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Subjunctive adalah bentuk kalimat pengandaian. Namun topik Subjunctive ini berbeda dengan
Conditional. Conditional adalah kalimat pengandaian juga namun perbedaannya adalah
Conditional dilengkapi dengan syarat-syarat tertentu untuk mengandai-andai. Misalnya "Aku
akan mengundanya jika aku jadi kamu.". Berikut ini adalah penjelasan tentang Subjunctives.
Struktur Subjunctive
be (past)
I were
you were
be (present)
I be
you be
he, she, it be
we be
you be
they be
Penggunaan Subjunctive
Kita menggunakan subjunctives ketika kita berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan yang sebenarnya
tidak akan terjadi. Kita menggunakan subjunctive ketika berbicara tentang kegiatan yang
seseorang:
Inginkan agar terjadi
Harapkan akan terjadi
Contoh:
The President requests that you be present at the meeting.
It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
Perhatikan bahwa struktur berikut ini, subjunctive-nya sama. Tidak masalah kalimat itu tenses-
nya past atau present. Contoh:
Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation.
Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation.
Kita selalu menggunakan were sebagai pengganti "was" setelah if (dan kata lainnya yang
memiliki arti yang sama). Contoh:
If I were you, I would ask her.
Suppose she were here. What would you say?
Kita sering mendengar orang berkata "if I were you, I would go" atau "if he were here, he would
tell you". Memang normalnya adalah: I was, he was. Tetapi struktur if I were you tidak melihat
Past Tense". Struktur tersebut hanya mengenal past subjunctive untuk "to be" nya. Perhatikan
contoh kata-kata/frase di bawah ini untuk struktur di atas:
if
as if
wish
suppose
Note: We do not normally say "if I was you", even in familiar conversation.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
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Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang
digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk
lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:
Contoh:
I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause
The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.
Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata
pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:
1. Relative Pronoun
Kata Ganti Orang
Fungsi :
a. Subjek:
- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
Benda, Binatang
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that
Fungsi:
a. Subjek:
- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.
2. Relative Adverbs
Waktu
Tempat
Alasan
_________________________
1. Relative Pronoun
2. Relative Adverb
Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu
ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:
Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin
(kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan
dalam kalimat.
- The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
- The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.
o Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun
tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
o Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that
yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
o Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective
Phrase.
a. Adjective Clause
b. Adjective Phrase
* Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
* Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat
dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama
digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini
biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".
* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
o We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of,
two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.
* There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
--> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
Keterangan:
Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat
tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang
lainnya.
Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri.
Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa
frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja
di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam
Adjective Clause.
Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun
Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.
Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh
berikut ini:
Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
Adjective Clause
(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know)
Noun Clause
Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik
Noun Clause.
Adjective Clause
The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan
whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective
Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).
Noun Clause
He gives money to whoever needs it.
(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang
tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang hanya bergandeng
(mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause.
MODALS
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Semua auxiliary verbs "kecuali be, do dan have" disebut modals. Tidak seperti auxiliary verbs
lainnya, modals juga berfungsi sebagai kata kerja Bantu dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri.
Perhatikan contoh-contoh Modals di bawah ini beserta fungsi dari Modals melalui contoh
kalimat yang diberikan.
Can
They can control their own budgets. (kemampuan/kemungkinan)
Can I smoke here? (Minta Izin)
Can you help me? (Permintaan)
Could
Could I borrow your dictionary? (Minta Izin)
Could you say it again more slowly? (Permintaan)
We could try to fix it ourselves. (Saran)
I think we could have another Gulf War. (Kemungkinan)
He gave up his old job so he could work for us. (Kemampuan)
May
May I have another cup of coffee? (Minta Izin)
China may become a major economic power. (Kemungkinan)
Might
They might give us a 10% discount. (Kemungkinan)
Must
We must say good-bye now. (Keharusan)
They mustn't disrupt the work more than necessary. (Larangan)
Ought to
We ought to employ a professional writer. (Menyarankan)
Shall
Should
We should sort out this problem at once. (Menyarankan)
I think we should check everything again. (Merekomendasikan)
Will
I can't see any taxis so I'll walk. (Keputusan Spontan)
I'll do that for you if you like. (Menawarkan)
I'll get back to you first thing on Monday. (Janji)
Profits will increase next year. (Prediksi tak tentu)
Would
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? (Minta Izin)
Would you pass the salt please? (Permintaan)
Would you mind waiting a moment? (Permintaan)
"Would three o'clock suit you?" - "That'd be fine." (Mengatur)
Would you like to play golf this Friday? (Mengundang)
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I'd like tea please." (Merujuk)
Modal auxiliary verbs selalu diikuti oleh bentuk kata kerja pertama.
ADJECTIVES
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Adjectives (kata sifat) adalah kata-kata yang menerangkan kata benda (nouns) atau kata ganti
(pronouns). Adjectives dapat diletakkan sebelum kata benda atau setelah kata kerja tertentu. Kita
juga dapat meletakkan lebih dari 1 kata sifat di depan kata benda.
