LMR –High Frequency Notes Cramsheets
Nursing research was slow to develop in the United States as
NURSING RESEARCH
- Came from the French word “cerchier” meaning to seek or to
search
- A systematic and objective process of analyzing phenomena related
to nursing
- systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of
importance to the
nursing profession, including nursing practice, education,
administration and informatics.
The researcher uses systematic, orderly and objective methods of
seeking information. The scientific method uses empirical data –
data gathering through the sense of organs. (CBQ)
 Because nursing is a profession, should contribute to the
generation of new knowledge.
 Through nursing research we nurses could evaluate and
document their contribution to their clients health and well
being and to the health care delivery system.
What is the major reason for conducting nursing research?
a. improve nursing care of the clients
b. promote the growth of the nursing profession
c. document the cost effectiveness of nursing
care
d. ensure accountability of nursing practice.
(CBQ.JUNE 2007 LIFTED FROM Kozier Page 26)
 Test taking strategy: principle of umbrella effect, option b, c,
and d will fall to option A.
 Test taking strategy: patient centered approach
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES
 Needed to generate new knowledge, evaluating
existing practice services and provide evidence that
will inform nursing education, practice and
management.
WHERE? GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
WHO? ETHEL GORDON BEDFORD FENWICK
HISTORY OF NURSING RESEARCH
In formulating the research hypotheses, researcher Myrna
well as in the rest of the world. Some of this slow growth is related to the should state the research question as:
development of nursing education. Despite her skill in independent A. What is the response of the staff nurses to the health values?
scientific investigation, Florence Nightingale derived the foundation for B. How is variable “health value” perceived in a population?
modern nursing education from the military tradition which emphasized C. Is there a significant relationship between health values and health
the concept of authority. promotion activities of the staff nurses?
Nursing research was able to develop and expand only as D. How do health values affect health promotion activities of the staff
nurses received advanced educational preparation. The growth of nursing nurses?
research seems to be directly related to the educational levels of nurses. In
early part of 1900s, nurse leaders were more concerned with increasing STEP II. PURPOSE
number of nurses and establishing hospital- affiliated nursing schools than - researchers intends to do on the research subject.
with establishing university programs. - Usually it contains an active verb plus the preposition “to”
As nurses received advanced educational preparation and - Example: to enhance client care, to assess the post surgical patients’
became qualified to conduct research, many of the studies they carried out knowledge in caring for his colostomy bag.
were in nursing education. By the 1950s, interest in nursing care studies
began to rise. During the 1970s, particularly the last 5 years of that decade,
Study purposes includes:
practice related research expanded rapidly.
1. what the researcher will do
2. who the subjects will be
3. where the data will be collected
STEPS: PRO PUR LIT FOR D SAM COL O AN C
STEP III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
STEP I . PROBLEM
 a situation in need of solution
- To review means to view again on the literature works of others.
FOUR CRITERIA (June 2007) What is the purpose of conducting review of related literature?
(FRIS)
 To know what is already known and unknown
Feasibility - analyzes how much time, money and materials you will need
on the topic
to complete the research problem
(CBQ. DECEMBER 2006,JUNE 2007 &Dec.07
LIFTED FROM KOZIER PAGE 29)
Researchability – must be subjected into scientific investigation
Interest – researcher must be interested and curious about the research
problem because the researchers enthusiasm could be a factor for the
completion of the research study. 2 KINDS OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Significance - has a potential to contribute to nursing science because it 1. RESEARCH – must be subjected into scientific
seeks to enhance client care. investigation
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM (ETIL) 2. NON- RESEARCH – non research materials based on
the opinion and experience of the researcher. It includes
experiences, opinions, and theories of experts along the
Experience
problem area. It also includes articles from books,
Theory – a supposition or system of ideas that are seem to be
journals and magazines.
interrelated (June07)
Interest
CBQ . A thorough review of related literature covers the last 5 years.
Literature
1966 board exam question lifted from Lydia Venson page 45 1st
(CBQ. DECEMBER 2007)
paragraph.
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SOURCES OF DATA(JUNE 2007) C. CONSTRUCT – group of concepts that are directly or Written in “present tense”
indirectly observable Theoretically based ; testable
1. PRIMARY SOURCE – a description of research study D. PROPOSITION – assertion of relationship between variables
written by the original researcher. Ex. Journal article sand data E. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK – propositional statement A good hypothesis is easily understood, is specific and
collected from interview and questionnaire from one theory conceptually clear and can be tangibly measured.
F. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – links concepts from
several theories, previous research, own experience.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
2. SECONDARY SOURCE – a description of research study G. EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATION – statement based on
1. SIMPLE – consists of 1 independent variable and 1 dependent
written by someone other than the researcher. Ex: histories and observation of similar patterns of event. Ex: All people who are
variable
biographies stressed will tend to have increase BP.
2. COMPLEX - consists of 2 independent variable and 1
FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
A primary source of nursing research study is: dependent variable or vice versa.
 To organized the study and help develop a way to
a. An author that summarized or cited the works of the Ex: Good environment and quality of instructions causes
interpret study findings and explanation
original researcher good performance.
b. A description of the research study written by the  By developing a framework within ideas are IV- Good environment and quality of instructions
researcher who conducted the study organized and the researcher is able to show that the DV – good performance
c. A description of the research study written by the proposed study is a logical extension of common
researcher who did not conduct the study. knowledge. 3. DIRECTIONAL – predicts the exact relationship between
(CBQ. JUNE 2007) variables
In both quantitative and qualitative research, the used of a frame of Ex. Older patient is more at risk of getting fall than younger
STEPS IN REVIE OF RELATED LITERATURE(December 2007). reference is required. Which of the following items serves as the purpose ones.
of a framework?
Read literature A. Incorporates theories into nursing’s body of knowledge 4. NON- DIRECTIONAL- there is a relationship but it does not
Organize literature B. Organizes the development of study and links the findings to specify what it is.
Write/Written literature nursing’s body of knowledge Ex: There is a relationship between the age of the patient in
C. Provides logical structure of the research findings getting fall.
Myrna needs to review relevant literature and studies. The following D. Identifies concepts and relationships between concepts
processes are undertaken in reviewing literature EXCEPT: (CBQ. DEC. 2007 LIFTED FROM NIESWIADOMY) 5. NULL – no relationship
A. locating and identifying resources Ex. There is no relationship between the age of the patient in
B. clarifying a research topic IDENTIFYING THE STUDY ASSUMPTIONS getting fall.
C. reading and recording notes - are beliefs that are held to be true but have not necessarily been
D. using the library proven.
(CBQ. DEC. 2007 LIFTED FROM NIESWIADOMY) - Ex. All human beings need love.
- Ex. All nurses like to give adequate nursing care but there are HYPOTHESE TYPES OF INDEPENDEN DEPENDEN
2 TYPES OF RESEARCH DEFINITION factors that prevent them from devoting their full time to the care of S HYPOTHESE T T
patients. S VARIABLE VARIABLE
1. OPERATIONAL - these are terms that are defined according Morphine Simple Morphine Pain
to the special way they are used in the study ; a type of SCOPE, LIMITATION AND DELIMITATION
decreases pain
definition defined by the “researcher” Birth weight is Simple Level of alcohol Birth weight
Ex: weight is something seen in kg/lbs SCOPE – extend to which the study will be made
lower among use of mothers
2. THEORETICAL – defined by “dictionary” LIMITATION – A.K.A. extraneous variable, factors beyond the
infants of
Ex: weight = body mass index/ gravity control of the researcher
alcoholic
DELIMITATION - limitation placed by the researcher
mothers than
among infants
DEVELOP A THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK STEP IV . FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
on non
alcoholic
A. THEORY - a supposition or system of ideas that are GOOD HYPOTHESIS
mothers
interrelated. The greater the Simple Sleep Anxiety
B. CONCEPT – concrete or abstract Directly related to the problem; declarative sentence
degree of sleep deprivation
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deprivation, the 1. INDEPENDENT – presumed “CAUSE” BHW in BGY. A
higher anxiety 2. DEPENDENT – presumed “EFFECT”
level of 3. EXTRANEOUS/ CONFOUNDING/ UNCONTROLLED- TYPES:
intensive care variables that are beyond the control of the researcher. AKA as A. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
unit patients limitation of the study. Ex. Force majeur and fire
The level of job Simple Type of nurse Job mobility 4. DICHOTOMOUS – variables with two categories ex. Male 1.MANIPULATION
mobility is practitioner and Female 2.EXPERIMENTAL/CONTROL GROUP
