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1. Passive Hubs
2. Active Hubs
3. Bridges
4. Two-Layer Switches
5. Routers
6. Three-Layer Switches
7. Gateways
Take note that a repeater is not device that can connect two
LANs of different protocols.
Figure: A repeater connecting two segments of a LAN
Example: 10Base-T
Transparent Bridges:
We
2. The algorithm tries to find the shortest path (a path with the
shortest cost) from the root bridge to every other bridge or LAN.
The shortest path can be found by examining the total cost from
the root bridge to the destination. The following Figure shows the
shortest paths.
4. Based on the spanning tree, we mark the ports that are part of
the spanning tree, the forwarding ports, which forward a frame
that the bridge receives. We also mark those ports that are not
part of the spanning tree, the blocking ports, which block the
frames received by the bridge. The following Figure shows the
physical systems of LANs with forwarding points (solid lines) and
blocking ports (broken lines).
Frame format
Data rate
Bit order
Security
Multimedia support
3-layer switches
E.g. router.
Gateway