Lecture

Data Communication & Networks 07

Multiplexing & Synchronization

Muhammad Yousaf
Multiplexing:

Multiplexing:
Combining data from n-inputs then transmitting over a
single higher capacity link
Demultiplexing:
Separating multiplexed data and delivering to the
appropriate output lines

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Multiplexing: (Example Scenario)

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multipexing_demultiplexing_scheme_en.svg)
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Multiplexing Types:
Data can be multiplexed in a variety of manners
Most prominent of them are:
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM)
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Statistical TDM (STDM)
Also available:
Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

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FDM:
Bandwidth available on the medium is much greater as
compared to that required by the individual channel
Want to send number of individual channels on a single
medium
Each signal is modulated with a different carrier frequency
Guard band is used to avoid intermodulation noise
Channel remains allocated, even if users are not sending
data
Familiar example is broadcast and cable TV

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FDM: cont…

Channel-1

Channel-2

Guard band Channel-3

Channel-4

Channel-5

time
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FDM – Multiplexing:

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FDM – Spectrum:

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FDM – Demultiplexing:

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TDM:
Available data rate on medium is much greater as
compared to that required by the individual channel
Multiple digital signals are interleaved in time
Time slots are pre-assigned to the sources
Slots remain allocated even if users don’t send data
Time slots are not required to be evenly distributed
amongst the sources
Long distance carrier systems often use it

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TDM: cont…

Ch-1 Ch-3 Ch-2 Ch-1

Ch-3 Ch-2 Ch-1

time
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TDM – Multiplexing:

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TDM – Multiplexing:

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telephony_multiplexer_system.gif)

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TDM – Demultiplexing:

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Statistical TDM:
In TDM unused slots are wasted
Now, idea is not to allocate time slots permanently
Allot time slots on demand only
Multiplexer scans input lines, collects data and
allocate time slots dynamically
Can accommodate more number of channels than
available data rate of medium
More efficient utilization of resources
In peak-hours users can experience the network-
busy

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Statistical TDM Frame Formats

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 Synchronization

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Synchronization:
Timing problems require a mechanism to
synchronize the transmitter and receiver
Two solutions
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission

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Asynchronous transmission:
Character-wise transmission
Data are transmitted one character at a time
So, synchronization is needed to be maintained
within each character separately
Start of the byte is indicated with a start-bit
End of the byte is indicated with the stop-bit

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Asynchronous transmission: cont…

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Asynchronous transmission: cont…
In idle state, receiver looks for transition from 1 to 0
Then samples next 8-bits for the character value
Then looks for the stop-bit
Voltage level of stop-bit is similar as that for the idle
state
Very simple & cheap scheme, but overhead is high
For every 8-data bits 2-bits are overhead
Overhead is 20%
Normally is used for low data rate I/O
communication e.g. keyboard, MIDI devices
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Asynchronous transmission: cont…
Let’s send A,B,C asynchronously with even parity:
A = 65 = 1000001
B = 66 = 1000010
C = 67 = 1000011
Data sent is:
0100000101 0100001001 01000011111111
0 = start bit
1 = stop bit

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Synchronous transmission:
Data is sent in blocks of data
Block of data bytes is called a frame
Start and end of frame is indicated with a
predefined pattern of bits (flag)
Length of flag-bits is different for different protocols
Start of frame is indicated with a preamble
End of frame is indicated with a postamble
Ethernet maximum frame size is 1500-bytes
Ethernet uses 8-bytes of alternating 1 & 0s for preamble
Synchronization overhead is approximately 8/1500 i.e.
0.5%

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Synchronous frame format:

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 Questions ???

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