different for 5. POLYCHOTOMOUS – variables with two or more variables 3.RANDOMIZATION
psychiatric ex. race
nurse than for 6. DISCRETE – can take only a finite number of values – ex. B. PRETEST- POSTTEST CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
medical- BP,RR, PR
surgical nurse 7. CONTINOUS – can take a variety of range ex. temperature 1. THE SUBJECTS ARE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO GROUPS
practitioners 2. PRE- TEST IS GIVEN TO BOTH GROUPS
You are interested to study the effects of medication and relaxation 3. EXP. GROUP RECEIVES THE EXPERIMENTAL TXT AND
More post a. post partum on the pain experienced by cancer patients. What type of variable is pain? COMPARISON GROUP RECEIVES THE ROUTINE ONE
partum depression a. Dependent 4. POST- TEST IS GIVEN TO BOTH GROUP
depression and b. feelings of b. Correlational
feelings of Complex Method of inadequacy c. Independent C. POSTTEST – ONLY CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
inadequacy are delivery d. Descriptive
reported by (CBQ DEC. 2007) 1. SUBJECTS ARE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO GROUPS
women who Test taking strategy: principle of elimination: remove b and d because they 2. EXP. GROUP RECEIVES THE EXP TXT.
give birth by are type of research design and choose between a and c. 3. CONTROL GROUP RECEIVES THE ROUTINE ONE/ NO
cesarean TXT.
delivery than STEP V. RESEARCH DESIGN - blueprint of nursing research 4. POST- TEST IS GIVEN TO 2 GROUPS
those who - over all plan in conducting nursing
deliver research(JUNE 2007) D. SOLOMON FOUR- GROUP DESIGN
vaginally 1. SUBJECTS ARE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO ONE OF THE
2 MAJOR APPROACHES 4 GROUPS
2. 2 GROUPS, EXP GROUP 1 AND COMPARISON GROUP 1
1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ARE PRE- TESTED
- associated with quantity 3. 2 OF THE GROUPS, EXP GROUP 1 AND 2 RECEIVES
Daily weight Complex Type of diet Weight loss - can perform mathematics ex. Percentage and ratio (JUNE 2008) THE EXP TXT.
loss is greater Exercise - associated with logical positivism – hard science or scientific 4. CONTROL GROUP NO TXT.
for adults who method (JUNE2007) 5. POST- TEST GIVEN TO ALL FOUR GROUPS
follow a - ETIC PERSPECTIVE – more concern on data collected than the PRE- EXPERIMENTAL
reduced calorie respondents
diet and A. ONE SHOT CASE STUDY – a single group is exposed to an
exercise daily EXPERIMENTAL experimental txt and observed after the txt.
than for those
who do not - Can truly test hypothesis B. ONE GROUP PRETEST- POSTTEST DESIGN – comparison
follow a - Consist of 2 groups between a group before and after the exp. txt.
reduced calorie
diet and do not 3 elements
exercise daily. 1. Randomization
QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
2. Manipulation of variables
3. Control/ experimental group “handpick your subject”
Ex: .The researcher implemented a medication regimen using a new type of combination drugs to a manic patien
VARIABLES – is any quality of a person institution or situation that Lawrence plans to undertake a study of BGY. A and B to receives the routine drugs. The researcher however handpicked the experimental group for they are the clien
varies or takes on different values. (JUNE 2007) utilization of MCN services after organizing and training disorder.
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A.NONEQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN – similar to
pretest- post test control group design QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
B. TIME SERIES DESIGN – experimental txt is administered between
series of observation THREATS TO VALIDITY - Associated with quality
NON- EXPERIMENTAL - Associated with “naturalistic inquiry” – explores human
No manipulation of variables A. INTERNAL VALIDITY – concerns the degree to feelings and experience
which changes in the dependent variable can be ( June 2007) POLIT AND HUNGLER 1999 PAGE 13.
1.Pure/Basic – out of curiosity attributed to the independent variable. - Beliefs, experience and values(JUNE 2008)
2.Applied/Technological – improves quality of living - EMIC PERSPECTIVE - more concerned on the respondents than
↓ Maturation – changes that occur within the subjects data collection
A. Descriptive – the phenomenon of interest may have already been studied in the past,duringandanthere
experimental
is enoughstudy.
information to ask questions - focuses on insights and understanding of individual perceptions on
about the relationship between variables. Attrition - dropout the phenomenon under
↓ Mortality- when the subject dropout rate is different study.
COCOMESU between experimental and - it is considered as “soft science”, concerned with the “subjective”
↓ Comparison group meaning of experience to an
1. CORRELATIONAL – examine the strength of the relationship; do Bias – when
x and y varythetogether
study results are attributed to the experimental individual.
treatment
Positive relationship- one variable increases, and the other variable but,
increases - attempts to obtain rich, in depth and valid data which almost relate
Negative relationship - one variable increases, and the other variable decreasesIn fact, the results occur because of subject to non- experimental
differences before the treat- studies.
Ex: The relationship of gender and salary. ment
(gender cannot be manipulated) Instrumentation change – concerns the difference between the CHEP G (MNEMONICS)
pretest and post test
Keyword : “relationship” kapag ang independent variable ay hindi namamanipulate, Measurements
correlationalthat is related to a change in the
xa.…! CASE STUDY HISTORICAL ETHNOGRAPHIC PHENOMENO
accuracy of the instrument In depth or extensive study of - Study of - Study of “culture” - Study of
Tulad nito: “relationship between increase morphine decreases pain”- Testing – refers to
experimental xathe
xe influence of the pretest
namamanipulate or knowledge
mo naman ang of person ,individual and group events that - Best method- and exper
independent variable. Db!!!!! baseline data on occur in the interview of key
Posttest scores “past” informants and Ex. Chococest
2. COMPARATIVE – examine the difference between intact groupsHistory on some – occurs
dependentwhen some event
variable besides the experimental Kimy research on TB. Its
of interest. participant as conducting a re
Ex: A comparative study between male and female to their lifestyletreatment occurs during transmission, causative agent ex. observer on how Mark, a
a. Retrospective studies / ex post facto – “after the fact” The course of a study and this event influences the and factors, treatment sign and Rouss is to ex. lives his life.
dependent
b. prospective studies - the independent variable is identified in the variable
present and symptoms as well as medication perform a Maegan visited a
the dependent variable is measured in the future. and all other extensive study about tribe located
B. EXTERNAL VALIDITY – concerns the degree to information about tuberculosis. how nurses somewhere in China,
which study results can be generalized to other perform it is called the Shin
3.METHODOLOGICAL – concerned with the development, testing and evaluation people and other
of research settings. and methods.
Instruments surgical asepsis Jea tribe. She studied
during World the way of life,
Ex. Wong and Baker pain scale used in pedia. Hawthorne effect – occurs when study participants War tradition and the
respond in a certain manner II. societal structure of
4.SURVEY – public opinion; your favorite Because they are aware that they are these people.
being observed.
Ex. You conduct a study who is the favorite comedian of barangay 214, 50 % said Experimenter
Dolphy, 27%effect said–Michael
occurs when
V. andthe researcher
23% said Vic
Sotto. characteristics or behaviors CBQ JUNE07.. Which of the following studies is based on qualitative
Influence subject behavior. research?
TYPES OF SURVEY Reactive effects of the pretest – measurement effect, occurs
1. NORMATIVE SURVEY – determine the normal or typical condition whenofsubjects
situationhave
and people.
2. SOCIAL SURVEY – aim s to study and diagnose a current social problem Been sensitized to the treatment A. A study measuring difference in blood pressure
3. COMMUNITY SURVEY – conducted in communities, peasant village, throughinterrelated
taking the with
pretest.
social survey because both may be before, during and after the
centered in major social problems such as poverty and dependency and health. procedure.
4. SCHOOL SURVEY – investigations conducted in schools. B. A study examining oxygen levels after endotracheal
suctioning
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C .A study examining clients reactions to stress after ELEMENT D.CLUSTER/ MULIT- STAGE – getting a sample according to
open heart surgery  Single entity geographic location
D. A study measuring nutrition and weight loss/ gain in
clients with cancer CBQs: II. NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- Not everyone has the chance to be selected
(CBQ JUNE07 LIFTED FROM KOZIER REVIEW .A process of selecting a portion to represent the general population is
QUESTIONS PAGE 32 termed as: A.CONVENIENCE/ ACCIDENTAL – uses readily available on the
OPTIONS A,B,&D ARE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH.) street and hospital. The weakest type of sampling because of BIAS.
A. Design C. Problem
When both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used B. Hypothesis D. Sample B.PUPRPOSIVE/ JUDGEMENTAL – there is a conscious selection of
simultaneously in the subjects; handpick your samples.
same study, this procedure is called: What does a sample group represent?
C.SNOWBALL/ NETWORKING – getting a sample by referral
A. triangulation A. Control group C. Universe
B. saturation – repetition of salient points B. Study subjects D. General Population D.QUOTAS – follows convenience , getting a sample according to their
C. methodology – method/strategy specific characteristics
D. bracketing – researcher should put aside their own .What is the most important characteristics of a sample?
feelings in order for the E.LONGITUDINAL SAMPLING – for an extended period of time
Researcher to listen to the feelings of the A. Randomization C. Appropriate number
person being examined. B. Appropriate Location D. F.CROSS – CULTURAL – getting a sample to Ilokanos, Bikolanos and
Representativeness Tagalogs.

