Chapter 3 Elementary Functions

Exercises Pages 89-90

1. Show that
2
(a) exp (2 3 i) = pe e ;
2+ i
(b) exp 4 = 2 (1 + i) ;
(c) exp (z + i) = exp z:

Solution (1a): e2 3 i = e2 e 3 i = e2 [cos ( 3 ) + i sin ( 3 )]

= e2 [cos (3 ) i sin (3 )] = e2 (1 i0) = e2
2+ i 1 i p
Solution
h (1b): ei 4 = e 2 ei 4 = e cos 4 + i sin 4
p p
= e p12 + i p12 = 2e (1 + i)
Solution (1c): ez+ i = ez ei = ez (cos + i sin ) = ez ( 1 + i0) = ez :
3. Use the Cauchy-Riemann equations and the theorem in Section 20 to
show that the function f(z) = exp z is not analytic anywhere.
Solution: ez = ex e iy = ex cos y iex sin y: C-R does not hold.
2
6. Show that exp z 2 exp jzj :
Solution: exp z 2 = exp x2 y 2 + i2xy
= exp x2 y 2 jexp (i2xy)j
= exp x2 y 2
= exp x2 y 2 :
Since exp is a monotonically increasing function, we see that this is
exp x2 + y 2 = exp z 2 ; since x2 y 2 x2 + y 2 :
8. Find all values of z such that
(a) ez = 2; p
(b) ez = 1 + 3i;
(c) exp(2z-1) = 1.
Solution 8b: ez = ex eiy = 2ei =3 so x = ln 2 and y = =3 + 2n where n is
any integer.

Solution (8a): z = ln j 2jp

+ arg ( 2) = ln p
(2) + i ( + 2n ) ; n 2 Z:
Solution (8b): z = ln 1 + 3i +i arg 1 + 3i = ln (2)+i ( =3 + 2n ) ; n 2
Z:
Solution (8c): 2z 1 = ln j1j + arg (1) = arg (1) = 2n i; n 2 Z: Thus
z = 1=2 + n i; n 2 Z:

10. (a) Show that if ez is real, then Im z = n (n = 0; 1; 2; : : :) :

(b) If ez is pure imaginary, what restriction is placed on z?

Solution (10a): z = x + iy
ez = ex eiy = ex (cos x + i sin y)

1
 ez is real =) sin y = 0 =) y = n (n = 0; 1; 2; : : :)
Solution (10b): z = x + iy
ez = ex eiy = ex (cos x + i sin y)
ez is pure imaginary =) cos x = 0 =) x = Re z = 2 (2n + 1) (n = 0; 1; 2; : : :) :
11. Describe the behavior of ez = ex eiy as (a) x tends to -1; (b) y tends
to 1:

Solution (11a): Since jez j = jex j ; so jez j ! 0 as x ! 1, which means

z
e ! 0 as x ! 1:
Solution (11b): If x is …xed and y ! 1, then jez j = ex is …xed, but arg (ez )
increases continuously. We see that ez surrounds the circle fjzj = ex g in the
counterclockwise direction.

Exercises Pages 94-95

1
1. Show that (a) Log ( ei) = 1 2 i;(b) Log (1 i) = 2 ln 2 4 i:

Solution (1a): Log ( ei) = ln (e) + iArg ( ei) = 1 =2i

Solution (1a): z = ei = e ( i) = ee i 2
r = e; = 2
Log ( ei) = ln e i 2 = 1 2 i
p i
p (1b): z = 1 i = 2e 4
Solution
r = 2; = 4
p
Log (1 i) = ln 2 4 i = 12 ln 2 4 i:
2. Verify that when n = 0; 1; 2; ;
(a) log e = 1 + 2n i;
(b) log i = 2n + 21 i;
p
(c) log 1 + 3i = ln 2 + 2 n + 31 i:

Solution (2a): Since ln jej = 1 and Arg (e) = 0, so log e = 1 + i (0 + 2n ) =

1 + 2n i; n 2 Z:
Solution (2b): Since ln jij = 0 and Arg (i) = =2, so
log i = 0 + i ( =2 + 2n ) = (2np+ 1=2) i; n 2 Z: p
Solution (2c): Since ln 1 + 3i = ln 2 and Arg 1 + 3i = 2 =3, so
p
log 1 + 3i = ln 2 + i (2 =3 + 2n ) = ln 2 + 2 (n + 1=3) i:
3. Show that
2
(a) Log (1 + i) = 2Log (1 + i) ;
2
(b) Log ( 1 + i) 6= 2Log ( 1 + i) :

2
Solution
p (3a): Log (1 + i) = Log (2i) + ln (2) + i =2 while 2Log (1 + i) =
2 ln 2 + i =4 = ln (2) i =2:
2
Solution
p (3b): Log ( 1 + i) = Log ( 2i) = ln (2) i =2 while 2Log ( 1 + i) =
2 ln 2 + i3 =4 and these are not equal.
4. Show that

