s
Increased marine traffic
Climate change
Eutrophication
Aquaculture
Increased scientific awareness