Structural Properties of High Strength Concrete and Its Implications for Precast Prestressed Concrete*

by Shuaib H. Ahmad and S. P. Shah

Comments by Antoine E. Naaman and Authors

ANTOINE E. NAAMAN'h

The authors have presented a useful overview of the properties of high strength concrete that are of concern to structural engineers and the design profession. They state in their conclusions that "at the material level, high strength concrete is less ductile than normal strength concrete, but at the sectional level for reinforced concrete elements, if the ratio p/ p b is kept constant, the deflection ductility is essentially independent of the strength of concrete. This conclusion is perhaps a little optimistic and needs some further clarification and caution. An extensive parametric evaluation was conducted by the discussor 3tl using a computerized nonlinear analysis and the same stress-strain curves for concrete (of compressive strength between 5 to 13 ksi) as those used by the authors. Sectional duc PC i JOURNAL, V. 30, No. 6, November-December
1985, pp. 92-119.

t Professor. Department of Civil Engineering. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

tility was systematically analyzed for reinforced, prestressed, and partially prestressed concrete sections of different shapes and with different reinforcing parameters. Some of the data were plotted in Fig. 10 of Ref. 54 as curvature ductility versus the reinforcing index. It is noted that a constant value of the reinforcing index for reinforced. prestressed, and partially prestressed concrete is equivalent to a constant value of p ; p, for reinforced concrete. The following conclusion was drawn from the study in relation to the effect of high strength concrete on sectional ductility: At high values of the reinforcing index (near w ma,, for prestressed concrete and near p. for reinforced concrete), sectional ductility is almost independent of compressive strength. However, at low values of the reinforcing index, sectional ductility may decrease by more than 30 percent when the compressive strength of concrete increases from 5 to 13 ksi. This reduction in sectional ductility is generally more significant for rectangular sections than for T sections, and at small values of

130

the partial prestressing ratio (i.e., sectional ductility is more sensitive to an increase in concrete compressive strength for reinforced concrete than for prestressed concrete). In all cases studied sectional ductility decreased with an increase in the reinforcing index. In their Fig. 12, the authors show a plot of sectional ductility versus normalized compressive load for a prestressed concrete column section. It is implied that the ductility is plotted at the corresponding moment resistance of the section, i.e., for the corresponding point of the nominal load-moment interaction diagram. The figure shows that, for zero axial load (pure bending case), curvature ductility for a 13 ksi concrete is substantially higher than that for a 5 ksi concrete. The authors seem to doubt such a result and suggest validation by experimental tests. However, this result is not in contradiction with the above conclusions since at equal reinforcement ratio, the reinforcing index decreases when concrete strength increases; hence, curvature ductility should increase. Although the trends described in Fig. 12 are predictable, the numerical values may not be correct since the authors have selected (Table 4) a yield strain for prestressing strands equal to 0.006, while it should be 0,01. Such a difference may have a significant influence on the computed yield curvature (A, and, hence, on sectional ductility 0 v l4,,,.

AUTHORS' CLOSURE by SHUAIB H. AHMAD and S. P. SHAH*

Reference

54. Naaman, A. E Harajli, M. H., and Wight, J. K., "Analysis of Ductility in Partially Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members," PCI JOURNAL, V. 31, No. 3, May-June 1986, pp. 64 -8 7.

" Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Carolina and Professor. Department of Civil Engineering and Director. Center for Concrete and Geomalerials. Northwestern University, Evanston, tlliniik. respectively. PCI JOURNAUJanuary-February 1987