2
 (a) log i2 = 2 log i when log z = ln r + i r > 0; 4 < < 94 ;
(b) log i2 6= 2 log i when log z = ln r + i r > 0; 34 < < 114 :

Solution: In part (a), log z is de…ned with =4 < < 9 =4: Therefore
log ( 1) = i ; log (i) = i =2; and log i2 = 2 log i:
In part (b), log z is de…ned with 3 =4 < < 11 =4: Therefore log ( 1) =
i ; log (i) = 10i =4; and log i2 6= 2 log i:

9. Show that
(a) the function Log (z i) is analytic everywhere except on the half line y
=1 (x 0) ;
(b) the function Log(z+4)
z 2 +i is analytic everywhere except at the points
p
(1 i) = 2 and on the portion x 4 of the real axis.

Solution (9a): If z is not on the half line y = 1, x 0 then z-i is not on

nonpositive real axis. This means that Log (z i) is analytic on the complement
of this half line.

Solution: (a): Log (z i) is de…ned and analytic provided (z i) is not 0

or a negative real number. This condition holds everywhere except of the half
line y = 1 and x 0:
(b): The function Log(z+4)
(z 2 +i) is analytic provided the numerator and denom-
inator are analytic and the denominator is nonzero. The numerator is analytic
if z+4 is not on the negative real line and not zero. Therefore z is not allowed to
be on the portion x 4 of the real line. The denominator is always analytic
and is zero if z 2 = i: pUsing the polar form of i, we can …nd the two square roots
of i to be (1 i) = 2: Therefore these two values of z are also disallowed.

10. Show in two ways that the function ln x2 + y 2 is harmonic in every

domain that does not contain the origin.

Solution:
For the …rst way, we directly check via the de…nition.
(y2 x2 )
@x ln x2 + y 2 = (x22x 2 2
+y 2 ) ; @x ln x + y
2
= 2 (x2 +y2 )2 :
(x2 y2 )
@y ln x2 + y 2 = (x22y 2 2
+y 2 ) ; @y ln x + y
2
= 2 (x2 +y2 )2 :
Thus, clearly, if H = ln x2 + y 2 ; we have that Hxx + Hyy = 0 provided
x + y 2 6= 0: That is, that H is harmonic away from (0,0).
2

For a constant c 6= 0; it is clear that H is harmonic if and only if cH

is harmonic. Thus, it will su¢ ce to show that H (x; y) = 12 ln x2 + y 2 =
p
ln x2 + y 2 : It is clear, however, that H (x; y) = Re f (z) with f (z) = log (z) :
If we choose an branch, we see that f is analytic away from the branch cut.
Thus, H is harmonic there. We may, however, choose a di¤erent branch and
see that H is still the real part, and thus, is harmonic away from the new branch
cut. The only point in common to every branch cut is the branch point (0,0).

3
 Exercises Pages 96-97
Solution: z = rei
Log (z) = ln jzj + iArg (z)
z1 = jz1 j eiArg(z1 ) = r1 ei 1 ; z2 = jz2 j eiArg(z2 ) = r2 ei 2 ( 1 ; 2 )
Log (z1 ) = ln r1 + i 1
Log (z2 ) = ln r2 + i 2
Log (z1 ) + Log (z2 ) = ln r1 + ln r2 + i ( 1 + 2 ) = ln r1 r2 + i ( 1 + 2)
z1 z2 = r1 r2 ei( 1 + 2 )
Log (z1 z2 ) = ln jz1 z2 j + iArg (z1 z2 )
8 9
< 1 + 2; + 2 1 =
Arg (z1 z2 ) = 1+ 2 2 ; < 1+ 2 2 :
: ;
1+ 2+2 ; 2 1 + 2;
That is Arg (z1 z2 ) = 1 + 2 + 2 N (N has one of the values 0, 1) :
Hence
Log (z1 z2 ) = ln r1 r2 + i ( 1 + 2 ) + i (2 N ) = Log (z1 ) + Log (z2 ) + i (2 N ) :
4. By choosing speci…c nonzero values of z1 and z2 , show that expression
(4), Section 31, for log (z1 =z2 ) is not always valid when log is replaced by Log.