VI. SAMPLING (JUNE 07) Random sampling ensures that each subject has: G.CROSS- SECTIONAL- from a single point in time
A process of getting a portion to represent the general Ex; Asking high school students their choices of
population career after graduation.
A. been selected systematicall C. been selected based on
set
CBQ. 6 What is the most important characteristics of a sample? PILOT STUDY – “dress rehearsal”
criteria
a. Randomization - A miniature trial version of the study conducted before the actual
B. characteristics that match other samples D. an equal chance of
b. Appropriate location research to prevent any future disaster that might result from in
selection
c. Appropriate number correct data analysis, data collection, process and design.- JUNE
d. Representativeness 2007
SAMPLING METHOD
POPULATION VII. COLLECTION OF DATA
 Complete set of individual or object that possess - Involves collection of data
I. PROBABILITY SAMPLING – everyone has the
some common characteristics that is of interest of
chance to be selected
the researcher. FACTORS TO CONSIDER
C. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING – by chance;
TARGET POPULATION Practicality of the instrument - the cost of the instrument
draw out of hat and bingo wheel
 Aggregate of cases about which the researcher
would like to make generalization Reliability – degree of consistency
B. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING - according to
strata or “level”
ACCESSIBLE POPULATION Validity – ability to gather data
Ex: 1st year – 10 students
 Actually available for the study 2nd year – 10 students
 Reasonably reach 3rd year – 10 students COVER LETTER
4th year – 10 students
SAMPLE  Letter that accompany the questionnaire disclosing
 Is the segment of the population from whom the the following information; the writer’s purpose,
C. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING – every nth of the population
data will be actually be collected. who is sanctioning the study, what will be done
with the information, the reason why the
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respondents should answer and the deadline for C. PARTICIPANT OBSERVER (OVERT) -
returning the questionnaire. involved with participants openly and B. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY( 3 M)
with the full awareness of those people who will be
observed MODE (Mo) – frequently appeared
D. PARTICIPANT OBSERVER (COVERT) – MEDIAN(Mdn) – absolute center
observer interacts with the participants and observes MEAN - average
INSTRUMENTS their behavior without their knowledge.
C. MEASURE OF VARIABILITY
1. QUESTIONNAIRE – most common research instrument; pen 4. BIOPHYSIOLOGIC DATA
and paper RANGE – H- L
A. IN VIVO – physical set up of the hospital PERCENTILE – is a datum point below which lies a
TYPES B. INVITTO – lab results such as CBC and biopsy certain percentage of the values in a frequencu
distribution
A. DEMOGRAPHIC – data or characteristics of the VARIANCE – Square of standard deviation
5. DELPHI TECHNIQUE – consulting to experts
subject ex: age, gender, religion STANDARD DEVIATION
6. PRE- EXISTING DATA – data that has not been collected
before ex. Patient’s chart.
B. OPEN- ENDED – essay; fill in the blank D. MEASURE OF RELATIONSHIP
- measures the correlation between variables
VIII. ORGANIZATION OF DATA
C.CLOSE ENDED – two alternative questions ex. True or
 Involves tabulation and organization of data
false question. 1. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (r) – pairing of one
variable to another variable.
1. NOMINAL
1.COLLECTIVE EXHAUSTIVE – all possible answer
ex: highest educational attainment  Data can be organized into categories 2. SCATTER PLOTS/SCATTER
2.MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE - no overlap between  Marital status, gender DIAGRAM/SCATTERGRAM – graphic representation
categories ex: monthly income between variables

