Presentation

Thesis Presentation
Study and Simulation of UMTS

Physical layer
(Rel ’99 for Downlink)
 Study and Research
 Physical layer standards
 Physical Channel Mapping
 TS 25.211 v3.6.0
 Coding and Multiplexing
 TS 25.212 v3.6.0
 Spreading and Modulation
 TS 25.213 v3.6.0
 Physical layer Procedures
 TS 25.214 v3.6.0
 Simulation
 Mathworks’ Simulink
 Model design according to above mention
standards
 Shall simulate in Matlab
Study and Simulation of UMTS Physical layer
 Introduction Syed Mohammed Zafi Sherhan Shah (04TL 20)
 UMTS Releases Ali Madad Shah (04TL 31)
 Introduction to Physical layer Farrukh Hussain Arain (04TL 35)
 Physical Channel Mapping Ahsan Pervaiz Bhatti (04TL 58)

(3GPP TS 25.211)
 Physical layer procedures Sandar Ali Khowaja (04TL 30)

(3GPP TS 25.214)
 Handovers in UMTS Rizwan Ali Shah (04TL 03)
 Coding & Multiplexing Syed Mohammed Zafi Sherhan Shah (04TL 20)
(3GPP TS 25.212)
 Spreading & Modulation Syed Mohammed Zafi Sherhan Shah (04TL 20)
(3GPP TS 25.213)
 Simulation and Results Syed Mohammed Zafi Sherhan Shah (04TL 20)
Standardization of WCDMA /
UMTS
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Role: Create 3G Specifications and Reports
3G is standardized based on the evolved GSM core

networks and the supporting Radio Access Technology
GSM
Introduction of
GPRS / E-GPRS
3GPP Release ‘99

3GPP Release 4
3GPP Release 5-6

All IP Vision

(3GPP TS 25.211)

(3GPP TS 25.214)
(3GPP TS 25.212)
(3GPP TS 25.213)
Introduction to UMTS Physical layer
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
 Based on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
 It is one of the five interfaces adopted by the ITU under
the name “IMT-2000 Direct Spread”
 WCDMA can support multiple and simultaneous
communications such as voice, images, data, and video
 Very high and variable bit rates:
 144 kbps: vehicle speed, rural environ.
 384 kbps: walking speed, urban outdoor.
 2048 kbps: fixed, indoor.
 Different QoS for different connections.
 High spectrum efficient.
 Coexistence with current systems
Functions of the Physical layer
 Physical layer provides data transport support to higher
layers via Transport Channels
 Error detection.
 FEC encoding/decoding.
 Rate Matching/Dematching.
 Multiplexing/Demultiplexing different Transport Channels
into/from a Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCH).
 Mapping/Demapping of CCTrCH into/from Physical Channels.
 Modulation and Spreading/Demodulation and Despreading.
 Power Weighting and combining of physical channels.
 RF Processing.
 …
Features of UMTS
 Frequency Bands
 1920 to 1980 MHz (Uplink)
 2110 to 2170 MHz (Downlink)
 RF Carrier Spacing
 5 MHz
 RF Channel Raster
 200 KHz
 Two modes of operations
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)
 Implemented in form in China as TD-SCDMA
 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
 Implemented worldwide as HSDPA

(3GPP TS 25.211)

(3GPP TS 25.214)
(3GPP TS 25.212)
(3GPP TS 25.213)
Physical Channel Mapping
3GPP TS 25.211 v3.6.0

What are transport channels?
Transport Channels are those which Carry data and signalling information
from higher layer upto the physical layer. This means that they are not
sent on the air interface. These channels are mapped to physical
Channels which are sent on the air interface.
Transport Channels
Common Dedicated
Broadcast Channel Dedicated Channel

(BCH) (DCH)
Paging Channel
(PCH)
Random Access Channel

(RACH)
Forward Access Channel

(FACH)
Downlink Only
Downlink Shared Channel
(DSCH) Uplink Only
Uplink / Downlink
Common Packet Channel
(CPCH)
Channel Mapping
Transport Channels Physical Channels

BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
PCH
RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
CPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Frame structure for uplink dedicated data and control
channel
Data
DPDCH Ndata bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH Npilot bits NFBI bits NTPC bits
NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
•Pilot bits provide the phase of the signal to coherently demodulate the channel.
•Transport Format Combination Indicator(TFCI) which transport channel is active for the
current frame, however for fixed rate services TFCI is not included.
• Feedback Information (FBI) contains the feedback from mobile to Utran network to
tell which transmit diversity scheme is used.
Downlink Dedicated Channel Generation
Transport Format Combination Index
contains information of how the
Interleaves bits within a different transport channel have been
Radio Frame coming from processed Data is sent to the
different Transport Channels Modulation and Spreading
TFCI block
CCTrCh DPCH DPCH DPCH