The authors would like to thank Prof. Naaman for taking the time to discuss their paper, for his discussion contributes to a better understanding of the research material presented. Prof. Naaman has pointed out that the conclusion reached in the paper by the authors regarding sectional ductility of reinforced high strength concrete members may be a little optimistic. The authors had concluded that "at sectional level for reinforced concrete elements, if the ratio p/ pa is kept constant, then the deflection ductility is essentially independent of the strength of concrete." This conclusion may perhaps need a qualifying statement: provided that the ratio of pip, lies between 0.3 and 0.7. From Fig. 5b of the paper, it can be seen that there is a slight drop in the deflection ductility ratio for reinforced concrete members of higher strength concrete for values of p/pt, = 0.3. Our calculations show that for very low values of pip, (such as 0.1. which is not the usual design situation), the deflection ductility of reinforced concrete members decreases by about I5 percent if the concrete strength is increased from 5 ksi to 13 ksi. Prof. Naaman suggests that the sectional ductility for low values of reinforcing index (similar to plp,, ratio may decrease by more than 30 percent when the compressive strength of concrete increases from 5 to 13 ksi, His observation is based on his computed values of curvature ductility. The authors would like to point out that although the curvature ductility and deflection ductility may reflect the same trends, the magnitudes of these two measures of ductilities are quite different. The curvature ductility reflects a sectional behavior, whereas the deflection ductility reflects a member behavior. The observations made by the authors and quoted by Prof. Naaman refer to deflection ductility rather than curvature ductility. The values of the curvature ductility presented in Table 4 of the paper were
131

based on e = 0.006 and were intended to show the trends of the curvature ductility for low and high strength concrete for different magnitudes of prestressing steel ratios. Since prestressing steel does not exhibit a definite yield point, the value of yield strain (e.) is not well defined. For wire and strands, the yield stress is defined as the stress at which a total extension of 1 percent is attained; however, the typical stress-strain curve of the 7-wire stress relieved and low relaxation prestressing strand shown in the PCI Handbooks suggests a yield strain of 0.008. The

magnitude of curvature ductility at a sec f se-l-tionwdep hvauof lected, and will reduce for higher selected values of yield strain in the prestressing strands.

References
55. Nilson, A. H., Design of Prestressed Concrete, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 1978. 56. PCI Design Handbook Precast and Prestressed Concrete, Third Edition, Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, Itlinois, 1985.

132

A Unified Approach for Serviceability Design of Prestressed and N on prestressed Concrete Structures*
by Amin Ghali Comments by Pier Giorgio Debernard, James R. Libby and Author
apply at any instance in the case of uncracked sections. In the presence of cracks, though, if concrete in tension is ignored, the assumption of changes in stress being linear generally conflicts with that of linear changes in strain. This aspect is illustrated in Fig. 5 where the terms used to describe the initial and final configurations of the stage being conside red are marked out by indices t. and t, respectively. In general, a variation in the neutral axis position is observed both in the case of instantaneous changes AN, AM in normal force and bending moment, and when rheological phenomena are considered. Consequently, if strains are assumed to change linearly (Fig. 5b), the stresses will change hilinearly (Figs. 5c, 5d) and, hence, the statement Acr = E Ac is not always valid. As for time-dependent stress and strain changes. I believe that to assume the depth of the compression zone remains constant over the period t is a gross simplification of the problem. In general. in reinforced concrete structures. stresses
133

PIER GIORGIO DEBERNARDI,

The author rightly stresses the complexity of serviceability limit state design for reinforced and prestressed concrete structures and the need to take into account instantaneous load effect changes and the effects of creep, shrinkage and relaxation at all the various stages in the life of a structure. These factors can be accounted for by a unified approach applicable to the various structural types by considering prestressing after grouting, not as an external force, but as a deformation imposed to the tendons. The design procedure illustrated is aimed at representing structural behavior at any intermediate stage in a structure's life. In this respect, the assumptions that plane cross sections remain plane and that the changes in strain and stress will be linear are consistent in the initial stage and

-PCI JOURNAL. V.31, No. 2, March-April l98. pp. I18.137. tAssociate Professor, Politechnico di Torino. Italy. PCI JOURNALJanuary-February 1987