D.CONTINGENCY QUESTION - relevant for some and not 2. INTERVAL 3. CONTINGENCY TABLES – cross- tabulation, displaying
for other respondents. Ex: nationality  Have an equal numerical distance the relationship between sets of nominal data
 Temperature
Ex. Relationship between gender and exercise behavior
2. INTERVIEW – second most common research instrument
3. RATIO
TYPES (DECEMBER 07)  Highest form of measure
 BP,RR,PR Gender Exercise Do not exercise Total
regularly regularly
A. STRUCTURED – interview schedule; specific question
will only be asked and no additional question 4. ORDINAL Male 35 15 50
B. SEMI- STRUCTURED – free to probe to major  Data can be arranged by rank Female 10 40 50
questions  Educational attainment Total 45 55 100
C. UNSTRUCTURED – ordinary conversation IX. ANALYSIS OF DATA

3. OBSERVATION METHOD – most direct means if you are
interested on the behavior of the respondents.
A. NONPARTICIPANT OBSERVER (OVERT) –
openly identifies that she or he is conducting
research and provides subjects with information
about the types of data that will be collected.
B. NONPARTICIPANT OBSERVER (COVERT) -
is one who does not, before the beginning of data
collection, identify herself or himself to the subjects
who are being observed.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS – describe and synthesize data
obtained from empirical observation and measurement.
A. MEASURE TO CONDENSE DATA
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION – simply counting the
scores
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION – graph, data are
readily apparent
PERCENTAGE – fraction of (JUNE 08).
TYPES OF CORRELATION PROCEDURE
1. PEARSON PRODUCT – MOMENT CORRELATION
(PEARSON r)
- most common correlation procedure used in nursing research when
both sets of data are at interval or ratio.
Ex. Correlation between blood pressure measurements taken on the
upperarm and the fore arm of 246 pt in an emergency dept. of a 1,071-
bed teaching hospital.
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1. RIGHT TO INFORMED CONSENT CBQ. June 2007
2. SPEARMAN rho 2. RIGHT NOT TO BE HARMED
- correlation used in ordinal data 3. RIGHT TO CONFIDENTIALITY AND ANONYMITY
Ex. Correlation between pain and anxiety. 4. RIGHT TO FULL DISCLOSURE Situation 18 – There are various developments in health education that the
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS – use to make conclusion on data 5. RIGHT TO REFUSE OR WITHDRAW FROM THE nurse should know about:
PARTICIPATION
A research study found out that 60% of patients complains 86. The provision of health information in the rural areas nationwide
were due to delayed responses of nurses in the emergency department. NURSING INFORMATICS through television and radio programs and video conferencing is
Which of the following measurement of data was used in this study? - is the science of using computer information systems in the practice referred to as:
A. Measures of variability of nursing.
B. Frequency distribution a. community health program c. wellness program
C. Measures of central tendency - 3 COMPONENTS b. telehealth program d. red cross program
D. Inferential statistics - Nursing science
(CBQ DEC. 2007) - Information science 87. A nearby community provides blood pressure screening, height and
- Computer science weight measurement, smoking cessation classes and aerobics class
STATISTICAL TEST services. This type of program is referred to as:
- Began in 1992
A.T test /STUDENT t test – compare two groups of values a. outreach program c. barangay health
1st nursing informatics system conference was held in program
B. ANOVA – compare more than two groups USA 1977 b. wellness program d. hospital extension program

