SUMMARY

Cumhuriyet book is written by Turgut zakman. It consists of two parts . In the first part of the book, author talks about the events from great victory untill founding of the Republic of Turkey

FIRST PART
28 September 1922-11 November 1922 National struggle period begins and Turks defeat the imperialism for the sake of independence , they challenge to occuppy, to be parted, to be exploited. That Turks gain the liberation struggle are celebrated with joy all in Muslim countries. ( Asia, Middle East, Africa) because none of them are not independent and many cities are equipped with the pictures of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. This event, while opening the doors of hope for Muslim countries, on the other hand; very undermine British. Their dreams reagarding Sevres Treaty, which we never accept and contradicts our national indepence disappear. After the anakkale War, This is the second defeat in front of

the Mustafa Kemal therefore, they are caught in rage and continue to build traps related to Turkey. As they dont want that enter Turks the anakkale Strait, announce this region neutral. During this time Mustafa Kemal Pasha returns to zmir in order to discuss the current situation with his close friends. ( The second President of T.B.M.M Ali Fuat Cebesoy Pasha, The resident Rauf Orbay, and Foreign Minister Yusuf Kemal Tengir ek)

Lady Latife, pro-national struggle, decorates rich banquet table for Mustafa Kemal pasha, makes the translatorship as needed. ( Latife can not hide her admiration for the pasha and also he likes her) At the end of the negotiations, Mustafa Kemal decides that East Trakya should be taken from the Greek . Turkey progresses through a very difficult process in itself. The public is divided into two parts as reactionary and pro-republic. Reactionaries suprises as the Greeks and imperialist as the triumph of the Turks and they are silly who can not understand the necessity of national struggle. (Reactionaries: Istanbul government, administrator of liberal and allied powers party, and some police officiers, writers, clergy) and also a new conflict begins between allied powers and Turks for Istanbul but both sides dont want to war. They decide to sign Mudanya ceasefire agreement . Mustafa Kemal chooses smet pasha for representing of Ankara, then smet pasha and his board friends arrive Mudanya on 3 October 1922 and conference starts with attendence of allied powers. They present an agreement which consists of ten articles. Project is presented as concensus of English, Italian, French but smet pasha recognizes that The Project has been created with British influence . It is fraught with pitfalls, conversations turn to discussion so Turks decide to present an against Project and Meeting is postponed untill next day then, Turks present their Project to ailled powers, they want some time from Turks in order to analyse the Project.

But smet pasha annoys from this situation and warns them harshly for saving time enemies. He also warns them by saying that If Trakya is not delivered in the shortest time, the war will begin. British havent abondened their strategy over Turkey and no one wants to make a concession. The agreement is postponed again and smet pasha sends a report which is telling the current situation to Mustfa Kemal then Turks decide to war and over this Allied powers get into panic and declare that they accept delivery of Trakya to Turkey but, imperialist British dont validate this idea so the agreement is extended to 5 days. Finally British give up and four delegates sign the text of agreement (11 October 1922 Mudanya Ceasefire Treaty) this treaty has an important place in the history of Turk, thanks to it, Istanbul and East Trakya have beeen recovered through diplomacy without combatting. Also allied powers, by leaving Istanbul to T.B.M.M have agreed that the Ottomant Parliament end legally. Mustafa Kemal Pasha visits her mother Mrs. Zbeyde in Ankara. He is met by lady Fikriye then he kisses her mother hands as usually he does . They begin to chatting and Mrs. Zbeyde hears something related to Latife and immediately asks some questions him regarding her. She tries to understand her son real ideas about her Even though he likes Latife , he hasnt been any decision yet ,so he would rather not say anyhting related to her.