A Uc

a. section

b. strains

c. stresses

d. Aac

Fig. 5. Changes in stresses and strains. in the most compressed concrete fiber are JAMES R. LIBBY` considerably reduced while stresses in the tension reinforcement increase slightly. The approach for the analysis of reinThe neutral axis of stresses (which does forced concrete members presented by Dr. not coincide with the zero strain axis) is Ghali is novel. It should be used by all displaced, producing an increase in the structural engineers designing reinforced compression zone (the depth of this zone concrete members that are not fully precan increase by as high as 30 percent or stressed, as well as members containing more in the time interval being consid- significant amounts of nonprestressed reered). The imprecision then lies in neg- inforcement in combination with prelecting the incidence of this effect on the stressed reinforcement. geometrical characteristics A r , B,, Jc The method brings the engineer's attenwhich should not be taken to be constant tion to an important consideration not over the time interval considered. normally recognized; namely, that the The assessment of mean strain and, in force resisted by the concrete in a preconsequence, of the mean curvature, is stressed member not subject to an external based on an impirical interpolation be- axial load is equal to the force in the pretween A, ,oncrackrd and Ae.. ll), c,arked by stressed reinforcement only if the member means of coefficient . This procedure does not contain nonprestressed reinentails the use of parameters, such as forcement. no^u^rcrcked and L,(T^^lQr (change in stress at The method facilitates the computation the extreme tension fiber applied to a non- of long-term axial deformation and defleccracked section), which is not consistent tion; important considerations in the dewith the actual physical phenomenon. I sign of structures incorporating prebelieve it would be more appropriate to stressed members. rely on assumptions more in keeping with It also allows the designer to include the reality, such as, that plane cross sections fourth dimension, i.e., time, in his calcuremaining plane for mean strain values. lations; an important consideration with Finally, in the calculation of displace- materials like concrete which almost inments, I do not think it is sufficient to take variably shrink and creep after being into account three sections only (the two placed in service. ends and the central section) for the inteDuring recent deliberations, the Tendon gration of the curvature, since account Tank Subcommittee of ACE Committee should be taken of the fact that, in shifting from a noncracked to a cracked state, a leap in mean curvature usually occurs. 'lames R. i,ihby & Associates. San Diego. California.
134

Table 1, Summary of parametric study of a prestressed concrete tank wall section. (Note positive values are tensile: negative values are compressive.) Area of Nonprestressed Reinforcement = 0 sq in. Load Applied at time = x
Concrete Hoop Stress (ksi)

Area o Nonprestressed Reinforcement = 0.72 sq in. Reinforcement Ratio = 0.005 Load Applied at time = x
2,014 2.014

Load Applied at time = 0

2.079 1.394

Load Applied at time = 0

2.014 + -

Stress in concrete at jacking: Stress due to early loading: Net concrete stress: Concrete loss of stress: Stress afterlosses: Stress due to delayed loading: Final stress:
Nonprestressed Reinforcement Stress (ksi)

- -

2.079

2.079
0.485

1.356
0.658 0.309 0.349 0.349

-
+ -

0.685 0.197
0.488 0.488

-
-

0.613
1.401 1.356 0.045

+
-

- 1.594 + 1.394 -- 0.200

Stress at jacking: Stress due to early loading: Stress due to losses: Stress due to delayed loading: Final stress:
Prestressed Reinforcement Stress (ksi)

14.60

14.60

+ 34.24 9.83 39.01

+
-

9.83

11.17

- 15.94

Stress at jacking: Stress due to early loading: Stress after early loading: Stress due to losses: Stress after losses: Stress due to delayed loading: Final stress:

189.00

189.00

189.00

189.00 44.05 144.95 155.05

+ 10.10
199.10 -

+
189.00 39.37 149.63 9.83 159.46

17.91
181.19

189.00 9.83 198.83 - 20.65 178.18

+ 10.1

181.19

178.18

344, Circular Prestressed Concrete Structures, employed Dr. Ghali's method to evaluate the effects of nonprestressed reinforcement and age of concrete at time of filling on the final stresses in a prestressed concrete tank. Parameters studied were the stresses in the prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcements, as well as the concrete. The results of the study are summarized in 'fable 1. The calculations, summarized in Table 1 are based upon a section of a cylindrical wall 12 in. high and 12 in. thick. The initial prestressing force equals 289 kips, the cross section area of prestressed steel is 1.53 sq in. and the area of prestressing duct = 4.9 sq in. The tensile hoop force PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1987