Solution: Choose z1 = i; z2 = i. Then Log (z1 ) Log (z2 ) = =2 =2 =

while Log (z1 =z2 ) = Log ( 1) = :

Exercises Pages 99-100

1. Show that when n = 0; 1; 2; ;
i i
(a) (i + 1) = exp 4 + 2n exp 2 ln 2 ;
1=n (2n+1)i
(b) ( 1) =e :
p
Solution (1a): (1 + i) = ei log(1+i) = ei(ln 2 arg(1+i))
i
= ei ln(2)=2 e =4+2n
:
p
Solution (1a): Note that log (1 + i) = ln j1 + ij + i arg (1 + i) = ln 2 +
i
i ( =4 + 2n ) = ln(2)
2 + i ( =4 + 2n ) ; for n 2 Z: Thus (1 + i) =
exp (i log (1 + i)) = exp ( =4 + 2n ) + i ln(2)
2 =
exp ( =4 2n ) exp i ln(2) 2 :
Solution (2b): From log ( 1) = ln j 1j + i arg ( 1) = i arg ( 1) =
1=
i ( + 2n ), we have ( 1) = exp (log ( 1) = ) = exp (i ( + 2n ) = ) =
exp (i (2n + 1)) :
p 3 i 4i
2. Find the principal value of (a) ii ;(b) 2e 1 3i ;(c) (1 i) :

i i
Solution (2a): ii = cos + i sin 2 = ei 2
2 = e2
p 3 i
h p i3 i
e 1 3
Solution (2b): 2 1 3i = e ( 1) 2 + 2 i
h i3 i
i 3 i 2 2 2
= ee ei 3 = ee i 3 = e2 e3 i = e2

4
 4i p i 4 4i
p 4i 1
4i
Solution (2c): (1 i) = 2e = eln 2
e i4
= e 2 ln 2 e i4

ei2 ln 2
p p
=e =e cos 2 2 + i sin 2 2 :

5. Show that the principal nth root of a nonzero complex number z0 , de…ned
1=n
in Section 8, is the same as the principal value of z0 , de…ned in Section 32.

Solution: Write z0 = r0 ei 0 ; where 0 = Argz0 : Then, the principal nth

p
root is n r0 ei 0 =n : On the other hand, using the de…nition in Section 32, we
have
1=n
P:V:z0 = P:V: exp [(1=n) log z0 ]
= exp [(1=n) (ln r0 + i 0 )]
p
= exp [(1=n) ln r0 ] exp (i 0 =n) = n r0 ei 0 =n :

6. Show that if z 6= 0 and a is a real number, then jz a j = exp (a ln jzj) =

a
jzj ;
a
where the principal value of jzj is to be taken.

Solution: The logarithm of a complex number z is de…ned as every complex

number w which satis…es the equation ew = z: The complex logarithm is
de…ned for all z 6= 0: This is denoted by log (z) = w
a
z a = eln(z ) = ea ln z = ea(lnjzj+iArg(z)) = ea lnjzj eiaArg(z)
a a
jz a j = ea lnjzj = alnjzj = jzj :

Exercises Pages 103-104

2. Show that Euler’s formula (Section 6) continues to hold when is replaced
by z: eiz = cos z + i sin z:
Suggestion: To verify this, start with the right-hand side.
Solution: cos (z) + i sin (z) = eiz + e iz =2 + i eiz e iz =2i
= eiz ieiz =2 + eiz + ie iz =2 = eiz :

5. (a) Verify the identity sin2 z + cos2 z = 1 using the identity

cos (z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 sin z1 sin z2 and the relations sin ( z) = sin z
and cos ( z) = cos z; (b) Verify the identity sin2 z + cos2 z = 1 using the fact
that the entire function f (z) = sin2 z + cos2 z 1 has zero values along the x
axis and the following lemma.
Lemma: Suppose that
(i) a function f is analytic throughout a domain D;
(ii) f(z) = 0 at each point z of a domain or line segment contained in D.
Then f (z) 0 in D; that is , f(z) is is identically equal to zero throughout
D.
2 2
Solution 5a: (sin z) + (cos z) = 1
The number z = x + iy is a complex number. The expression

5
 2 2
(sin z) + (cos z) = 1 is written as sin2 (x + iy) + cos2 (x + iy) = 1:
sin (x + iy) = sin x (cosh y) + i cos x (sinh y)
cos (x + iy) = cos x (cosh y) i sin x (sinh y)
2 2
sin2 (x + iy) = (sin x cosh y) + (i cos x sinh y) + 2i sin x cosh y cos x sinh y
2 2
cos2 (x + iy) = (cos x cosh y) + (i sin x sinh y) 2i cos x cosh y sin x sinh y
2 2
sin2 (x + iy) + cos2 (x + iy) = (sin x cosh y) (cos x sinh y)
2 2
+ (cos x cosh y) (sin x sinh y)
sin2 (x + iy) + cos2 (x + iy) = sin2 x cosh2 y sinh2 y
+ cos2 x cosh2 y sinh2 y
sin2 (x + iy) + cos2 (x + iy) = sin2 x + cos2 x
sin2 (x + iy) + cos2 (x + iy) = 1
2 2
This completes the proof that (sin z) + (cos z) = 1:
2 2 2 2
Note: cosh y sinh y = 1 and sin x + cos x = 1 because x and y are real
numbers.

Solution 5b: The identity sin2 z + cos2 z = 1 can be derived by using the
function f (z) = sin2 z + cos2 z 1: We replace sin2 2z + cos2 2z by 1, so
f (z) = 1 1 = 0: Since f(2) has a zero value, f(z) is analytic throughout a
domain D. The function f(z) will be zero for all values of z along the z-axis.

