Math Exam Review 2011

Martha Currie

Polynomials
1. Common Factor 2. Complete the Square: 3. Complete the Square: 3
 

4. Grouping:   5. Special Quadratics: a. Difference of Squares:

 b. Perfect Squares:  

Exponent Laws
Multiplication: Add exponents  Division: Subtract Exponents Power of a Power: Multiply Exponents Power of a product: Apply exponent to all Power of a Quotient: Apply Exponents to all Negative Exponent: becomes 1 over the coefficient to the positive exponent Fraction Exponent: take the denominator root of the coefficient to the numerator

Radicals
Multiplication: Division: * when multiplying mixed radicals, treat the coefficient and radical separately * when dividing mixed radicals, treat the coefficient and radical separately

Addition: The radicals must be like terms in order to be added

Subtraction: The radicals must be like terms in order to be subtracted

Rationalizing the denominator: We do not want radicals in the denominator so: y If the denominator is a monomial, multiply by the same radical in the numerator and denominator. y If the denominator is a binomial, multiply the same binomial with the opposite operation. * this is effectively a difference of squares.

Completing the Square

Vertex form of a parabola: Standard form: *to convert quadratic equation from standard form, complete the square


Solving Quadratic Equations

Solve by factoring: in standard form, factor and take the x-values that will make that bracket =0     Solve using the quadratic Formula: *the discriminant, b2-4a indicates how many solutions there are.       Solving Linear Quadratic Systems There can be 0, 1, or 2 points of intersection y Parallel: 0 solutions y Not Parallel: 1 solution y Coincident Lines: infinite solutions Solving algebraically: rearrange one, combine them, make it equal 0, use the quadratic equation

Functions
Relation: a set of inputs and outputs Function: specific type of relation where each x-value has only one y-value On a graph, x is the input and y is the output To check if it is a function, use the vertical line test Function notation: instead of To solve for a value, such as , use insert 7 for all values of x :

Elite Eight 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(Radical) (Linear) (Parabola) (Cubic) (Rational (Exponential) (Absolute Value) (Semi-Circle)

Transformations of Functions Type Vertical Horizontal Translation Reflection Stretch Compression

   

Combination
h))+k

Inverse Functions
In Function notation: The inverse of a relation can be determined by swapping the x and y-values. Therefore the domain and range are also swapped. The inverse of a function is not always a function. *The graph of any relation and its inverse is a reflection in the Equation: exchange the variables and isolate for y 
 

*When finding the inverse with an exponent in it, always take the POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE roots. Restricting the domain: y Makes f-1 a function y Determine the range restriction of the inverse function that will make it a function y Apply it to the domain of the original. 

Trig Ratios Using Angles

1. Plot point P and construct a line segment from O to P 2. Use the X and Y co-ordinates to fine the length of the line segment 3. Using the known trig ratios, find the angle, using the side lengths calculated   
  

Sine Law: Cosine Law:

The Ambiguous Case

A

No Only one triangle B C



Yes- compare



*Only one triangle b=90

*No triangle can exist

*2 possible triangles angles supplementary, one acute, on obtuse)

To Solve: use the Sine Law to determine one angle and the subtract that from 180

Trigonometric Identities
Identity: an equation that is true no matter what values are subbed in for every variable Trig Identity: an identity which includes trig expressions Important identities:

(Quotient Identity)

(Pythagorean Identity) (Cosecant) (Secant)

Reciprocal Identities:



(Cosecant) (Cotangent)

Strategies for Solving Trig Identities: y Common denominator y Expanding y Factoring y Properties of fractions

Periodic Functions
Periodic: pattern of y-values that repeat at regular intervals Period: Horizontal length of one cycle Amplitude: distance from the axis of the curve to the max (always positive) Transformations of Periodic Functions Type Vertical Horizontal Translation


Reflection

Stretch

Compression
   

Combination
h))+k

*Phase Shift y y y y A- affects amplitude C- affects period K- affects axis of the curve H- is the phase shift
 

Trig of Any Angle

Initial Arm: from ray Terminal Arm: to ray Standard Position: if the initial arm is on the positive x-axis Co-terminal angles: angles that have the same terminal arm, 360 apart Principle Angle: for every set of co-terminal angles, Trig Ratios of any angle: y Find P on the terminal arm and determine the triangle lengths y
 

S T

Special Triangles and Related Acute Angles (RAA): 45 Triangles Angles 45-45-90 30-60-90 30, 45, 60

60

30

Related Acute Angle: angle between the terminal arm and the nearest x-axis *The ratios of any angle can be simplified by taking the ratios of the ralted acute angle and making ti positive/negative depending on the quadrant

Trig Equations
Categories: y Solvable using special triangles y Solvable using inverse ratios To Solve: Isolate for the trig ratio and determine which special angle it is or use the inverse to find a different RAA and subtract or add depending on the quadrant.

Exponential Functions
y y y Cause of horizontal asymptote because is the reciprocal function of
is unsolvable

y Exponential functions never have equal differences Transformations of Exponential Functions Type Vertical Horizontal Translation Reflection Stretch Compression
   

Combination
)+k

Some transformations are the same as others: translation 3 left is the same as a vertical stretch by 8. Growth and Decay:

A horizontal

where a is the start value and b is the growth/decay rate.

Algebra with Powers: put to the same base and the powers become equivalent Sequences and Series:
Sequence: an ordered list of numbers called terms Series: the sum of the terms in a sequence Arithmetic: terms separated by a COMMON DIFFERENCE Geometric: terms separated by a COMMON RATIO Recursion Formula: a formula for a sequence that includes previous terms Explicit Formula: a formula for a sequence that does not include previous terms Formulas for Sequences and Series Sequence Arithmetic Geometric

Series

Recursion

Pascal s Triangle and Binomial Theorem

Each number is the sum of the two numbers above it.  Given a binomial to a power, , the resulting expanded polynomial will have coefficients th from the n row of Pascal s triangle y To expand the exponents, each term to the rights has one fewer factor of a and one more factor of b. Discrete Functions: n must be a natural number y y

Formula Sheet
Vertex form of a parabola: Standard form: Quadratic Formula: Transformations of all Functions Type Vertical Horizontal Translation Reflection Stretch Compression



Combination
h))+k

Exponential
)+k




*Phase Shift

 

 

 

Sine Law: Cosine Law:

Important identities:

(Quotient Identity)

(Pythagorean Identity) (Secant)

Reciprocal Identities: 

(Cosecant) (Cotangent)


45 Triangles Angles 45-45-90 30-60-90 30, 45, 60

60

30

Formulas for Sequences and Series Sequence Arithmetic Geometric Series Recursion