caused by applied load (liquid pressure) equals 209 kips. The coefficient for creep occurring between the time of prestressing. t = 0 and the end of a long period (t = cc), is = 2.6 and the aging coefficient x was taken to be 0.8. The modulus of elasticity of the prestressed and the nonprestressed steel was assumed to be 29000 ksi. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is assumed to be 4000 ksi and the change in this modulus with time is ignored. The free shrinkage of concrete is -300 x l0-". The reduced relaxation of prestressed steel is -7 ksi. The significant effects that the presence of nonprestressed reinforcement and time-dependent deformation of the con135

crete can have upon the final stress in the concrete are evident from Table 1. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of including the effects of nonprestressed reinforcement in the evaluation of partially

prestressed members, even though they are designed in strict accordance with the provisions of Chapter 18 of ACI 318-83. Dr. Ghali's method of analysis gives the structural engineer a logical and relatively

5 9 in.

t
12 in
As

1 -0.950 ksi
1 T A5

0.93 n2

6.20 620 in. (a) CROSS SECTION DIMENSIONS

J
9x10-6

47 in.
ty =27.71
x 106n.

`'ns 2 31.7 ksi

(b) STRAIN AND STRESS AT TIME t o DUE TO BENDING MOMENT M= 8850 kip. in.

-658 x 10 -60.304 ksi 0.357 14.1 x106

-0.646 ksi 7.9 in. -0357

in-t

N
0.352 ksi
7.9 I - 0 .310

9.8 in.

Da-ns= 0.3ksi

O'ns=31.9ksi

(c) CHANGES IN STRAIN AND STRESS DUE TO CREEP AND SHRINKAGE (CALCULATED WITHOUT ITERATION)

(d) STRESS AT TIME t (CALCULATED WITHOUT ITERATION)

615x10 6

-0.598 ksi
in

22.6

-0.310

D,y= 13.9 x 10-6

in.-1 44 x 10-6 ^a-ns= 1.3

ksi

ins=32.9ksi (d) STRESS AT TIME t (CALCULATED WITH ITERATIONS )

(e) CHANGES IN STRAIN AND STRESS DUE TO CREEP AND SHRINKAGE (CALCULATED WITH ITERATIONS)

Fig. 6. Analysis of the time-dependent changes in strain and stress in a reinforced concrete section subjected to bending. 136

easy method of evaluating short- and long-term strains and deflections of prestressed Concrete members. For many years, the ACI Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete have mandated the calculation of long-term deflections of prestressed members (Chapter 9), as well as including provisions in their design for the effects of elastic and plastic deformations (Chapter 18). Experience has shown that where these important considerations have not been included by structural engineers, difficulties have frequently resulted. Dr. Ghali's method will facilitate computations of this type and permit the designer to make upper and lower bound analyses on projects where the creep and shrinkage properties of the concrete that will be used are unknown. The importance of computing the redistribution of moments in prestressed concrete structures that are constructed in a configuration different from that of the completed structure has become more apparent in recent years. This method can be used to facilitate computations of this type and make it feasible for upper and lower bound solutions to be made when necessary. It is the writer's belief that this contribution of Dr. Ghali's is a notable one that deserves the recognition and appreciation of the prestressing industry, as well as the structural engineering community.
AUTHOR'S CLOSURE
by AMIN GHALI*

The author is thankful to Mr. Libby and Prof. Debernardi for their comments emphasizing the need to accurately account for time-dependent effects and cracking in the serviceability design of concrete structures. Mr. Libby considered an application of the equations presented in the paper in the design of walls of prestressed ; Professor. Department of Civil Engineering, The
University of Calgary. Calgary. Alberta, Canada.