Solution:
(a) Putting z1 = z and z2 = z in the identity
cos (z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 sin z1 sin z2 ; we have
cos z cos ( z) sin z sin ( z) = cos (z z) )
cos z cos z + sin z sin z = cos 0; since sin ( z) = sin z and
cos ( z) = cos z ) sin2 z + cos2 z = 1:
(b) Let f (z) = sin2 z + cos2 z 1 for all z 2 C:
We have f 0 (x) = sin2 z + cos2 z 1 for all z 2 C: We have
f 0 (x) = 2 sin x cos x + 2 cos x ( sin x) 0 = 0 for all x 2 R: Therefore we
have f(x) = C, where C is a constant. We have C = f (0) = sin2 0 + cos2 0 1 =
0 + 1 1 = 0: Thus we have f(x) = 0 for all x 2 R: Let D = C. Then R is a
line contained in D. We have just seen that f(z) = 0 at each point z of the real
line R contained in D. Thus f(z) satis…es the condition (ii) of the lemma given
in the question. Also we know that sin z and cos z are analytic functions at
each point of C. Since the square of the analytic function is analytic and the
sum of analytic functions are analytic, we have that f(z) is also analytic at each
point of C. Therefore f(z) also satis…es the condition (i) of the lemma given in
the question. Hence we have that f(z) = 0 for all z 2 D = C; which implies
that sin2 z + cos2 z = 1 for all z 2 C:

10. Point out how it follows from the expressions

2 2 2 2
jsin zj = sin2 x + sinh2 y; jcos zj = cos2 x + sinh2 y for jsin zj and jcos zj
that (a) jsin zj jsin xj ; (b) jcos zj jcos xj :

6
 Solution:

sin2 z = sin2 x + sinh2 y

cos2 z = cos2 x + sinh2 y
The real sine has the property that jsin xj 1 for all real x. The real cos
has the property that jcos xj 1 for all real x. The sin x and cos x are bounded
regions with a modulus between 0 and 1.
2
(a) So jsin zj has the additonal term sinh2 y: If we let z = x + iy in the
identity sin z = sin2 x + sinh2 y; then
2
2
lim jsin (x + iy)j = sin2 x + lim sinh2 y = 1:
y!1 y!1
The function jsin zj is unbounded and greater than jsin xj ; where x is a real
number.
2
(b) So jcos zj has the additonal term sinh2 y: If we let z = x +iy in the
identity cos z = cos2 x + lim sinh2 y = 1:
2
y!1
The function jcos zj is unbounded and greater than jcos xj ; where x is a real
number.
2
11. With the aid of expressions (15) and (16) in Section 33 for jsin zj and
2
jcos zj , show that
(a) jsinh yj jsin zj cosh y;
(b) jsinh yj jcos zj cosh y:

Solution: First note that since sinh 0 = 0 and cosh 0 - 1, these yield the
usual bounds for sin and cos when z is replaced by a real number.
2
(a) The lower bound follows easily, jsin zj = sin2 x + sinh2 y sinh2 y:
2
To get the upper bound, we write jsin zj = sin2 x + sinh2 y = sin2 x 1 +
sinh2 y + 1 = cos2 x + cosh2 y cosh2 y; which yields the result.
(b) The proof here is almost identical. We only need to interchange sin
and cos.
(eiz e iz ) (eiz +e iz )
12. (a) Use the de…nitions sin z = 2i ; cos z = 2 to
show that 2 sin (z1 + z2 ) sin (z1 z2 ) = cos 2z2 cos 2z1 :
(b) With the aid of the identity obtained in part (a), show that if cos z1 =
cos z2 , then at least one of the numbers z1 +z2 and z1 z2 is an integral multiple
of 2 :

Solution (12a): 2 sin (z1 + z2 ) sin (z1 z2 )

2 i(z1 +z2 )
(2i)(2i) e e i(z1 +z2 ) ei(z1 z2 ) e i(z1 z2 )
1 iz1 iz2
= 2 e e e i2z2 + e i2z1
1
= 2 (2 cos (2z1 ) 2 cos (2z2 )) = cos (2z2 ) cos (2z1 ) :
Solution (12b): From (a), we have cos (z2 ) cos (z1 ) =
2 sin z1 +z2
2
sin z1 2 z2 : So if cos (z2 ) = cos (z1 ), then either sin z1 +z
2
2
=0
z1 z2 z1 +z2
or sin 2 = 0: In the …rst case, we have 2 = k for some k 2 Z, which
implies z1 + z2 = 2k : In the second case, we have z1 +z 2
2
= k for some k 2 Z,
which implies z1 z2 = 2k :

7
 16. Show that
(a) cos (iz) = cos (iz) for all z;
(b) sin (iz) = sin (iz) if and only if z = n i (n = 0; 1; 2; : : :) :