Quality Adjectives disebut juga kata sifat yang menunjukkan bentuk, ukutan, kondisi, warna,
bahan, fungsi dll dari kata benda atau kata ganti.
a. Attributives
Attributive Adjectives diletakkan sebelum kata benda atau diantara article dan kata benda.
Contoh:
I can see a beautiful girl.
I have got a new book.
b. Predicatives
1. Subject Complement
Contoh:
Your daughter is pretty.
She is very beautiful.
2. Object Complement
Contoh:
He made his wife happy.
I consider him foolish.
C. Appositives
Appositive Adjectives biasanya mengikuti kata bendanya dan menjelaskannya. Jenis ini terbagi
menjadi dua bagian, yaitu:
1. Restrictive
A teacher untrained in Phonetics is as useless as a doctor untrained in anatomy.
2. Non-restrictive
A blacksmith, swarthy and muscular, was leisurely working the long handle of his
bellow.
Possessive adjectives terdiri dari my, our, their, your, his, her, its.
2. Sebagai Object
I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the text book.
The bakery sold hisfavourite type of bread.
2. Indefinite, yang terdiri dari another, the other, an, a, some, dll.
A teacher will come to teach us today.
They can eat the other apples.
a. Sebagai Subject
What color is your house?
Whose book is this?
b. Sebagai Object
I don't know what problem she is talking about.
They never question which part of the novel will be summarized.
Kata-kata yang termasuk dalam jenis ini adalah much, some, enough, little, half, any, dll.
He ate little bread.
Will you have some tea?
a. Cardinal
We have three cars at home.
You can take twelve books.
b. Ordinal
Our class is in the third floor.
They will depart on the second flight.
c. Multiplications
The rooms have a single bed.
There is a pair of shoes under the table.
2. Indefinite
Kata-kata yang termasuk dalam jenis ini adalah all, some, enough, many, dll.
Many people believe that corporations are under-taxed
Proper Nouns
England
Holland
Indonesia, dll
Proper Adjectives
English
Dutch
Indonesian, dll
Sebelum mepelajari bagian ini, coba Anda pilih mana frasa yang benar dari 2 frasa yang ada di
bawah ini.
Perempuan tua yang kaya, atau
Perempuan kaya yang tua.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua frasa di atas, hamper tidak ada masalah. Namun dalam bahasa
Inggris, salah satu diantaranya tidak sesuai dengan standard tata bahasa. Mari kita ingat urutan
kata sifat yang benar di depan kata benda.
DOSASCOMP
Mari kita urutkan kata-kata sifat yang ada dalam frasa di atas:
Degree of Comparison
Sebelum kita membahas mengenai topik ini, ada baiknya kita mengingat bentuk perubahan kata
sifat menjadi tingkat lebih (comparative) dan tingkat paling (superlative).
Catatan: untuk kata sifat jenis di atas, lebih baik menggunakan more untuk comparative dan
most untuk superlative daripada menggunakan ...er dan ...est, walaupun kedua-duanya benar.
Polite, quiet, wicked, pleasant, tired, cruel, stupid memiliki 2 jenis tingkat perbandingannya
seperti yang berlaku pada kata sifat jenis no. 4. Namun, ada baiknya menggunakan more dan
most untuk tingkat lebih dan tingkat paling-nya.
1. Equal Comparison
Rumus:
As + adjectives + as
This book is as cheap as mine
You are as beautiful as my mother
Rumus:
Comparative + than
Your house is bigger than mine
She is more beautiful than her sister
Rumus:
The + superlative
She is the best student in the class.
Mr. William is the oldest teachers at school.
4. Parallel Comparison
Rumus:
The + comparative, the + comparative (semakin..., semakin...)
Comparative and comparative (makin lama makin ...)
The harder you study, the better chance you'll get (makin keras kamu belajar, makin baik
pula peluang yang akan kamu peroleh)
You look more and more beautiful (kamu makin lama makin cantik)
You are better and better (Kamu makin lama makin bagus saja)
5. Logical Comparison
a. Possessive
Henry's salary is much higher than Alex's
My mother gets better than yours
b. That of
The climate in Bandung is as mild as that of in Palembang (that of = the climate of)
c. Those of
The duties of a driver are much more dangerous than those of a teacher
d. Any
Mary is smarter than anybody else in the class.
Bali is smaller than any other province in Indonesia.
Adverb Clause
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Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata
kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata
penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata
penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where,
nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling
berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although,
though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya
dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
He did as I told him.
You may finish it how you like.
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan
kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini.
Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided
to stay indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book
that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan
pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that
the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as,
inasmuch as
Contoh:
As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take
in a movie.
Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace
are still remote.
Contoh:
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb
Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari
main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this
country, Mary has made many friends.
2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan.
Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even
that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that),
dll.
Contoh:
Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary
information.