concrete circular tanks. The practice in such a design is to provide hoop prestressing of a magnitude such that after the changes in stress due to creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressed steel, the hoop compression in the concrete is greater than the hoop tension resulting from the liquid pressure. In other words, a residual compressive hoop stress should exist when the tank is filled, after occurrence of the prestress loss. A residual stress of 200 psi (-1.4 MPa) is often used as the criterion from which the required prestressing force is determined. The example chosen by Mr. Libby shows that ignoring the nonprestressed reinforcement when its ratio is 0.5 percent will give a residual stress = 200 psi (-1.4 MPa), while the actual value is 45 psi (-0.3 MPa). When a larger amount of nonprestressed steel is used in the same example, as is often the case in practice, the actual residual stress could be tensile. The example clearly indicates that the cross sectional areas of the two reinforcements, prestressed and nonprestressed, influence the time-dependent change in concrete stress and thus the two areas should be properly accounted for. The equations presented in the paper are applicable for the analysis of the instantaneous and the time-dependent strain and stress in noncracked or cracked reinforced and prestressed sections. composite or noncomposite, subjected to bending with or without normal force. When the equations are used for the time-dependent stress and strain in the special case treated by Mr. Libby, they take the simple forms of Eqs. (35) and (3'7) given below. In a noncracked section having the centroids of the prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcements coinciding with the centroid of the concrete area and subjected to concentric normal force, the time-dependent change in the force on the concrete is given by:
3,^c = ^^ enA,an + E ca A aEa +

crAml (35) 137

PCI JOURNALJanuary-February 1987

Table 2. Time-dependent changes in strains in a reinforced concrete section (Fig. 6a) subjected to bending moment M or to a bending moment combined with a normal force. Changes in Strain at Top and Curvature Between time t o and time!
Case Considered Values Calculated Without Iterations Aa Moment and normal force applied at
timer, M = 8850 kip-in. (Figs. 6 c and 6c1 M = 8850 kip-in. and N--180 kip 658
:]e,^N aq, 4efo

Values Calculated With Iterations

and
.4,

-10 in.--

in. - 1 14.1 615

A, = 0.93

13.9

and
A,= 6.2 in. 664+ 14.4 658 14.5

at 39.4
597 623 12.7 13.1 581 623 12.6 I.1.I

in. below top 1.86 and A,= 12.4 in, N 8850 kip-in _
M = 8850 kip-in. and

N=-180 kip at 39.4 in. below top Multiplier 10

`See Example 6.3 of Ref. t6.

where
p=[I+

A"'

(1 + x1)]'

(36)

For convenience, all the symbols used in Eqs. (35) and (36) are defined below: At. = cross-sectional area of concrete A a , E., = total cross-sectional area of the prestressed and nonprestressed steels; E, is modulus of elasticity of steel, assumed the same for the two types. n = E R IE,. (r); where E. (r a ) is the modulus of elasticity of concrete at rp , the time at which the prestressing and the normal force are applied. = creep coefficient of concrete = ratio of creep to instantaneous strain, when a stress is applied at time t o and sus138

tamed to time t. e" = the shrinkage that would occur during the period r,, to t in free (unrestrained) concrete. = the intrinsic relaxation of the prestressed steel multiplied by a reduction coefficient . [0.8 or more accurately defined by Eq. (6)]. x = aging coefficient of concrete, approximately equal to 0.8. tr o = concrete stress at time t a , immediately after application of the normal force and prestressing. We recall the sign convention used: tensile stress, tensile force and elongation are positive. Thus, E and , r . are usually negative. Eq. (35) may be applied to a section of a tie or a column and in the absence prestressing A n$ is set equal to zero. The

time-dependent change in concrete stress is obtained by division of A P, by A, ; but the change in axial strain is given by:
QE c E c s

+ E'c^co (lo)