Physical Slot
2nd
Channel Builder
Interleaver
Segmentation
Power
Control Bits
One CCTrCH can be
mapped onto one or
several PhCHs Pilot Bits
Structure of slot is defined
by the Higher Layers via
Slot Format Data 1 TPC TFCI Data 2 Pilot
There are a total of 16 slot formats available for downlink dedicated channel each
having different data rate.
Frame structure for downlink dedicated data and control channel
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
Ndata1 bits N TPC bits N TFCI bits Ndata2 bits Npilot bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
One radio frame, T f = 10 ms


(3GPP TS 25.211)

(3GPP TS 25.214)
(3GPP TS 25.212)
(3GPP TS 25.213)
Physical layer Procedures
3GPP TS 25.214 v3.6.0

Power Control
Uplink
 Open loop power

control: estimate the path BASE STATION
loss from the signal
MOBILE STATION
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
received in DL
 Not accurate: in FDD, UL
DOWN
DECREASE
ESTIMATE
RECEIVED
and DL frequencies are

TPC ? POWER POWER
TPC dB
different and fast fading is

uncorrelated between UL
ESTIMATE
UP
TOTAL
and DL
UPLINK
RECEIVED
INCREASE
INTERFERENCE
POWER
 Solution: Fast closed-loop
TPC dB
power control: BS performs

frequent estimations of the No Yes
received SIR (Signal-to-

TPC SIREST>SIR target TPC
UP DOWN
Interference Ratio) and

compares to a target SIR
Power Control
Downlink
MOBILE STATION BASE STATION

PROCEDURE
 Also
PROCEDURE
used in DL (no near-far
problem however); all signals
originate from the same BS
ESTIMATE
RECEIVED TPC ?
DOWN
DECREASE
POWER
POWER TPC dB
 Desirable to provide additional

power to mobilesESTIMATE
closed to the
UP
TOTAL
cell edge UPLINK
RECEIVED
INCREASE
POWER
INTERFERENCE
TPC dB
No Yes TPC
TPC
DOWN
UP SIREST>SIR Target
Cell Search Procedure STEP 3
 UE determines the exact primary
STEP 1 scrambling code.
 Uses Primary Primary CCPCH is detected and specific

synchronization code. BCH information can be read.
 Acquires slot
synchronization using CELL SEARCH
CELL SEARCH
PROCEDURE
ACQUIRE
ACQUIRE
Frame
single matched filter.
PROCEDURE Frame
Synchronization
Synchronization
Timing
Timing
 Obtain slot timing by RECEIVE
RECEIVE
Primary
detecting peaks in
Primary
Synchronization ACQUIRE
Synchronization ACQUIRE
Channel Base Station
matched filter output. Channel Base Station
Scrambling Code
Scrambling Code
STEP 2 SELECT
SELECT
Strongest DETECT
 Uses secondary synchronization Strongest
Base Station
Base Station
DETECT
Primary Common
Primary Common
Control Channel
code. Control Channel
RECEIVE
 Correlates the received signal RECEIVE
Secondary
Secondary
Synchronization
ACQUIRE
ACQUIRE
Super Frame
with all possible secondary Synchronization
Channel
Channel
Super Frame
Synchronization
Synchronization
synchronization code sequences.
 identify maximum correlation
IDENTIFY READ
IDENTIFY READ
Base Station Broadcast Control
Base Station Broadcast Control
value.
Code Group Channel
Code Group Channel
Cell Search Procedure
Idle and Active Modes
SEARCH
Base Station
READ
READ
Base Stations
Base Stations
Priority List
Priority List
ACQUIRE READ
ACQUIRE READ
Frame Broadcast Control
 These procedures are
Frame
Synchronization
Synchronization
Timing
Broadcast Control
Channel
Channel
SEARCH
Base Station
implemented in the UE during
Timing
the Idle and Active modes.