Solution:
(a) Show that cos (iz) = cos (iz) for all z.
cos (iz) = cos [i (x + iy)] = cos (xi y)
= cos (ix) cos y + sin y sin (ix) = cosh x cos y + i sin y sinh x
= cosh x cos y i sin y sinh x
cos (iz) = cos [i (x iy)] = cos (ix + y)
cos (ix + y) = cos (ix) cos y sin (ix) sin y = cosh x cos y i sinh x sin y
Hence cos (iz) = cos (iz) ; so it is proved for all z.
(b) Show that sin (iz) = cos (iz) for all z.
sin (iz) = sin [i (x + iy)] = sin (xi y)
= sin (ix) cos y sin y cos (ix) = i sinh x cos y sin y cosh x
= sin y cosh x i sinh x cos y = (sin y cosh x + i sinh x cos y)
sin (iz) = sin [i (x + iy)] = sin (ix + y)
sin (ix + y) = sin (ix) cos y + cos (ix) sin y = cosh x sin y + i sinh x cos y
Hence sin (iz) = sin (iz) if and only if z = n i (n = 0; 1; 2; ) :
If z 6= n i; then sin (iz) = sin (iz) :

17. Find all roots of the equation sin z = cosh 4 by equating the real parts
and the imaginary parts of sin z and cosh 4.
Answer: 2 + 2n 4i (n = 0; 1; 2; ) :

Solution:
(eiz e iz ) (e4 e 4 )
We note that sin z = cosh 4 is equivalent to 2i = 2 : The left
(eix e y e ix ey ) (ey e y ) (ey +e y )
side is 2i = i cos x 2 + sin x 2 : Thus, we must have
(ey e y ) (ey +e y ) (e4 e 4 )
cos x 2 = 0 and sin x 2 = 2 :
For the …rst equation, the possible solutions are that
x = 2 + k or that y = 0. If y =0, however, then the second equation
(e4 e 4 )
becomes sin x = 2 ; which has no solution as the right side is larger than
1.
Thus, we must have that x = 2 + k: If k is an odd number, then sin x = 1;
(ey +e y )
and the second equation above again has no solution as 2 > 0: Thus,
we must have x = ( =2) + 2 k for k 2 Z: This gives sin x = 1; and it remains
to solve cosh y = cosh 4, which implies that y = 4: Thus, z = 2 + 2k 4i:

18. Find all roots of the equation cos z = 2.

Solution:

(eiz +e iz
)
cos z = 2 =2

8
 p
e2iz 4eiz + 1 = 0 from factorization
p eiz = 2 p3
y y
eiz = eixe =(cos x+i sin x)e =2p 3; so ey cos x = 2 3; ey sin x = 0
x = 2n and y = ln 2 3
p
x = 2n + i ln 2 3 for n = 0; 1; 2;
Exercises Pages 107-108
2. (a) Prove that sinh 2z = 2 sinh z cosh z by starting with the hyperbolic

sine and the hyperbolic cosine of a complex variable are de…ned as they are with
z z z z
a real variable; that is, sinh z = e 2e ; cosh z = e +e
2 :
(b) Prove that sinh 2z = 2 sinh z cosh z by starting with the identity
sin 2z = 2 sin z cos z and using the relations
i sinh (iz) = sin z; cosh (iz) = cos z;
i sin (iz) = sinh z; cos (iz) = cosh z:

Solution:

Prove that sinh z = 2 sinh z cosh z:

Method 1
sinh 2z = sinh (z + z)
This is in the form sinh (a + b) = sinh a cosh b + cosh a sinh b; where a = b.
So sinh (z + z) = sinh z cosh z + cosh z sinh z:
sinh (2z) = 2 sinh z cosh z:
Method 2
(e2z e 2z ) (ez +e z )
By de…nition sinh z = 2 and cosh z = 2 : So
(e2z e 2z )
sinh 2z = 2 by substitution of 2z in place of z.
(ez e z ) (ez +e z ) (ez e z )(ez +e z )
2 sinh z cosh z = 2 2 2 = 2
h 2
i
(ez )2 (e z )(e2z e 2z )
= 2 = 2 :
This completes the proof that sinh z = 2 sinh z cosh z:

Solution:
2z 2z
(a) We have sinh 2z = e 2e
2
(ez )2 (e z )
= 2
(ez e z ) (ez +e z )
=2 2 2
= 2 sinh z cosh z:
(b) We have sinh 2z = i sin (2iz) = 2i sin (iz) cos (iz)
= 2 [ i sin (iz)] [cos (iz)]
= 2 sinh z cosh z:
Thus we have proved sinh 2z = 2 sinh z cosh z by starting with the identities
in part (a) as well as in part (b).