(I

+ 4)

c E^fU) (1 + xh) (37) AJC

Professor Dehernardi correctly states that due to creep and shrinkage, the stress at the extreme top fiber in a reinforced concrete cracked section subjected to bending is reduced while the stress in the tension reinforcement is increased. The depth of the compression zone increases and thus the time-dependent change in stress is indicated in Fig. 5d (of Professor Debernardi). Thus, in the time-dependent analysis the effective area of a cross section should he modified according to the new position of the neutral axis. However, this would impede the validity of the superposition involved in the analysis. To avoid this difficulty, the depth c of the concrete part considered effective in analyzing the instantaneous strains and stresses Is assumed unchanged in the time-dependent analysis [see third and fourth paragraphs below Eq. (29) in the paper 1. It is to be noted that with this assumption c is considered to be the depth of the effective concrete area, but the neutral axis is allowed to fall as it may to satisfy the equilibrium requirements. (The stress changes in concrete and steel must be equivalent to a system of forces in equilibrium.) The results obtained by this assumption can be improved by an iterative procedure. But, because the errors in the distribution of the time-dependent strains are usually small, the iteration is hardly justified. As an example, consider the reinforced concrete section in Fig. 6a subjected at time t,, to a bending moment of 8850 kip-in. The instantaneous stress and strain distributions in Fig. 6b are calculated ," ignoring concrete in tension and using E. = 29000 ksi and E, (to ) = 4350 ksi, The
PCI JOURNAUJanuary-February 1987

time-dependent changes in stress and strain between to and a later time t are calculated using the procedure suggested in the paper and the results are shown in Figs. 6c and 6d. The following data are used: O (t , to ) = 2.5; x (t, r^) = 0.75 and E ra (t, t a ) = 300 x 10- 8 . Fig. 6d indicates that a part of the web (9.8 in. deep) has been ignored in computing the timedependent changes although it would have been subjected to compression. An iterative analysis may now be performed by increasing the depth of the effective concrete zone to c = 7.9 + 9.8 = 17.7 in. Eqs. (21) to (26) are used, noting in Eqs. (22a) and (22b) that A, , B. and J are properties of the area of concrete effective at time t, (with c = 7.9 in.); while in calculating the properties of the age-adjusted transformed section for use in Eqs. (23a), (23b) and (26a) and (26b), the new c is employed. '[his may be repeated until the assumed value of c used in the calculations agrees with the final stress distribution at time t. The results of such iterations are plotted in Figs. 6c and 6d. The values of importance in this analysis are the time-dependent changes in strain and curvature and these may he expressed by the two quantities Ae,,, p and Ato. A computer program" which includes this refinement in one of its subroutines is used to compute the time-dependent changes in ,be ta and ato in the cross section in Fig. 6a. when the section is subjected at time t. to a bending moment only as discussed above and to a moment M = 8850 kip-in.. combined with a normal force N = 180 kip at a point 39.4 in. below the top edge of the section. The computations are also repeated for the two cases increasing the cross sectional areas of the top and bottom reinforcements by a factor of 2 and the results are given in Table 2. It can he seen that the values calculated without iteration (Columns 3 and 4) are not substantially different from the more refined answers calculated by one to three iterations and given in Columns 5 and 6. Finally, a comment is made concerning
139

the accuracy of Eqs. (33) and (34) for calculating the change in length of a member and the deflection at its middle using the values of the axial strain and the curvature at three sections. The equations give the exact answers when the axial strain or the curvature varies as a parabola between the three sections. Equations are given in Ref. 16 using 5 sections (see Appendix C; also see Example 3.4 for the derivation of equations using any number of sections).

References
16, Ghali, A. and Favre, R.. Concrete Structures: Stresses and Deformations, Chapman and Hall. London and New York, 1986, 350 pp. (See Examples 6.1 to 6.3) 17. Elbadry, M., and Ghali, A., Manual of Computer Program CPF: Cracked Plane Frames in Prestressed Concrete. Research Report No. CE85-2. 1985, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. Canada.

140

Analysis of Ductility in Partially Prestressed Flexural Members*

by Antoine E. Naaman, Muhamed H. Harajli and James K. Wight Comments by Robert E. Loov and Authors
ROBERT E. LOOVt

The authors correctly state that the global reinforcing index w is equal to 0.85 The concrete strengths used in Fig. II are 5, 7 and 9 ksi_ The values of fat should, therefore, vary from 0.80 for the 5 ksi concrete to 0.70 for the 7 ksi concrete and 0.65 for the 9 ksi concrete. All of the points plotted in Fig. 11 should thus lie on three distinct lines. Forff=5ksi:
cid = 13i c/1.