C. CHI SQUARE – compare nominal type of data ; expected vs observed 1st American Nurses Association certification examination in nursing
informatics was given in
X. COMMUNICATION OCTOBER 1995
- final step in research process Management In formation systems (MIs)
TERMS • is designed to facilitate the organization and
XI. UTILIZATION OF FINDINGS application of data used to manage an
- Final step in research process for the researcher. (Take note of 1. HARDWARE – refers to the physical part of the computer organization
this)….. 2. C.P.U – box that contains the computer hardware necessary to process
and store data Hospital Info System
CODE OF ETHICS JUNE 2007 1000 bytes = 1 kilobytes  a computerized recording system that enables hospitals to
- formulated in 1982 3. CD- ROM – store hundreds of megabytes of data, including audio and organize various data such as admission, record, clinical
- Uses the Code of Good Governance video that have been converted to digital format. It cannot be altered laboratory, pharmacy and finance.
- Health – is the fundamental right for every individual by the computer user. CBQ JUNE 2008
- Primary responsibility of a nurse – to preserve life at all cost 4. NETWORK– refers to a computer being connected to other computers Computer based patient records(CPRs)/ Electronic Medical Records
in a network EMRs
LOCAL AREA NETWORK – direct connection between computers in
1. NUREMBERG CODE – birth of your informed consent a network over limited distance - established in 1992
WIDE AREA NETWORK– needs a larger distance - permit electronic client data retrieval by caregivers, administrators,
2. HELSINKI DECLARATION – research should not be done 5. INTERNET – is a worldwide network that connects other network accreditors and other persons who require the data
in violation of human rights. .com – commercial sites - data can be protected by creating PASSWORD
.org – organization - the greater concern about EMRs are of: PRIVACY and
3. BELMONT REPORT – articulated with 3 principles: .educ – educational institution SECURITY OF DATA ISSUES.
beneficence, justice and respect for human dignity. .gov – government
NURSE INFORMATICISTS - an expert who information and nursing
BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE RESEARCH SUBJECT TELEHEALTH/TELEMEDICINE -transmit electronic data about science is to policies and procedures that promote of computerized
client to person at distant location. records by nurse. JUNE 2008
5 R’S
Review questions:
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Problem,Analyzation of Problem,Development 2. DEMOCRATIC
1.A textbook publisher wishes to store large amount of data in a computer of Alternative solution, Selection of Solution, - member is the center of the group
format that cannot be changed by other people. Which of the Implementation and follow- up - everyone is included in decision- making
following would best serve this purpose? - concensus building
- most desirable form of management
THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
a. RAM c. floppy diskette - foster independence
b. CD ROM d. network
1. GREAT MAN THEORY
3. LAISSEZ- FAIRE/ ULTRALIBERAL, PERMISSIVE
– assumes that some are born to be lead whereas others are born
2.The greater concern about electronic patient record is that of: - let alone style
to be led.
a. cost c. accuracy - workers are left without supervision and direction
– They are born with the capacity to persuade, influence and
b. privacy d. reliability - fosters chaos
motivate others.
- not useful in health care delivery system where maintenance of
standards is required
2. CHARISMATIC THEORY – intangible characteristics;
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 2 TYPES OF LEADERS
leader uses his charm/ charisma to lead the group
` 1. FORMAL LEADERS
3. TRAIT THEORY
MOTTO Do the right Do things right  Appointed by organization and given office or
– Leader has innate abilities that should be develop for him/her
thing legitimate authority to act
to become a successful leader.
CHALLENGE Change Continuity – Intelligent, initiative, creative and communication skills
FOCUS Purpose Structure, procedure, 2. INFORMAL LEADERS
everyday work 4. SITUATIONAL THEORY – emphasizes on the maturity  Don’t have official power to direct activities of
TIMEFRAME Future Present level of the leader/ member others
HUMAN Potential Performance  Seniority
METHOD Strategies Schedules 5. CONTINGENCY THEORY
QUESTIONS Why? Who,what,when, POWER IN THE ORGANIZATION
where, and how? - leader can be effective if he/she can immediately resolve an
OUTCOME Journeys Destinations emergency or crisis situation. 1. REWARD POWER
- 3 aspects: leader member relation, task structure, and position The ability to reward others for complying
Leaders need to do the right things, are challenged by change, power.
focus on purposes, and have a future time frame. They asked why and use 2. COERCIVE POWER
strategies on their journeys to human potential. On the other hand, 6. PATH –GOAL THEORY – if you are the leader you should Fear of punishment if one fails to conform
managers do things right, are challenged by continuity, and focus on clear and pave the way.
structures and procedures in a present time frame. They asked who, what, 3. LEGITIMATE POWER
when, where and how as they use schedules to get to destinations and 7. EXPECTANCY THEORY- people acts as they do because The power vested upon a leader in relation with his
evaluate human performance. they know that their behavior will produce satisfactory results. position