Towards of the evening Fikriye prepares a good table for Mustafa Kemal and his friends. They sing songs and spend a good time but One day pasha hears a cough voice and sees Fikriye, vomitting blood, instantly he wants help from Captain Mahmut Soydan who knows very well Deutsche and he sends her with the captain to Munich, to be treated. Mustafa Kemal visits Bursa people in order to celebrate liberation of Bursa After he sends Fikriye off. Houses, shops, are decorated with flags and flowers. All people, journalists, students, coming from stanbul even children with him with enthusiasm. While National struggle is continuing in the Anotalia on the other hand; Two-headed management reigns. But this situation disturbs Mustafa Kemal and he sends a telegram to Istanbul and says he doesnt recognize the administration of their government and next day he sends Refet pasha to Istanbul to represent T.B.M.M but following days suprising events develop. Istanbul Muslim Turks start to support the Ankara government( T.B.M.M) All shops are adorned with words praising Ankara and as a number of innovatives increase , Ankara government gets happy Refet pasha arrives with his 12 soldiers to Istanbul and A large crowd meet them with pride . The public, not see well-dressed Turk soldier a very long time, watch them in wonder and joy.

Shortly after The peace treaty of Lausanne will be done so Mustafa Kemal makes a meeting to discuss this subject. After the meeting, Mustafa Kemal and Fevzi pasha find appropiate smet pasha to represent Ankara government. At the outset he refuses this demand but then Mustafa Kemal has managed to convince him and They talk about the politics to be followed in peace. Imperialist British, invites both Ankara and stanbul government to Lausanne peace conference, so as to cause conflict between them and forces Turks to accept a new Sevres. Hereupon Istanbul government, which calloborated with the invaders and never works for national struggle, sends a telegram to Ankara government and warn them to withdraw then Chief commander. Mustafa Kemal interviews with the President Rauf Orbay and shows the telegram sent by the stanbul government then They decide to abolish the Sultanate and Caliphate authority. Next day the decision is reported to Parliament. Many of the members of Parliament and many cities of Turkey support this decision. But as this country which has been governed with Sultanate for nearly 600 years , removing this authority instantly is not easy. Reactionaries rebel in different parts of the Anotalia and London, Paris, Rome insisted on Istanbul government for participating in Lausanne and thus, they show their real intentions once again. Sultanate authority is abolished with unanimously on 1 November 1922; however, rebellion of reactionaries and Entente states send certain invitation for Lausanne negoitations. It will be done on 9 November 1922.

SECOND PART 12 December 1922- 29 October 1923

The writer mentions establishment of Republic and Mustafa Kemal Pashas last 15 years before his death in this section. French Reporter Le Martin, announces that Lausanne meeting has been postponed to one week later, the day before the meeting. smet pasha is angry because he has already arrived in Lausanne so he shows his reaction against this disrespect which has been done.The next day he makes a press conference and talks about the situation. He mentions that Turks are always pro-peace but his tone of voice is warning. All journalists listen to him suprisingly and record his speech. They recognize that Ankara government is not like stanbul government. Towards evening United Kingdom, France and Italy foreign minister send an apology telegraphy as they dont notify timely that the meeting has been postponed. France would like to put smet pasha up , untill negotiations and smet pasha accepts this invitation in order to understand how they follow to a path in the conference,. During he founds in here , he understands from their opinions the conference will be tough. At that time smet pasha receives a news from Ankara.Muslim Caliph Vahidettin takes refuge with his four wifes to British. General Harrington meets them and he reports the situation with an official status to public opinion. That his escaping is an unacceptable treatment for Muslims, on the other hand; Traditionalists want to strengthen the authority of caliphate ,by taking advantage of this situation.

Council of Ministers and Traditionalists discuss this issue in the Parliament but traditionalists dont want to come to reconciliation and cause problems. They want to be President of T.B.M.M( Ankara government) but this is reverse the concept of sovereignty, hence, not possible hereupon Mustafa Kemal indicates that No one will be partners power of this country. For the new Caliph, selection is made in Parliament anamiously and Abdlmecit is selected Caliph, and the news is announced to all world . Negotiations day incomes. All preparations are done and security measures are taken. Delegates come to the hotel where the conference will be done and it starts. First of all, Swiss President of the Republic Mr. Haab opens the Lausanne conference with a good conversation, praising peace then Lord Curzon follows him and he makes a speech praising peace and compromise too, then unexpectedly smet pasha goes to platform and makes a speech which mentions how the Turkey parted and occupied while waiting for peace. He points out that Tursks want to freedom and equality like all civilized countries then he finishes his speech by thanking to Switzeland. That Turks make such a brave speech in front of Entente states is not common , so they annoy from this situation . First session is done under administration of Lord Curzon at the castle of Ushi on 21 November and the name of the conference is determined. The next day Land, Straits, Minorities Commision convene. Lord Cur zon opens the meeting he is a manager who considers just Britain and West benefits.

