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DEFINITION
A complex number z is of the form x + yi where x, y ∈ \ and i = −1 .
x is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z). y is called the imaginary part of z, denoted by Im(z).
Note: Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts are equal.
Multiplication:
(i) k z1 = k(a + bi) = ka + kbi , k ∈ \
(ii) z1 z2 = (a + bi)(c + di) = ac + (ad + bc)i + bdi2
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i Note that i = −1 , so i 2 = −1
Division:
z1 = a + bi = (a + bi )(c − di ) = (ac − adi + bci − bdi 2 ) = (ac + bd ) + (bc − ad )i = (ac + bd ) (bc − ad )
+ 2 i
z2 c + di (c + di )(c − di ) (c 2 − cdi + dci − d 2i 2 ) c2 + d 2 c2 + d 2 c + d2
COMPLEX CONJUGATE
If z = x + yi, then the complex number x − yi is called the complex conjugate of z. We denote the complex
conjugate of z by z*.
2 (z*)* = z 7
( z1 ± z 2 ) * = z1* ± z2*
3 (kz)* = kz*, k ∈\ 8 (z1 z2)* = (z1*)(z2*)
4 z + z* = 2 Re(z) 9 (zn)* = (z*)n, where n ∈ Z +
5 z − z* = 2i Im(z) 10 ⎛ z1 ⎞ * ( z1 *)
⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ z2 ⎠ ( z2 *)
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MODULUS AND ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let P represent the complex number z = x + iy .
Modulus of z is the distance between point P representing z and the origin, and is denoted by z where,
z = x2 + y 2
Argument of z is the angle measured from the positive real axis to the line segment joining P and the origin
and is denoted by arg ( z ) .
Im(z) Im(z) Im(z) Im(z)
P(x,y) P(x,y)
Re(z) Re(z)
θ θ
θ
θ
Re(z) Re(z) P(x,y) P(x,y)
⎛ y⎞ ⎛ y⎞ ⎡ ⎛ y ⎞⎤ ⎛ y⎞
arg ( z ) = θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ arg ( z ) = θ = π − tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ arg ( z ) = θ = − ⎢π − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ arg ( z ) = θ = − tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ x⎟
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ x⎠
1) z1 ⋅ z2 = z1 . z2 ⇒ zn = z
n
⎛ z1 ⎞
4) arg ⎜ ⎟ = arg z1 − arg z2
⎝ z2 ⎠
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GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION
Addition And Subtraction Of Two Complex Numbers:
Geometrically, the addition and subtraction of 2 complex numbers, e.g., z1 and z2 , are in accordance with
the vector parallelogram that represents the addition and subtraction of vectors as shown.
Im(z)
P4 ( z1 + z2 )
P2 ( z 2 )
P1 ( z1 )
0 Re(z)
P5 ( z1 − z 2 )
P3 (− z2 )
The vectors representing z1 + z2 and z1 − z2 are the diagonals of the parallelogram whose sides are
represented by the line segments OP1 and OP2 with P1 and P2 representing the complex numbers z1 and z2
respectively.
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Example 2: [2008 RJC Term 3 Common Test Qn 5a]
The complex number 7 + 5i is represented by the point A in an Argand diagram with origin O. Given that
OABC is a rectangle described in a clockwise sense with OC = 2OA , find the complex numbers represented
by the points B and C in the form x + iy , where x and y are real.
DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM AND ITS APPLICATION
z n = r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ ) = r n einθ
Example 3:
Find the cube root of the complex number 4( 3 + i ) .
Standard Loci
• Re ( z ) = k , k ∈ \ is equivalent to the vertical line x = k .
a) 3 ( z − i ) = 75 b) arg(1 − iz ) = arg ( −1 + i )
2
c) iz − 4 = 2 − 4i − z
Example 5:
Sketch in an Argand diagram the set of points representing all complex numbers z satisfying the following
π
inequalities: z + 1 ≥ iz − 1 , 2z −1 < i 3 +1 and 0 ≤ arg( z − 0.5) <
2
EXCERCISE:
[JJC MYE 07/P2/ Q10a Modified]
1. If w = (−1 + i) , find the modulus and argument of w in exact form. Hence, show that the roots of the
8
(1 − 3 i)
4
equation ( z − 1)3 = (−1 + i) can be expressed in the form of ⎛⎜ 2cos θ ⎞⎟ ei 2 , where the values of θ are to be
8 θ
(1 − 3 i)
4
2 ⎝ ⎠
determined.
b) Using the result ( z − eiθ )( z − e − iθ ) = z 2 − (2 cos θ ) z + 1 , express z 8 − 1 as the product of two linear
factors and three quadratic factors, where all the coefficients are real and expressed in a non-
trigonometric form.
4 b) A half-line from the point ( 0, −1) making an angle of − 3π with the positive x-axis.
4
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