MOTOR

1.0 Introduction
An electric motor is a machine which converts electric energy into
mechanical energy. Conversion of electrical power into mechanical
power takes place in the rotating part of an electric motor.

2.0 Motor principle

When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a force.

2.1 DC Motor
When its magnets are excited and its armature conductors are
supplied with current from the supply mains, they experience a
force tending to rotate the armature.

Armature conductors under N –pole are assumed to carry

current downwards ( crosses ) and those under S- pole, to carry
current upwards ( dots ). The direction of the force shown by
small arrows placed above each conductor. These forces
collectively produce a driving torque which sets the armature
rotating.

2.2 AC Motor
When the 3 phase stator windings are fed by a 3 phase supply then
magnetic flux of constant magnitude, but rotating at synchronous
speed is set up. The flux passes through the air gap, sweep past the
rotor surface and so cuts the rotor conductors which as yet are
stationary. Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and
the stationary conductors, voltage is induced in the rotor. Since the
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 rotor bars or conductors form a closed circuit, rotor current is
produced whose direction is such as to oppose the very cause
producing it. In this case, the cause which produces the rotor
current is the relative velocity between the rotating flux of the
stator and the stationary rotor conductors. Hence, to reduce the
relative speed, the rotor starts running the same direction as that of
the flux and tries to catch up with the rotating flux.

In practice, the rotor never succeeds in catching up with the stator

field. If it really did so, then there would be no relative speed
between the two, hence no rotor voltage, no motor current & so no
torque to maintain rotation that is why rotor runs at a speed which
is always less than the speed of stator field.

The electrical power is conducted directly to the armature through

brushes and commutator. Hence, in this sense a dc motor can be
called a conduction motor.

The motor does not receive electric power by conduction but by

induction is exactly the same way of transformer, that is why such
motors are known as induction motors.

3.0 Types of motor

3.1 AC Motors
AC motors further may be classified and divided into various
groups.
AC MOTORS

Three Phase Single Phase

- Split phase
- Shaded pole
Induction Synchronous - AC Universal
motors motors

Squirrel Slip ring

cage
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3.2 DC Motors

There are three types of DC motors named according to the manner

in which their field coils are connected to the armature.

DC MOTORS

Shunt Wound Series Wound Compound Wound

Long Short
shunt shunt

4.0 Important specifications of motors

• Rated voltage :–
According to supply voltage motors are classified as LT & HT
motors. In our plant, we are having LT motors of 415 V & HT
motors of 3.3 KV.

Motor output is unaffected by mains supply voltage fluctuations +

10%.

• Rated frequency :–
Generally motors are designed based on 50 Hz. Motors for
frequency other than 50 Hz are also possible like Spin pump
motors having frequency – 20 to 100 Hz.

• Rated power :-
The value of output power.

• Rated current :-
It is current drawn by the motor when running with rated load & at
rated supply voltage.

• Rated speed :-

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 The rated speed corresponds to the speed at which the motors runs
with rated load.
• Insulation Class :
Standard motors are provided with windings having class B
insulation. The maximum temperature rise for class B insulation is
80°C over an ambient of 40°C, with class F insulation, 105°C
maximum temperature rise can be achieved for the same ambient.
• Mounting & Frame Size
Mounting - Foot mounting
Flange mounting
Face mounting
• Class of duty :-
The various operating cycles of drives machines can be classified
into eight duties ranging from S1 to S8. S1 & S4 are more utilised.

Class Description Application

------- ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
S1 Continuous duty Pumps,blowers,compressors.
S2 Short time duty Operating gates of dams,
sirens
S3 Intermittent periodic duty Valve actuators, wire
drawing M/c
S4 Intermittent periodic duty Hoists, cranes, lifts
With starting
S5 Intermittent periodic duty Hoists, cranes, rolling mills
With starting & braking
S6 Continuous duty with Conveyors, machine tools
Intermittent periodic loading
S7 Continuous duty with Machine tools
Starting & braking.
S8 Continuous duty with periodic Special applications where
Speed changes. the Motor is required to run
at Different speeds.
• Type of Enclosure :
TEFC - Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled
TE - Totally Enclosed
DP - Drip Proof
DV - Double Ventilated
Type ‘d’ - Flame Proof
Type ‘e’ - Increased Safety
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 Type ‘n’ - Non-Sparking
Type ‘p’ - Pressurised Tube
• Degree of Protection :
It indicates protection against contact, ingress of foreign bodies &
water. Motors generally with degree of protections IP54 & IP55.

IP54 - Protection against harmful deposits of dust & water

splashed against the machine from any direction shall have no
harmful effect.

IP55 - Protection against harmful deposits of dust & water

projected by a nozzle against the machine from any direction shall
have no harmful effect.
5.0 Accessories

5.1 Thermistors

The thermistors generally provided are rated for 130°C (PTC –

positive temperature coefficient 130°C) for class B insulated
motors, 150°C (PTC 150) for Class F insulated motors.