These are exact relationships based on the definitions of rid and To. Eq. (5), which indicates the global reinforcing index, can be generalized to include T sections by subtracting the term 0.85 f: h, (b b,c) which represents the tensile force resisted by the overhanging portions of the flange. Thus a more general expression for o is:
= [A pafr, + A3.ff -A .fa 0.85 f f , h f (b b,,,)11(b^df, ) (13)

0.85 x0.8

= 1.471w

(10)

Forf^=7ksi:
c!d =

0.85 x 0.7 1.681 W

(11)

For f = 9 ksi: 0.85 x0.65

c Id =
Tu

= 1.810 c^

For an assumed constant value of limiting compressive strain, e,,, the curvature t will be equal to E. Ic. Therefore, to ensure a minimum limiting curvature which is independent of concrete strength, it is more appropriate to specify a maximum cid ratio rather than a maximum i ratio. This has been the rationale for the approach introduced in the latest Australian and Canadian concrete standards.3s. 39

(12)
References

These relations between cid and i are not relations that need to be determined by linear regression as shown in Fig. 11.

*PCI JOURNAL, V. 31, No. 3, May-June 1986, pp. 64-87. tProfessor of Civil Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary. Alberta, Canada.
PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1987

38. Standards Association of Australia Draft Unified Concrete Structures Code, BD/2/ 84-11. March 1984. 39. CAN3-A23.3-M84, "Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings," Canadian Standards Association, 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Rexdale. Ontario, Canada M9W I R3.
141

Table 2. Results for the rectangular section.

A,,

(sq in.)
0.459 0.612 0.765 0.918 1.377 1.836 1.53 2.29 2,907

f
(ksi)
5 7 9 5 7 9 5 7 9

ACI Code w
0.0961 0.0918 0.0894 0.182 0.193 0.1997 0.2805 0.2962 0.2928 c;d 0.141 0.154 0.162 0.268 0.325 0.361 0.413 0.498 0.53

Nonlinear Analysis
w 0.099 0.095 0.092 0.195 0.207 0.215 0.311 0.325 0.320

rid
0.135 0,135 0.136 0.265 0.297 0.317 0.422 0.465 0.474

AUTHORS' CLOSURE by ANTOINE E. NAAMAN *, MUHAMED H. HARAJLI,t and JAMES K. WIGHT

The authors would like to thank Dr. Loov for his constructive comments. It is indeed stated in the paper that, as per the ACE Code assumptions, the reinforcing index w is related to rid by the following equation: c = 0.85 +Bt cld
(14)

As pointed out in the discussion, if Eq. (14) is plotted as eld versus w, a different line would be obtained for each value of i.e.. for each value of concrete compressive strengthff. However, the product 0.85(31 is derived from the assumptions of the ACI Code stress block at nominal resistance and represent only a good approximation (that is by no means exact) of the actual characteristics of the concrete stress block. The regression relation I Eq. (9) and Fig. 11] of the paper describes values of rid
*Professor. Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Michigan. +Assistant Professor. Department of Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut. Beirut, Lebanon. tProfessor. Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Michigan.

versus reinforcing index ui obtained from the nonlinear analysis described in the paper. In the authors' opinion Eq. (9) is more representative of the actual characteristics of the stress block than the ACI Code approximation. Eq. (9) shows no dependence on the compressive strength of concrete. To further illustrate this point, Tables 2 and 3 summarize numerical results of interest obtained from the nonlinear analysis for the two beams shown in Fig. 14. Three concrete compressive strengths (5, 7, and 9 ksi) and for each three values of the reinforcing index (low, medium, and high) were selected. Corresponding data are plotted in Fig. 15. It can be observed that, for a given value of w, the value of cld shows little dependence on concrete compressive strength. In comparing Fig. 15 to Fig. 11, it can also be concluded that the scatter in Fig. 11 is primarily due to parameters other than the compressive strength of concrete. In summary, the authors believe that the relation proposed in Fig. 11 provides a more accurate representation of the stress block at ultimate than Eq. (14). As pointed out in Conclusion 2 of the paper, a direct correlation exists between the reinforcing index w and eld that is practically independent of the concrete compressive