2
5. Verify expression (12), Section 34, for jcosh zj :

9
Solution (5): Since cosh (z) = cosh (x) cos (y) + i sinh (x) sin (y) : So
2
jcosh (z)j = cosh2 (x) cos2 (y) + sinh2 (x) sin2 (y) =
sinh (x) + 1 cos2 (y) + sinh2 (x) sin2 (y) =
2

sinh2 (x) cos2 (y) + sinh2 (x) sin2 (y) + cos2 (y) =
sinh2 (x) + cos2 (y) :

7. Show that

(a) sinh (z + i) = sinh z;

Show that
(b) cosh (z + i) = cosh z;
Show that
(c) tan z (z + i) = tanh z:

Solution:
(a) Show that sinh (z + i) = sinh z:
sinh (z + i) = sinh (x + iy + i) = sinh [x + i (y + )] :
We use the formula sinh (a + ib) = sinh a cos b + cosh a sin b with a = x and
b=y+ :
sinh [x + i (y + )] = sinh x cos (y + ) + cosh x sin ( + y)
= sinh x cos y cosh x sin y because
sin ( + a) = sin a and cos ( + a) = cos a:
sinh [x + i (y + )] = (sinh x cos y + cosh x sin y) = sinh (x + iy)
sinh (z + i) = sinh z:
This completes the proof that sinh (z + i) = sinh z:
(b) Show that cosh (z + i) = cosh z:
cosh (z + i) = cosh (x + iy + i) = cosh [x + i (y + )] :
We use the formula cosh (a + ib) = cosh a cos b + sinh a sin b with a = x and
b=y+ :
cosh [x + i (y + )] = cosh x cos (y + ) + sinh x sin ( + y)
= cosh x cos y sinh x sin y because
sin ( + a) = sin a and cos ( + a) = cos a:
cosh [x + i (y + )] = (cosh x cos y + sinh x sin y) = cosh (x + iy)
cosh (z + i) = cosh z:
This completes the proof that cosh (z + i) = cosh z:
(c) Show that tan (z + i) = tanh z:
tanh (x + iy + i) = tanh [x + i (y + )]
(tanh a+i tan b)
We use the formula tanh (a + ib) = (1+i tanh a tan b) with a = x and b = y + :
[tanh x+i tan( +y)]
tanh [x + i (y + )] = [1+i tanh x tan( +y)] because tan ( + a) = tan a
[tanh x+i tan(y)]
tanh [x + i (y + )] = (1+i tanh x tan(y))
tanh [x + i (y + )] = tanh (x + iy)
This completes the proof that tan (z + i) = tanh z:

8. Give details showing that the zeros of sinh z and cosh z are as in the

10
following statements:
(a) sinh z = 0 if and only if z = n i (n = 0; 1; 2; : : :) and

(b) cosh z = 0 if and only if z = 2 +n i (n = 0; 1; 2; : : :) :

Solution:

(a) sinh z = 0
(ez e z )
sinh z = 2 =0
ez e z = 0
ez e1z = 0
e2z 1 = 0
e2z = 1
We have sinh z = i sin (iz) :
Now if sinh z = 0 ) sinh z = i sin (iz) = 0 ) sin (iz) = 0 ) z = n i since
sin = 0 ) = n :
(b) Now we have cosh z = cos (iz) :
Now if cosh z = 0 ) cos (iz) = 0 ) iz = 2 + n
iz i
i = 2 +n i2
z= 2 +n i ) z = 2 + n i:
We do not have to consider -sine since cos(-x) = cos x.

15. (a) By using one of the identities sinh z = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y;

cosh z = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y; …nd all roots of the equation sinh z = i;

(b) By using one of the identities sinh z = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y;

cosh z = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y; …nd all roots of the equation cosh z = 21 :

Solution:

(a) sinh z = i
sinh z = sinh x cos y + i cos x sin y
From sinh z = i and sinh z = sinh x cos y + i cos x sin y,
i = sinh x cos y + i cos x sin y
0 + i = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
Comparing both sides 0 = sinh x cos y
i = i cosh x sin y
sinh x cos y = 0

sinh x = 0 or cos y = 0
(ex e x )
2 = sinh x cos y = 0

11
 (ex e x
)
2 =0 cos y = (2n 1) 2
x=0 y = (2n 1) 2
i i
i = i cosh x sin y
1 = cosh x sin y
x x
1 = e +e 2 sin y

(b) cosh z = 1/2

sinh z = sinh x cos y +i cosh x sin y
cosh z = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y
Here cosh z = 12 = 12 + i 0
) cosh x cos y = 12 ; sinh x sin y = 0
From sinh x sin y = 0 ) sinh x = 0 or sin y = 0
x x
) e 2e = 0
x x
) e 21=e = 0
) e2x 1 = 0
) w2x = 1 = e0
)x=0
When x = 0, cosh x = 1
) cos y = 12
From cosh x cos y = 12 ) y = 3
or generally y = 2n 3 ;n 2 Z
So z = 0 + i 2n 3 ;n 2 Z
or z = i 2n 6 ; n 2Z
Again from sinh x sin y = 0; if we take sin y = 0, then y = 0.
) cos y = cos 0 = 1
) cosh x cos y = 1=2
) cosh x = 1=2
x x
) e +e2 = 12
x x
)e +e =1
) ex + e1x = 1
) e2x + 1 = ex
) e2x +pe x + 1 = 0
ex = 1 21 4
) ex is imaginary, which is not possible. So the second case does not yield
any solution.
16. Find all roots of the equation cosh z = 2: (Compare this exercise
with Exercise 18, Section 33.)

