Note: Each question carries 10 Marks.

Answer all the questions

Q1. (a) What is the difference between a qualitative and quantitative variable? [5Marks]

(b) A town has 15 neighbourhoods. If you interviewed everyone living in one particular neighbourhood, would you be interviewing a
population or a sample from the town? Would this be a random sample? If you had a list of everyone living in the town, called a frame, and
you randomly selected 100 people from all neighbourhoods, would this a random sample? [5 Marks]

Answer:(a)Qualitative data deals with meanings while quantitative data deals with numbers. Qualitative data describes properties or
characteristics that are used to identify things. Quantitative data describes data in terms of quantity using the numerical figure accompanied
by measurement unit. Statistics deals only with quantitative data.

Statistics deals with numerical data, which can be expressed in terms of quantitative measurements. So, the qualitative phenomenon like
beauty, intelligence cannot be expressed numerically and any statistical analysis cannot be directly applied on these qualitative phenomena.
But Statistical techniques may be applied indirectly by first reducing the qualitative data to accurate quantitative terms. For example, the
intelligence of a group of students can be studied on the basis of their marks in a particular examination.

i) The number of transactions occurring in an ATM per day --Quantitative data

ii) The popular brand name in cars is Maruthi. –Qualitative data

b)If want to do statistic in a particular area and interviewed everyone then it is called as population and if you doing statistic analysis for a
town and interviewed only 15 neighborhoods then it is called for complete Answer visit www.studenthelp.tk

Q2. a) Explain the steps involved in planning of a statistical survey? [5 Marks]

b) What are the merits & Demerits of Direct personal observation and Indirect Oral Interview? [5 Marks]

Answer:a)The steps involved in planning of a statistical survey are: The relevance and accuracy of data obtained in a survey depends upon
the care exercised in planning. A properly planned investigation can lead to best results with least cost and time. The below figure gives the
explanation of steps involved in the planning stage.

Stages of Planning a statistical survey

1. Nature of the problem to be investigated should be clearly defined in an un-ambigous manner.

2. Objectives of investigation should be stated at the outset. Objectives could be to obtain certain estimates or to establish a theory or to
verify a existing statement to find relationship between characteristics etc.

3. The scope of investigation has to be made clear. It refers to area to be covered, identification of units to be studied, nature of
characteristics to be observed, accuracy of measurements, analytical methods, time, cost and other resources required.

4. Whether to use data collected from primary or secondary source should be determined in advance.

5. The organization of investigation is the final step in the process. It encompasses the determination of number of investigators required
their traning, supervision work needed, funds required.

b). In the direct personal observation method, the investigator collects data by having direct contact with units of investigation.The accuracy
of data depends upon the ability, training and attitude of the investigator.

The direct personal observation method is suitable where -

- The scope of investigation is narrow

- Investigation is confidential and requires personal attention of the investigator

- Accuracy of data is important

Merits and demerits of direct personal observation -

Merits:

1) We get original data.

2) we get more accurate and reliable data.

3) Satisfactory information can be extracted by the investigator through indirect questions.

4) Data are homogeneous and comparable.

5) Additional information can be gathered.

6) Misinterpretation of questions can be avoided.

Demerits:
1) It is time consuming and costs more.

Indirect oral interview is used when area to be covered is large. The data is collected from a third party or witness or head of institution. This
method is generally used by police department.

Merits and demerits of indirect oral interview -

Merits:

1) It is economical in terms of time, cost and manpower.

2) Confidential information can be collected.

3) Information is likely to be unbiased and reliable.

Demerits:

1) The degree of accuracy of information is less

4. a) What is the main difference between correlation analysis and regression analysis? [5 Marks]
b) In a multiple regression model with 12 independent variables, what are the degrees of freedom for
error? Explain?
Answer (1) The correlation answers the STRENGTH of linear association between paired variables, say X and Y. On the other hand, the
regression tells us the FORM of linear association that best predicts Y from the values of X.

(2a) Correlation is calculated whenever:

* both X and Y is measured in each subject and quantify how much they are linearly associated.

* in particular the Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient is used when the assumption of both X and Y are sampled from
normally-distributed populations are satisfied

* or the Spearman's moment order correlation coefficient is used if the assumption of normality is not satisfied.

* correlation is not used when the variables are manipulated, for example, in experiments.

(2b) Linear regression is used whenever:

* at least one of the independent variables (Xi's) is to predict the dependent variable Y. Note: Some of the Xi's are dummy variables, i.e. Xi
= 0 or 1, which are used to code some nominal variables.

* if one manipulates the X variable, e.g. in an experiment.

(3) Linear regression are not symmetric in terms of X and Y. That is interchanging X and Y will give a different regression model (i.e. X in
terms of Y) against the original Y in terms of X.On the other hand, if you interchange variables X and Y in the calculation of correlation
coefficient you will get the same value of this correlation coefficient.

(4) The "best" linear regression model is obtained by selecting the variables (X's) with at least strong correlation to Y, i.e. >= 0.80 or <=
-0.80

(5) The same underlying distribution is assumed for all variables in linear regression. Thus, linear regression will underestimate the
correlation of the independent and dependent when they (X's and Y) come from different underlying distributions.

B).