142

Table 3. Results for the T section

ACI Code
A ^, (sgin.) 1.836 3.213 4.131 2.754 3.825 5.049 3.366 4.59 5.967 1l

Nonlinear Analysis
cid 0.141 0.167 0.180 0,274 0.306 0.355 0.439 0.475 0.524 or ,u 0.099 0.128 0.130 0.173 0.175 0.188 0.270 0.256 0.264 cld 0.136 0.184 0.193 0.240 0.253 0.281 0.372 0.372 0.395

(ksi)
5 7 9 5 7 9 5 7 9

77,or _0

u.

0.0961 0.0992 0.0992 0.1864 0.1823 0.1959 0.2986 0.2828 0.2894

48n l^ 3"

_12411

12" Fig. 14. Cross sections analyzed in the nonlinear evaluation. stressing) and is slightly different from the strength. is more elegant in some ACI Code definition. The use of cld Dr. Loov also offers in his discussion a cases while the use of Fo may be faster in approximate designs since one can arrive general expression for the reinforcing at a ballpark figure estimate of w much index w for a T section as derived from the faster than cld. However, in order to ac- AC! Code assumptions [Eq. (13)1. The commodate both cases, the prediction authors did not need to use such an equations recommended in Table 1 for expression since they run a nonlinear sectional ductility and plastic rotation in analysis. However, they did state the function of the reinforcing index i are re- following: "For T section behavior the value of m written in Table 4 in terms of rid. is adjusted to the web as per the ACI Code It should be noted that the term d used in the paper and this discussion is defined approach. However, the contribution of as the depth to the centroid of the tensile the overhanging portion of the flange is force in the steel (reinforcing and pre- calculated from the nonlinear analysis."
PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1987 143

0.6

ct f^=5.O ksi f,= 7.0ksi

0.4

qi

U 0.2

0.0 i LJ. 0.3 0.4

REINFORCING INDEX Fig. 15. Relation between the reinforcing index and c/d ratio.

Table 4. Prediction equations for sectional ductility and plastic rotation,* Parameter Curvature Ductility Ratio
)A,

Upper Bound I 0.73 cid

0.053

Lower Bound 1
1.42 eM - 0.102

Average 1
1.045 c!d - 0.087

Plastic Rotation
Ov
(radians)

1.86 - 0,73 c1d 1 L.

621 cld - 42 d/2

1,86 - 1.28 cld I L

1.88 - 1.15 c1d

1 Lp

949eld - 50

JI d/2

766c?d - 53

11 d/2

*O.08 -(d 0.42

If the flange contribution is calculated as per the AC! Code [or Eq. (13) ], a possible inconsistency may occur when, in checking for T section behavior, the neutral axis depth c is larger than hf while the depth of the stress block a =,a, c is smaller than h,. In such cases it is possible to obtain in the final analysis a value of c smaller than h1 and even negative; this also implies incorrect values of w for the web. The reason for this result is , because, as per Eq. (13) and the ACE Code, the contribution of the overhanging portion of the flange is not 144

multiplied by f . The above described inconsistency is explained in more detail on page 166 of Ref. 40. It should be pointed out that whether the AC] Code approach [Eq. (13)] or a more exact analysis are used, little difference in the estimate of nominal moment resistance is encountered. However, as ductility is related to w or eld, an error in their estimate may lead to a serious error in the estimate of ductility. To be on the safe side the following equation is recommended for T section behavior:

_ [A f,.

+ A,, fs A; fa
(15)

Reference
40. Naaman. A. E., Prestressed Concrete Analy sis and Design - Fundamentals, McGraw Hill Book Company. New York,

- 0.85 Qif,' hr(b - b,, } ji(bdff )

This expression will be brought to the attention of code authorities.

1982.

PCI JOURNAL,January-Februar y 1987

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