During normal operation the thermistors carry a current of few mA,

which is sufficient to actuate a relay in control unit. This in turn
allows the contactor operating coil to hold the starter in the ‘Run’
position. If the winding of the motor heats upto such on extent so
as to bring the temperature of the thermistor up to ‘curie point’, the
increase in the resistance cause the relay to open & the contactor to
disconnect the motor supply.

5.2 Space Heaters

These are provided over the winding of the motors. The main
function of the heaters, is to heat the windings, when motor is in
idle condition or kept in storage, in order to prevent moisture or
dust depositing over the windings,thereby reducing the insulation
resistance. Caution – supply to heaters must be switched off before
switching on the motor.

6.0 Starting methods of induction motor

1. DOL (Direct on Line)

2. Star Delta
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 3. Inverter Drive

6.1 DOL (Direct on Line)

Starting direct connection to the mains is the simplest method of
starting for squirrel cage motors. In this motor gets 415 V direct &
motor takes starting current 6-7 times of its full load current. All
motors are capable of starting on DOL.
6.2 Star Delta
The current impulse caused during the DOL starting of motors of
higher ratings, lead to the drop in the voltage of the system. To
avoid these, star delta starters are used, wherein the motor
terminals get connected in star at the time of starting and thereby
reducing the starting voltage from 415 V to 230 V across each
phase of winding and starting current also reduces (2 to 3 times of
its full load current) when the motor is accelerated to nearly 70%
of full speed, the connections at the motor terminals are changed to
delta, for the normal running of the motor on load . Start connector
motor can have any DOL starting.
6.3 Inverter drives
All induction motors runs at constant speed depending upon supply
frequency & motor speed is not controllable. With the advent of
inverter drives (variable frequency drives), speed control of
induction motor is easily achieved. With inverter drives, supply
voltage & frequency to the motor consequently speed of the motor
is smoothly increased from zero to required speed. The required
speed can be achieved by changing the frequency & voltage in
proportionate manner.
7.0 Trouble Shooting
Sr.No. TROUBLE CAUSE REMEDY
1 Motor fails to start. * Main supply not *Check main
available Or open switch,fuse ,switch
circuit in one line. contacts and test
lines for continuity.
* Overload *Take no load trial
run and see moter
starts light
* Wrong connections *Check with
diagram and see that
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 all the connections
are right

2 Overcurrent relay * Motor overloaded. *Reduce load or

trips during starting install larger moter,
check brake (in
brake type motors
only).

* Main voltage lower *Check main voltage

than rated voltage of of motor and rated
motor voltage of motor is
the same as declared.
3 Motor overheats * Motor overloaded. *Reduce load or use
larger motor.

*Switching too *Use specially

frequent designed motor to
suit frequent starting

* Voltage too high or *Check on supply

too low. voltage.

* Ventilation paths *Clear all ventilation

chocked with dust, passages
durt, cotton fluff.

4 Vibration. *Motor misaligned. *Realign.

*Weak foundations. *Strengthen base.

*Coupling or pulley *Balance it.

out of balance.

*Driven equipments *Rebalance driven

unbalance. equipment.

*Excessive end play. *Adjust bearing or

add washer.

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 *Defective ball/roller *Replace bearing.
bearings.

5 Bearing overheats or *Excess grease *Remove surplus

noisy grease

*Insufficient grease *Maintain proper

quantity of grease

*Deterioration of *Remove old grease

grease or lubricant wash bearings and
contaminated refil with new grease

*Incorrect assembly *Ensure bearing

assembled squarly
on shaft

*Bearing overload *Replace bearing

take adequate steps
to reduce load on
bearings

*Broken ball or rough *Replace bearings

races

*Bent shaft *Straighten or

replace the shaft

8.0 Preventive maintenance job

8.1 Frequency

- Varies from six months to two years depending on load & rpm.

8.2 Check Points

- Termination Checking at motor and panel end.

- Connection checking of control circuit.
- Checking and if required replacing contacts or contactor.
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 - Cleaning of motor and panel
- Insulation resistance, if value found low then improve it by
heating.
- Earthing connection checking.
- Air gap adjustment in brake motors.
- Space heater current.
- Greasing of motor.
- Abnormal noise.
- High vibration.
- High temperature.

9.0 Safety precautions

- No work shall be carried out on a running motor.

- Take SWP and isolate the power supply before working .
- Motor frame must be reliably earthed at two points .
- Rotating parts such as driving end of motor shaft or coupling
must be covered.

10.0 Do’s & Don’ts

If motor trips, don’t start the motor without confirming cause and its
rectification.
- Don’t attempt frequent start/stop unless the motor is designed
for that purpose. This reduces motor and swithgear life.
- Keep surrounding area neat and well ventillated.
- Cover all out door motors with canopy and don’t cover the fan
covers.

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