RETURN
DETECT
DETECT No
Primary Common Base Station
Primary Common
Control Channel Acquired ?
Control Channel
Yes
ACQUIRE
ACQUIRE
Super Frame END
Super Frame
Synchronization Search
Synchronization

(3GPP TS 25.211)

(3GPP TS 25.214)
(3GPP TS 25.212)
(3GPP TS 25.213)
Handover in UMTS
The main relevance of the handover to the

physical layer is what to measure for handover
criteria and how to obtain measurements
Handover Procedures
 UTRA supports two types of
handoff:
 Between Base Stations operating

at the same radio frequency (Intra-
Handover Types frequency Handoff).
Intra-frequency Inter-frequency  Between Base Stations operating

in different radio frequencies
(Inter-frequency Handoff)
Soft Softer
 Intra-frequency Handoff is also
known as Soft or Softer Handoff.
Soft & Softer Handoff
 During Soft Handoff, two or more Base Stations are used to

simultaneously communicate with the same Mobile Station.
 During a soft handoff between two nodes, a mobile device maintains

communication with he first node until after it has begun
communication with second node. The mobile device only relinguishes
the signal of the first node after conforming the signal of the second
node. This known as” make before break”
 Softer handoff works in the same way between cell sectors.
 Soft ad Softer Handoff enable a mobile device to maintain the

continuity and quality of the wireless connection while moving across
cell boundries.
Measurements for HANDOVER
 The UTRA-FDD intra frequency handover relies on the Ec/No

measurement performed from the common pilot channel (CPICH).
Quantities defined can be measured by the Terminal from the CPICH are as
follows:
 Received Signal Code power (RSCP): which is the received power on one
code after despreading, defined on the pilot symbols.
 Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI): which is the wideband received
power within the channel bandwidth

 Ec/No, representing the received signal code power divided by the total
received power in the channel bandwidth, which is defined as RSCP/RSSI
 Other parameters are SIR, Timing information in Asynchronous Network.
Inter-Frequency Handover
 For UTRA-GSM handover, Basically similar requirements are

valid as for Gsm-Gsm handover. Normally the terminal
receives he Gsm synchronization channel (Gsm Sch) during
compressed frames in UTRA FDD to allow measurements
from other Frequencies.

(3GPP TS 25.211)

(3GPP TS 25.214)
(3GPP TS 25.212)
(3GPP TS 25.213)
Coding and Multiplexing
3GPP TS 25.212 v3.6.0

Coding and Multiplexing
Specifications
 Data is transported from the MAC layer to the
physical layer in the form of transport blocks
 The inter-arrival time is the Transmission Time
Interval (TTI)
 More transport blocks in a TTI, higher the data
rate
 Higher layers offer a ‘Transport Format’ to the
physical layer for the delivery of a TrBlk to the
radio interface
 Transport Formats
 Dynamic part
 Transport Block Size
 Transport Block Set Size
 Semi static part

 Type of Error protection
 Turbo coding
 Convolutional coding
 No channel coding
 Coding rate
 Static Rate Matching Attribute
 Size of CRC
 24, 16, 12, 8 or 0 bits
Coding and Multiplexing Overview
Rate 1st Radio

Concat/ Channel
CRC Matching Interleaver Frame
Segment Encoder
Segment
Accommodates data rates

Limits Max Size to a fixed channel bit rate Multiplexes bits from
of Codewords different Transport
Coding Schemes:
Channels every 10 ms. CCTrCH
- No coding
Attaches CRC - Convolutional Coding Interleaves bits within each
Size={0,8,12,16,24} - Turbocoding Transport Channel
Rate 1st Radio

Concat/ Channel
CRC Matching Interleaver Frame
Segment Encoder
Segment
{10,20,40 and 80ms} {10ms}

Transmission Time Interval Radio Frame

(3GPP TS 25.211)

(3GPP TS 25.214)
(3GPP TS 25.212)
(3GPP TS 25.213)
Spreading and Modulation
3GPP TS 25.213 v3.6.0

Spreading or Channelization
operation
 Separation of downlink connections
 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)
 Chip rate of 3.84 Mcps
 Length varies from 4 to 256 chips
 Code generation similar to Walsh-Hadamard but
expansion in the form of branches of a tree
 Optimized for data rate adaptation by employing
concept of Spreading Factor (SF)
cont’d
 Lower SF means Higher data rate

 Higher SF translates into Lower data rate
 Every branch has different Spreading factor,
with the preceding branch having a lower SF
than the proceeding branch
 Every code of each branch has fixed spreading
factor
 While one code from a
particular branch is used,
longer codes from the
same branch can’t be
used
 Reason is that codes
below are not orthogonal
to code above a branch.
Scrambling
 Separation of sectors (cells) in Downlink
 Constructed as the modulo 2 sum two m-sequences
generated by means of two generator polynomials of
degree 18
 Chip rate of 3.84 Mcps (Clock freq is 3.84 MHz)
 Length of codes is 38 4000 chips
 All generated codes, 218-1, are not used
 First 512 codes are used as Primary Scrambling Codes
(PSC) in
 Next 15 codes as possible Secondary SCs
 However, usage of Secondary SCs is not advised
 Modulation
 QPSK
 Same gain for I and Q components
 Pulse shaping
 Root-raised cosine (RRC) filter with ß=0.22
 Bandwidth of 5 MHz
 Pulse Shaping is applied to reduce spectrum

occupancy
 RRC filter used at both the transmitter and the
receiver
 At the receiver, it has an over-sampling factor equal
to (2X,4X, 6X or 8X) the rate of incoming signal
 Rake receiver
 3GPP does not define receiver algorithm, it is up the