NURSING LEADERSHIP 8. TRANSACTIONAL – giving reward for any good behavior 4. REFERENT POWER
- An interpersonal process to effect change on the behavior of others. Traits admired by people
- Process by which a nurse influence one or more person to achieve 9. TRANSFORMATIONAL – leader promises change by
specific goals in the provision of nursing care in one or more stimulating people to change 5. EXPERT POWER
patients. Hallmark: empowerment Skillful, having knowledge and training

LEADERSHIP STYLES
4 components (Brunner and Suddarth) 6. SELF
Facilitating 1. AUTHOCRATIC/ DIRECTIVE – Emanates age, gender
Influencing - leader is the center of the group
Relating - useful during emergency situation 7. CONNECTION
Decision – making: steps(PADSI) - foster dependence Its not what you know its whom you know
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1. INTERPERSONAL – connecting one person to another, as a B. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
LEADERSHIP AND CHANGE leader who hires, trains, encourages, fires remunerates.
1. FREDERICK TAYLOR
TYPES: 2. INFORMATIONAL – disseminates about existing rules and  Father of scientific management
regulation as the representative or spokesperson of the
1. UNPLANNED CHANGE – usually haphazard and the results organization. Principles
can be unpredictable  Choose the best method
Ex: change as a result of a war or a natural disaster. 3. DECISION ROLE – a trouble shooter who handles  Choose the best people
unexpected situations such as resignation of subordinates,  Educate your people
2. PLANNED CHANGE – intended, purposive attempt by firing and losses clients and negotiator when conflict arises.  Develop a friendly relationship
individual, group and organization
2. FRANK AND LILIAN GILBERTH
3. COVERT CHANGE – is hidden or occurs without the FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF MANAGER (Katz)December 07&  Job simplification
individual’s awareness June 08
Ex. A person can become increasingly deaf without being aware 3. HENRY GANTT
 Concerned with the problem of efficiency
4. OVERT – change about which a person is aware TECHNICAL
Gantt Chart – a forerunner of the (PERT)Program
Ex. Development of abdominal pain  Proficiency in performing an activity in Evaluation and Review Technique.
the correct manner with the right
STAGES: technique C. BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
1. UNFREEZING STAGE – motivation to establish some sort HUMAN RELATION SKILLS 1. ABRAHAM MASLOW – hierarchy of needs
of change occurs  Dealing with people and how to get
2. MOVING – actual change is planned in detail and then started along with them
3. REFREEZING – changes are integrated and stabilized,
2. WILLIAM OUCHI
integrated the idea into their own value system.
CONCEPTUAL SKILLS  THEORY Z – involved workers are the key
 Ability to see individual matters as they to increase productivity
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE CHANGE (December 07)
relate to the total picture and to develop
1. EMPIRICAL- RATIONAL CHANGE creative ways.
3. DOUGLAS MC GREGOR
 THEORY X AND Y
 Explain the reason why you need to change SUMMER
 Knowledge – refers to ideas, concepts, 4. ROBERT BLAKE AND JANE MOUTON
2. NORMATIVE- REEDUCATIVE STRATEGIES and principles  Two critical dimensions of leadership
 Attitude – beliefs, feelings and values 1. concern for production
 Train or teach people how to do a change  Ability - skill, art,judgement and 2. concern for people
wisdom
3. POWER- COERCIVE STRATEGIES
5 basic management styles
MANAGEMENT THEORIES
 Threat or fear from the authority will lead a
1. Task manager (9,1) – high concern for
change A. CLASSICAL THEORIES production and low concern to people,stresses
1. HENRI FAYOL operating efficiency thru control and view people as
MANAGEMENT – process by which a cooperative group  Father of Management Process tools for production.
directs action toward common goal. School 2. Impoverished manager (1,1) – low concern to
- series of systematic, sequential or steps directed toward the  4 tasks (PODC) both people and production, found in managers who
achievement of organizational goal
feel they have been repeatedly denied of promotion
2. MAX WEBER 3. Team manager (9,9)- optimal managerial
ROLES OF MANAGER ( Mintsberg)  Father of Organizational theory skill; high concern to both people and
 Line authority production; problems are confronted directly