Solution: First note that cosh is always positive for real numbers. Thus,
we are giving an example of a property of hyperbolic trig functions that does
not carry over to C.
We …rst use the identity cosh x = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y:
Thus, for this to be = -2, we must have cosh x cos y = 2; sinh x sin y = 0:

12
 The second equation tells us that either sinh x = 0 or sin y = 0. That is,
either x = 0 or y=n ; n 2 Z: That former is not possible as cosh 0 = 1 and
cos y can never be equal to -2 as would be required. Thus, we must have that
y = n if there are any solutions.
n
Plugging y = n in, we have cosh x cos (n ) = ( 1) cosh x = 2: Since
cosh is always positive for real numbers, we must have that n is odd. We
shall write the odd n as 2m+1 where m ranges over all integers. It remains,
(ex +e x )
then, to …nd the x solving cosh x = 2. This is equivalent to 2 = 2 or
e2x 4ex + 1 = 0: p
(4 12) p
Solving this quadratic equation, we have ex = = 2 3: Thus,
p p 2
x = ln 2 3 ; and z = ln 2 3 + (2m + 1) i: This may appear dif-
p
ferent form the books answer, but note that ln 2 + 3 = ln 2+1p3 =
( )
p
(p2 3)p p
ln 2+ 3 2 3 = ln 2 3:
( )( )

Exercises Pages 110

1
1. (a) Find all the values of tan (2i) ;

(b) Find all the values of tan 1 (1 + i) ;

(c) Find all the values of cosh 1 ( 1) ;
(d) Find all the values of tanh 1 0:

Solution a: h i
i (i 2i)
tan 1 (2i) = 2 log (i+2i)
h i
) tan 1
(z) = i
2 log (i z)
(i+z)
) 2i log 3ii
) 2i log 1 i
3 = 2 log i
2 1
3
i 1
= 2 log i2 + log 3
= 2i (1:364 0:477)
= 2i (0:8868)
= 0:443i:
Solution b: h i
tan 1 (1 + i) = 2i log 11+(1+i)
(1+i)

= 2i [log ( i) log (2 + i)]

Solution c: p
We have cosh 1 (z) = log z + z 2 1
q
2
cosh 1 ( 1) = log 1 + ( 1) 1
p
= log 1 + 1 1
= log ( 1)
= 1:364
Solution d: h i
(1+z)
We have tanh 1 z = 12 log (1 z)

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 h i
1 1 (1+0)
) tanh (0) = 2 log (1 0)
= 12 log 11
= 12 log (1)
= 12 (0)
= 0:

Solution: p
Let z = x+iy. We recall that log z = log x2 + y 2 + i (2n + ) ; where
n 2 Z; = tan 1 (y=x) and 0 2 :
(a) We have z = tan 1 (2i) ) tan z = 2i
eiz e iz
) i(e iz +e iz ) = 2i
iz
)e e iz = 2 eiz + e iz
) 3e = e iz
iz

) e2iz = 13
1
) 2iz = log 3 = log ( 3)
i
) z = 2 [log ( 3)]
) z = 2i [log 3 + (2n + 1) i] :
(b) We have z = tan 1 (1 + i) ) tan z = 1 + i
eiz e iz
) i(e iz +e iz ) = 1 + i
iz
)e e iz = (i 1) eiz + e iz
) (2 i) eiz = ie iz
) e2iz = (2 i i) = 15 + i 25
) 2iz = log 15 + i 25
hq i h i
1 4 1 2=5
) 2iz = log 25 + 25 + i 2n + tan 1=5

) 2iz = log p1 + i 2n + tan 1

( 2)
5
1 1
) 2iz = 2log 5 + i 2n tan (2)
1 1 i
)z=n 2 tan (2) + 4 log 5:
(c) We have z = cosh 1 ( 1) ) cosh z = 1
z z
) e +e 2 = 1
) e2z + 2ez + 1 = 0
2
) (ez + 1) = 0
) ez = 1
) z = (2n + 1) i for all n 2 Z
(d) We have z = tanh 1 0 ) tanh z = 0
z z
) (eez +ee z ) = 0
) ez e z = 0
) e2z = 1
) ez = 1 or ez = 1
) z = 2n i or z = (2n + 1) i for all n 2 Z
) z = n i for all n 2 Z:

