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STUDENT REFERENCE
A SUMMARY OF BASIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAE
Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 1 + tan 2 = sec 2 1 + cot 2 = csc 2
sin cos
tan = cot =
cos sin
Addition Identities:
cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin
Double-Angle Identities:
cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 2 sin cos
= 2 cos 2 1
= 1 2 sin 2
Formulae:
tn = ar n1
Sn =
(
a 1 rn ) Sn =
a r
S=
a
x=
b ± b 2 4ac
1 r 1 r 1 r 2a
= n =
n! n!
n Pr = nCr t k +1 = nC k a n k b k
( n r )! r r ! ( n r )!
P ( A) = 1 P ( A) P ( A or B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) P ( A and B )
P ( A and B )
P ( A | B) = P ( A and B ) = P ( A ) P ( B | A )
P ( B)
P ( x ) = n C x p x q n x q = 1 p
Note: Graphing calculators will contain many of these formulae as pre-programmed functions.