RF engineers to implement Rake receiver
 Consists of several branches (Rake Fingers) each of
them assigned to a different receive paths
 Diversity reception “echoes” : sum of attenuated and delayed
versions of the transmitted signal
 Handoff
 The outputs of the different Rake fingers are aligned
in time and coherently combined
 Convert destructive interference into constructive
interference
 Rake receiver
 Downsampler
 Downsample to an Intermediate frequency after
oversampling by the RRC filter
 Decorrelators for Data and Pilot
 A path searcher de-spreads the incoming time series data
 It completes this operation many times using different time
delays (or code offsets)
 Channel Estimation
 By comparing receiving pilot signal with reference signal.
 Low Pass filter is introduced is smooth noise estimates.
 Rake receiver
 Data Derotation or Phase Correction
 Using channel estimates data is phase corrected
Simulation and Results
Lets go to Matlab

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Thesis Presentation

Study and Simulation of UMTS

 UMTS Releases Ali Madad Shah (04TL 31)

 Introduction to Physical layer Farrukh Hussain Arain (04TL 35)

 Physical Channel Mapping Ahsan Pervaiz Bhatti (04TL 58)

 Physical layer procedures Sandar Ali Khowaja (04TL 30)

 Handovers in UMTS Rizwan Ali Shah (04TL 03)

3G is standardized based on the evolved GSM core

3GPP Release ‘99

3GPP Release 5-6

 UMTS Releases Ali Madad Shah (04TL 31)

 Introduction to Physical layer Farrukh Hussain Arain (04TL 35)

 Physical Channel Mapping Ahsan Pervaiz Bhatti (04TL 58)

 Physical layer procedures Sandar Ali Khowaja (04TL 30)

 Handovers in UMTS Rizwan Ali Shah (04TL 03)

 UMTS Releases Ali Madad Shah (04TL 31)

 Introduction to Physical layer Farrukh Hussain Arain (04TL 35)

 Physical Channel Mapping Ahsan Pervaiz Bhatti (04TL 58)

 Physical layer procedures Sandar Ali Khowaja (04TL 30)

 Handovers in UMTS Rizwan Ali Shah (04TL 03)

3GPP TS 25.211 v3.6.0

Broadcast Channel Dedicated Channel

Random Access Channel

Forward Access Channel

Transport Channels Physical Channels

Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

CCTrCh DPCH DPCH DPCH

DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

One radio frame, T f = 10 ms

 UMTS Releases Ali Madad Shah (04TL 31)

 Introduction to Physical layer Farrukh Hussain Arain (04TL 35)

 Physical Channel Mapping Ahsan Pervaiz Bhatti (04TL 58)

 Physical layer procedures Sandar Ali Khowaja (04TL 30)

 Handovers in UMTS Rizwan Ali Shah (04TL 03)

3GPP TS 25.214 v3.6.0

 Open loop power

and DL frequencies are

different and fast fading is

power control: BS performs

received SIR (Signal-to-

Interference Ratio) and

MOBILE STATION BASE STATION

 Desirable to provide additional

 Uses Primary Primary CCPCH is detected and specific

the Idle and Active modes.

 UMTS Releases Ali Madad Shah (04TL 31)

 Introduction to Physical layer Farrukh Hussain Arain (04TL 35)

 Physical Channel Mapping Ahsan Pervaiz Bhatti (04TL 58)

 Physical layer procedures Sandar Ali Khowaja (04TL 30)

 Handovers in UMTS Rizwan Ali Shah (04TL 03)

The main relevance of the handover to the

 Between Base Stations operating

Intra-frequency Inter-frequency  Between Base Stations operating

 During Soft Handoff, two or more Base Stations are used to

 During a soft handoff between two nodes, a mobile device maintains

 Softer handoff works in the same way between cell sectors.

 Soft ad Softer Handoff enable a mobile device to maintain the

 The UTRA-FDD intra frequency handover relies on the Ec/No

power within the channel bandwidth