The first agenda item is border of Trakya, Lord Curzon claims that this border belongs to Greek but After listening him with a big patient, smet pasha strongly turn against him, by showing the item in the treaty of Mudanya then Lord Curzon glances over the records , sees the smet pasha is right and delays the subject During this time Turks learn that British is making war preparations in anakkale secretly and thereupon Turks begin to take measures against any possibility of war. While discussions go on tensely in the Lausanne. Edirne which remains under Greek occupation 2.5 years, gain its indepence. They celebrate their freedom. Entente states are very ruthless, none of them wants to Turkeys indepence therefore, Turks understand that they have to work harder in the face of this greedy states. After each interview smet pasha tells what has happened to Mustafa Kemal Pasha. smet pasha and Soviet Russia, which is not good relations with Europe, have had lunch to discuss subject of Straits. As the interview takes a long time, Lord Curzon is restless and the nezt day he meets with smet pasha so as to learn what they talk about. But smet pasha only says to him that There is a good reations between the Russia and Turkey The meting which is related to capitulations passes controversial . Capitulations must be removed otherwise; Turkeys economy can not develop so smet pasha acts insistent and demands removal of capitulations and points his seriousness of this subject by shooting his hand to table strongly.

This hard reaction of smet pasha stops debates but can not be reached any decision and A number of postponed issues are increasing gradually. Land, Straits and Minorities Commission, begin to discuss the problem of the straits on 4 December. Also Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia participate to conference with the suggestion of Turkey as they have borders in the Black Sea. Lord Curzon gives the first word to smet pasha but smet pasha refuses this propose and

emphasizes that he wants to speak latest. Then the word is given to Soviet Russia. Foreingn minister ierin makes a long speech and demands that Straits are given to sovereignty of Turks and to be closed warships and aircrafts. And again Lord Curzon wants to learn Turk delegates opinion but smet pasha says that he will talk pertaining to situation at the following days. After a few days problem of Minority is interviewed. This times The Armenians are inculuded to meeting too. Lord Curzon makes a speech, protecting and defensing minorities. He clearly indicates that he wants to interfere with Turkeys internal affairs, by using the Minorities and provoking the Christian world but smet

pasha proves that Turks behave well to minorities and they dont discrimination, with the documents and evidences.

One night Lord Curzon comes to visit smet pasha with delegate of ABD Mr. Child . He complains that the conference does not go well owing to Turks dont accept any items in the agreement then he insults to Turks by reminding that Turkey is a poor country and will need to money one day. He says that they have enough money for everything and adds his speech that Turkey must compromise. All of these degrading words hurt to smet pasha and The next day he reports this speech to Mustafa Kemal. Hereupon Mustafa Kemal imports lots of book with regard to politic, ideology, political currents, ecenomoy from the Paris and shares these books with his all friends because he knows that Even if the peace is provided, This is not enough for Turkey. He wants to develop Turkey from every aspect. Despite the strong objection of Mustafa Kemal his mother wants to go zmir so he demands from Salih Bozok that takes his mother off there. Lady Latife and her family meet Mrs. Zbeyde at railway. Latife have the house prepared in Kar yaka for Mrs. Zbeyde .During they stay here. Latife behaves very kind to Mustafa Kemal and his mother so, he likes very much this elegant lady and proposes to mariage her. Turks enter tense and joyless to New year in Lausanne . Britain and Allies, pressure on Turkey for establishment of Armenian states in Turkey. They mean to split the Turkey step by step. Hereupon Dr. R za Nur , one of the Turk delegates goes to platform and makes a brief speech then he leaves from the meeting by pointing that They wont be able to break down Turkey .