and mutual trust, respect and interdependence
are fostered.
4. Organization manager (5,5) – there is a
balance concern to people and production.
With this, leader and its member realizes they
need more effort to increase their production
5. Country club manager (1,9) – low concern
to production and low concern to people;
thoughtful and friendly managers.
MANAGEMENT PROCESS
LMR –High Frequency Notes Cramsheets
1. LONG RANGE OR STRATEGIC PLANNING
- extended 3-5 years 2. OPERATING BUDGET – cash “out” ; day to day operation
- determine the direction of the organization, allocates resources and that includes wages, salaries, supplies, electric bill and waste
determine time frame. - - -- This is done by the top managers. and water disposal.CBQ. JUNE 08
- SWOT (STRENGTH, WEAKNESS,OPPURTUNITIES AND
THREAT) 3. CASH BUDGET – pety cash, cash on hand, balance between
cash in and cash out
2. INTERMEDIATE PLANNING - for money available for immediate use in order to know if an
- 6 months to 2 years organization can afford bills that must be paid.
- done by the middle mngt.
4. CAPITAL BUDGET – associated with operating some major
3.OPERATIONAL PLANNING/ SHORT RANGE PLANNING asset ex. Building,automobile computers and purchasing
- short planning that deals with day to day maintenance activities ambulance.
- done by the first level
5. PERSONNEL BUDGET – determine recruitment, hiring and
PLANNING TOOLS firing of personnel

1. VISION – outlines the organization’s future role and function TIME MANAGEMENT – how time is used
PLANNING ORGANI DIRECTING CONTROL Example: The medical Center envisions itself to become a PRINCIPLES:
ZING LING center for excellence providing holistic approach to health care 1. effective communication
services as a center of wellness. 2. ability to plan effectively
Vision,mission,ph Organizati Delegation,Patients Performance 3. delegation
ilosophy onal chart, Care appraisal,nur 2. MISSION - reason for existence efficiency – doing the task right
Goals, objectives, Organizati classification,superv sing Example: Its mission is to promote and maintain health, effectivity – doing the right task correctly
budgeting and onal ision, Audit, prevent or cure illness, allay pain and suffering.
time management structure, Communication,coo quality ORGANIZING – the process of establishing formal authority
staffing, rdination, Assurance, 3. PHILOSOPHY – beliefs that influence nursing practice
Scheduling Staff development quality Example: Clients have the right to the best possible health are ORGANIZATION
developing Conflict and circle, peer regardless of their race, creed,sex social status and political  The structure or people that allows an agency to
job Decision- making review belief. enact it’s philosophy and achieve its goal
description Structure,
s, and process and ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
patient care outcome and 4. GOALS – end to be accomplished  Drawing that shows how the part of organization
classificati discipline Example: develop and implement staff development programs are linked
on to meet the need for increased knowledge and skills
CONCEPTS OF ORGANIZING (SARAP)
5. OBJECTIVES – something aimed at or strived for; things
PLANNING- determining objectives and identifying methods that lead to done to achieve goal STATUS - rank given to a person
the achievement of those objectives. Making future projection to achieve Example: to develop and implement at least 12 staff
desired results. development program by the end of the fiscal year. ACCOUNTABILITY - taking full responsibility for the quality of work
- What activity we expect to do and behavior while engaged in the practice of the profession CBQ JUNE
- Why it will be done BUDGETING 07
- Where it will be done  A tool used by a nurse manager when allocating
- When we expect to do it future resources RESPONSIBILITY – is the obligation to perform the assigned tasks
- How it will be done CBQ DECEMBER 07
- Who is going to do it TYPES
AUTHORITY - the right to act or make decisions without the approval
KINDS OF PLANNING 1. REVENUE BUDGET – summarizes the income; cash going of higher administrators
“in”
 LMR –High Frequency Notes Cramsheets
convalescing patient
LEVEL II MODERATE Needs some A. DELEGATION –transferring a tasks to a competent individual
2 TYPES CARE/INTERMEDIATE assistance of CBQ.
A. LINE AUTHORITY activities of daily
 Is the authority that entitles a supervisor to living WHAT CANNOT BE DELEGATED
direct an individual work LEVEL III TOTAL, Completely
B. STAFF AUTHORITY COMPLETE/INTENSIVE dependent; v/s 1. overall responsibility, authority, accountability and completion
 Is the authority in position created to support, assist, every 30 mins.; of all activities in the unit
recommend and generally reduces the supervisors patients who need 2. authority to sign one’s name
informational responsibilities close attention 3. jobs that are too technical
throughout the shift. 4. sterile procedure
POWER – ability to influence others LEVEL IV CRITICAL/HIGHLY Continous 5. initial and terminal assessment
SPECIALIZED monitoring; v/s 6. unstable patient
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION every 15- 30 mins.; PRINCIPLES OF DELEGATION
hourly urinary 1. right person
1. UNITY OF COMMAND – there can only be one superior to output 2. right task
avoid confusion and overlapping of duties 3. right amount of time
2. SCALAR PRINCIPLE/ CHAIN OF COMMAND/ TYPES OF PATIENTS ASSIGNMENT 4. delegate in advance
HIERARCHY – flow from higher to lower authority 5. delegate gradually
3. DEPARTMENTALIZATION - grouping of workers with 1. CASE METHOD - same as PDN; 1 RN: 1 patient ; TOTAL 6. consult first before delegating
similar assignment PATIENT CARE 7. avoid gaps and overlaps
4. SPAN OF CONTROL – number of people that can be directly
supervised (4-6). 2. PRIMARY NURSING – nursing care directed by a nurse in a B. DECISION MAKING
5. DECENTRALIZATION – proper delegation of authority 24 hour basis Problem identification
 What is the purpose of a secondary nursing in Analyzing of the problem
STAFFING primary nursing? Development of alternative solution
 Is a tool to determine the appropriate ratio of health  They are responsible for the care of the patient if Selection of solution
care personnel to perform their respective the primary nursing is off duty. (DEC.07) Implementation and follow- up
organizational tasks for the benefit of the client.  4-6 patients
3. FUNCTIONAL NURSING - task oriented and very useful in C. STAFF DEVELOPMENT – providing structure and assistance
SCHEDULING emergency situation for employees to learn more
 Time table showing the planned work days and
shifts for nursing personnel. 4. TEAM NURSING - one nurse will lead a group of nurses F- FORMAL EDUCATION – Nursing administrators and
What is the heart /hallmark of team nursing? those engaged in nursing education and training programs
TYPES: TEAM CONFERENCE should have a Masteral Degree in Nursing