14
 2. (a) Solve the equation sin z = 2 for z by equating real parts and
imaginary parts in that equation;
(b) Solve the equation
h sin z = 2 ifor z by using the expression
1 1=2
sin z = i log iz + 1 z 2 :

Solution a:

Set sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = 2

) z = x + iy; sin z = sin (x + iy) = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
) sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = 2 + 0 i
) sin x cosh y = 2
cos x sinh y = 0
The equation cos x sinh y = 0 holds when x = n + 12 or when y = 0.
When y = 0, the equation sin x cosh y = 2 becomes sin x = 2, which has no
solution. So we must have x = n + 12 ; which has no solution. So we
must have x = n + 12 : In that case the equation sin x cosh y = 2 becomes
n
( 1) cosh y = 2: However cosh y is always positive. So n must be an even
(ey +e y )
integer. We then solve for cosh y = 2 = 2; take ey = !:
y 1 1
e = ey = !
(!+ !1 ) 2

2 = 2 = !2!+1 = 2 = ! 2 + 1 = 6!
) ! 2 6!p+ 1 = 0 p p
) ! = 6 216 4 = 4 2 12 = 2 3:
p
) ! = ey = 2 3
y y
cosh y = e +e 2 = 2; take ey = !
1 1
e y = ey = !
(!+ !1 ) (!2 +1)
2 = 2 = 2! = 2 = ! 2 + 1 = 6!
2
)! 6!p+ 1 = 0 p p
) ! = 6 216 4 = 4 2 12 = 2 3:
p
) ! = ey = p 2 3
y = ln 2 3
Hence the solution set is p
z = 2n + 21 + i ln 2 3 :
Solution b:
If we put z = 2 into h the formula i
1=2
zin z = i log iz + 1 z 2
1
; then
1
p
sin 2 = i log i2 + 3
p
= i log 2i + 3
p
= i log 2i + i 3
p
= i log 2i + i 3
p
sin 1 2 = i log i 2 3
p i( =2)+2n t
= i log 2 3 e
p
= i ln 2 3 + i 2 + 2n

15
 p
= 2 + 2n + i ln 2 3 :

Solution: p
Let z = x+iy. We recall that log z = log x2 + y 2 + i (2n + ) ; where
n 2 Z; = tan 1 (y=x) and o 2 :
(a) We have sin z = 2 ) sin (x + iy) = 2 ) sin x cos (iy) + cos x sin (iy) = 2
) sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = 2:
Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we have sin x cosh y = 2
and cos x sinh y = 0: Now cos x sinh y = 0 ) cos x = 0 or sinh y = 0: If sinh y =
0, then we have y = 0 + 2n for n 2 Z: Then sin x cos (2n ) = 2 ) sin x = 2
which is impossible because 1 sin x 1 for all x 2 R: Therefore we
must have cos x = 0; and it implies that x = 2n + 2 for n 2 Z: Now for
x = 2n + =2; we have sin (2n + =2) cosh y = 2 ) cosh y = 2
y y
) e +e 2 =2
) e2y 4ep y
+1=0
) ey = 4 216 4
p
) ey = 2 3p
) y = log 2 3 :
p
Thus the required solution is z = x + iy = (2n + =2) + i log 2 3 for
all n 2 Z:
(b) We have
sin z = 2 )
z = sin 1h (2) i
1=2
= i log 2i + (1 4)
p
= i log 2 3 i
q p 2 h p i
= i log 02 + 2 3 + i 2n + tan 1 2 0 3
p
= i log 2 3 + i 2n + tan 1 1
p p
= i log 2 3 + i (2n + =2) = (2n + =2) i log 2 3 :
p
Thus the required solution is z = (2n + =2) i log 2 3 for all n 2 Z:
From part (a) and part (b), p we see that the solution of sin z = 2 is given by
z = (2n + =2) i log 2 3 for all n 2 Z:
p
3. Solve the equation cos z = 2 for z.
p p
Solution (3): From
p cos (z) = 2pwe have eiz + e iz = 2 2: p
Let X = eiz :
2
Then X + 1=X
p = 2 2: Thus X p 2 2X + 1 = 0: We solve Xp= 2 1: Thus
z = 1i log 2 1 = i ln 2 1 + i2n = 2n i ln 2 1 , where n
can be any integer.
7. Derive expression (9), Section 35, for cosh 1 z:

Solution: This is ratherwsimilar to what we did above for real values. For
(e +e w )
z given, we want to solve 2 = cosh w = z:
This is equivalent to e2w 2zew + 1 = 0:

16
 p
(2z 4z 2 4)
The solutions to this quadratic equation are ew = 2 = z+
2 1=2
z 1 :
Recall that we do not need to write since the second root of a complex
number
h is a set containing
i two elements. The above says that cosh 1 z =
1=2 1
log z + z 2 1 : Here cosh takes on in…nitely many values (not we are
not using, e.g., the principal branch of the logarithm). This, however, should
be expected for complex numbers due, e.g., to the periodicity of cosh and sinh.

17