After several days Mustafa Kemal leaves from the Ankara in order to check what happens in west unions of Turkey. While travelling he gets his mother death news .He feels sad and his eyes to fill with tears even though he doesnt postpone his journal because conditions are not suitable so as to cancel meetings. Firstly he goes to zmit, Bursa, then Manisa, he listens all publics problems and needs one by one. He is aware of only peace will not be enough, because Turkey is not equipped and strong country, He thinks that Turkey must be developed from every aspect, the new reforms must be made in arts, in education, in economy. To become an independent state and in order to keep up with the times and changing world, Turkey

needs to work hardly and modernize immediately. He also gives some clues pertaining to turkeys following regime in his speech and emphasizes that the instution of Caliphate will be removed soon. Not being reached compromise in Lausanne, likelihood of appearance war increases. Therefore Turks begin to preparations. The next conference which is related to Mosul problem and Exchange of population, passes like the others. Namely can not be reached any solution and postponed because of the fact that Lord Curzon continues to his imperialist politics. smet pasha can not sleep for days and works much more than usual in order to challenge with this greedy states and he frequently sends telegraph to Mustafa Kemal and informs the situation.

Mustafa Kemal comes back from the Manisa to zmir . All public and Salih pasha meets him with joyfully , he condoles with Mustafa Kemal pasha and Mustafa Kemal goes to visit his mother graves. After visiting he returns to Latifes house and proposes to marrige her, she accepts this offer, and they married on 29 January. The last meeting is done on 31 January in Lausanne. Entenete states present the new model of Severes treaty to Turkey . It filled out new tricks. They change its contain for the benefit of themselves again. Except for the Turkey all countries defend this teraty, reversing concept of indepence and smet Pasha wants a

week from the delegates to review Project. While dealing with Lausanne subject and millitary situation. Mustafa Kemal also doesnt neglect the public to prepare for the future. He meets with zmir public on 2 February and regulates zmir Economics Congress. As he believes that The women have an important place in society therefore he comes with his wife to congress. Turk commission finds unacceptable the 26 items of Project in Lausanne teraty and affirms this decision in writing to Entente States. The article which contains Turkeys last opinion, is given to Allies. Lord Curzon invites to smet pasha to sign the agreement but he can not convince to him and the conference is postponed to a later date. As British, French, and Italian unions couldnt manage to make peace in Lausanne, the public criticize their government and smet pasha comes back to stanbul on 16 February night.

Next day Mustafa Kemal and smet pasha meet and smet pasha talks about the events which occur in Lausanne in detail and they go to Ankara next morning. Mustafa wants to be provided equality between women and men so he brings his wife to meeting in Parliament. As first times a women enter into there hundereds of amazed and blaming eyes look at Latife but Mustafa Kemal does not care about this situation. Turks prepare a new Project for second Lausanne meeting, for full independence, will not be sacrificed from anything. Entente States notify Peace Mettings will start on 23 April then smet pasha and his wife goes to Lausanne together. She wears a modern clothes in there and they attend a lot of night invitations. Second part of the conference opens on 23 April in Ushi Hotel . All delegates makes a good speeches, prasing peace and the first day ends . Agreements start on 24 April morning firstly easy subjects are spoken and compromised. The next day conflicts begin and go on for a time. Fortunately after intensive conflicts Turkey manages to have their all demands accepted Entente States. Lausanne treaty is signed on 24 July formally. Treaty is conculuded to benefit of Turkey and They become a full independent country .All delegates congratulate to smet pasha and Turkey meets him with a big joy. All country is equipped with flags and Mustafa Kemal pasha is selected as a Parliament Minister for a second time. All people of the world mention about the Turkeys victory for days. Occupying troops leave from anakale and Istanbul and Turkeys new regime, Republic is announced on 29 October 1923 unamiously.