1. CENTRALIZED – done by the chief nurse 5. MODULAR - nursing care directed by a nurse in a 24 hour I - INSERVICE EDUCATION - includes all on- the –job
basis descriptions that are given to enhance the employee’s
2. DECENTRALIZED – done by supervising or head nurse 8 – 12 patients recent job performance.

3. CYCLICAL- covers a designated number of weeks and 6.CASE MANAGEMENT – focuses on the attaintment of S- SPECIALTY COURSES - such as Critical Care
repeated there on outcomes within effective time frame and this is done prior to Nursing, Oncology Nursing, Geriatric Nursing offered by
admission and spans about 2-3 weeks after discharge the hospital with trained facilities and resources
PATIENTS CARE CLASSIFICATION
 Method of grouping patient according to the amount DIRECTING O-ORIENTATION – refers to planned and guided
and complexity of nursing requirement.  Issuance of orders, assignments and instructions activities of an employee in an organization
that enables the nursing personnel to understand
what are expected from them.
LEVEL I MINIMAL For discharge/ D. COMMUNICATION
 LMR –High Frequency Notes Cramsheets
5. Anectodal Recording – describes nurses
 Transmission of information, opinion between experience with a group in validating
3. COMPETETION (W-L)
individual. technical skills.
 Win at all cost
TYPES B. QUALITY ASSURANCE
4. COMPROMISE (L-L)  Evaluation of services to make sure that it meets the
1. VERBAL - spoken words  Split the difference standard.

2. NON- VERBAL - facial expressions, gestures, body TYPES OF STANDARD

5. COLLABORATION (W-W)
language and touch- Dec.07
 Both workout STRUCTURE – how well the equipment
and setting
ELEMENTS 6. SMOOTHING PROCESS - how well is the nursing care is
Complementing one’s oponent given
1. SENDER – a person or group who wishes to convey a message to OUTCOME - desired result
another E. COORDINATION
2. RECEIVER – the listener,observer A. NURSING AUDIT – review of
3. FEEDBACK – response; message that the receiver returns to the patients chart DEC 07 &JUNE 2008
sender COORDINATION WITH SOCIAL SERVICE
- indigent patients needing material or financial assistance, medicines TYPES:
PROXEMICS blood or prosthesis, abandoned babies, victims of rape, child abuse 1. CONCURRENT - patient is still in
- is the study of distance between people in their interaction and patients needing referral to other community agencies for the hospital
1. Intimate – physical contact – 1 ½ ft continuity of care. 2. TERMINAL/ RETROSPECTIVE
2. Personal – 1 ½ ft- 4 ft - pt was already discharged
3. Social – 4- 12 ft COORDINATION WITH RADIOLOGY SERVICE
4. Public – 12 ft and beyond - you need a camera or any visualization B. PEER REVIEW - evaluation
between staff nurses
PROCESS RECORDING – is a verbatim account of a conversation COORDINATION WITH THE DIETARY SERVICES
- preparation of the patients diet and distributing them to the right C. QUALITY CIRCLE - a group of
patient workers doing similar work who meet
F. CONFLICT – clash between 2 opposing parties regularly on working time under the
COORDINATION WITH THE NUTRITIONIST leadership of a supervisor to identify,
TYPES: - if patients needing special instructions of diet analyze and solve work related
1. INTRAPERSONAL – conflict within problems and to recommend solution
self CONTROLLING to management.
2. INTERPERSONAL - conflict 4. CONTINOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT – is a process of
between 2 or more persons TYPES OF EVALUATION continuously improving a system by gathering data or performance and
3. INTRAGROUP - conflict within a using multi- disciplinary team to analyze system, collect measurement and
group A. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL propose changes.
4. INTERGROUP – conflict between 2  Employee’s performance is evaluated against
groups standard. CBQ JUNE 08 5. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT – involvement of all
employees in the improvement of the quality of every product or service.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION TOOLS
1. Check – list 5. BENCHMARKING - comparing your institution to another.
1. AVOIDANCE (L-L) 2. Ranking FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (DEC07 &
 Avoid confrontation 3. Rating Scales JUNE 08)
4. Essay
2. ACCOMODATION (W- L) • Fixed cost – cost incurred that is unrelated to volume of output
 Self- sacrifice • Variable cost – cost that vary in proportion to volume
 LMR –High Frequency Notes Cramsheets
• Incremental budgeting
• Zero-based budgeting

COST CONTAINMENT

• Cost awareness – focuses employees’ attention on the cost of

certain supplies
• Cost monitoring – monitors how much, where, when, why
• Cost fairs – displays frequently disappearing items
• Cost incentives – rewards cost-cutting behavior
• Cost avoidance – not buying supplies, technology
• Cost reduction – spending less for the same goods, services

BLESSINGS DO COME AS A SURPRISE AND HOW MUCH WE

RECEIVE DEPENDS ON HOW MUCH OUR HEARTS CAN
BELIEVE.
GOD BLESS!!!