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Promoted new laws to protect the Indians. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca: Becomes the first European to stay in Texas, not by choice. New Laws 1943: To protect the Indians. How does Spain acquire Louisiana: George Washington accidentally starts the French-Indian War. French prefer to give the land to Spain rather than losing it against the Indians. Royalties were related to each other. Juan Bautista de las Casas: Revolutionary, 1811. Battle of Medina: Bloodiest battle in Texas. Loyalists vs. Rebels. Rebels lose and Spanish re-gain authority over Texas. Secularization of Texas Missions: Secularization means taking a mission away from the church. Privatize it. Mainly to remove expenses from the church and Spain. Exception San Antonio. Nuestra Senora del Espiritu Santa and secularization: This particular mission was not secularized. Gutierrez-Magee Expedition: Formed the Republican Army of the North. Tried to take out the loyalists. Legacies of Spanish occupation in Texas: Place names, cattle, horses and laws (homestead, water, private vs. community property).

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American Indians in Texas y y y y y y y y y Coahuilatecans: Poorest Indians of Texas. Bought catholisism Catholisism. Karankawa: Lived in Galveston and Corpus Christi, the only coastal Indians. Cannibal. Jumanos: West Texas. Just about gone when Spanish arrived. Caddo: Most successful Indians. Had enough wealth to build structures to worship. Had surplus. Decline in Indian population: Mainly due to the diseases brought by Europeans. The horse effects: Once Indians acquired horses, their type of warfare and living changed totally. Comanche: Forced apache to the west. Lords of the southern plains", very powerful. Treaty of Birds Forth: Between Sam Houston and Caddos. In the East. Treaty of Tehuacana Creek: Line of demarcation between the comancheria and the west.

Battle of Adobe Walls: 1870s, Army wants to get Indians off the plains, but were very tough to catch and confront, so instead of killing them, they gathered 28 hunters to kill all the buffalo in the area. This way, the Indians entered the reserves and were easily found. Adobe Walls was a place in which the hunters bought ammunition and everything needed to kill the buffalo, and where the 28 hunters resisted the 700 indians

Chapter 1 y y Piney Woods: East Texas. Llano Basin: Smallest geographic section of Texas, includes what is now Hill Country. Favorite area of the natives and a lot of ranching in early times. Texas boundary rivers: Sabine, Red River, and Rio Grande. Where do most Texas rivers flow: To the Gulf of Mexico. Clovis and Folsom peoples: Hunted Bison. Religious practices of Texas Indians: The ones we didnt hear of. Karankawa and cannibalism: They were, but not to feed themselves but mainly because of religion and ceremony. Jumanos geographic location: Western Texas. Most effective weapon against Indians: Disease Indians who came to Texas after the Spanish: The one we didnt hear off yet.

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Chapter2 y y Cabeza de Vaca: First man to stay in Texas Francisco Vazquez de Coronado: Governor assigned to search for the seven cities of cibola. Was not successful. Finds one of the supposed cities but it was very poor. He returns to spain. Spanish exploration of Texas-effects: Extended their claim of Texas French settlement in Texas-effects on Spanish: Spanish are angry send militia to were the French were supposed to be in Texas. Spains fear about Texas: Spanish believed that Texas was useless, but they were afraid that the French would take it away from them. As they did not want to lose Texas, they sent missions to explore the eastern coasts where the French were rumored to be. Chicken War: Gave Spanish a lesson, for the first time they realized that they needed more control over Texas. Missions-how financed: The church and the king. Missions-purpose: three main purposes. Convert Indians into Christianity(Catholicism), Teach them their costumes (becoming

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subjects of the king) and to extend their influence and hold territory for Spain. Decision-making powers in new Spain: The King of Spain had power over the governors in Spain and New Spain. Disease in Texas: No hospitals. No solution. Praying was the only thing believed to cure diseases.

Chapter 3 y Marques de Rubi-recommendations: All missions except San Antonio and La Bahia were not working so they had to be secularized. Apache had to be killed. He wanted all the missioners to concentrate in San Antonio. Neutral Ground Agreement: Agreement between American and Spanish commanders. Spanish were supposed to stay in the West of the Sabine River and the Americans to the East of Arroyo Hondo. Filibusters: Anglo American adventurers. Sort of mercenaries, acted on their own. Juan Bautista de las Casas: Took San Antonio and proclaimed himself governor of Texas. Jean Lafitte: He was a pirate and stayed in Galveston. He was wealthy, Smuggled Slaves Moses Austin: Received the first empresario grant in Texas. Plan de Iguala: Criollos and peninsulares were fighting each other, but finally agreed that they wanted pretty much the same so decided to unite and turn Mexico into a constitutional monarchy where them both would be benefitted, with this Spain has no choice and that was why it got its independence. Empresario: By contract, gets land in order to bring people. Can do pretty much everything except selling or renting the land. land pimp How does Spanish rule come to an end in Texas: Independence of Mexico, by the treaty of Cordoba. Spanish trade in Texas: By law, nobody could trade with Indians. Specially guns or objects that could be used against them. No Spanish could trade with a local, not even in Spain. There were no guarantees in Texas, so Spanish did not want to invest.

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Chapter 4 y y Augustine de Iturbide: First King, emperor, first and last of Mexico. Lasted about 3 months. Mexican constitution of 1824: Sets up a legislation whcich was far away this created problems (about 500 miles) from Texas to capital. Coahuila had 11 representatives and Texas had 1.

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Martin de Leon: An empresario. He was the only empresario who was a Mexican citizen. Freedonian Rebellion: Hayden Edwards Benjamin Lundy: Attempted to free blacksby getting a land grant, but could not. Manuel Mier y Teran-recommendations: He basically recommended that more troops should be sent to Texas, stop Americans from immigrating aswell as new slaves and do not let them set up their own govt. There was uncertainty (3 presidents in 1 year), so his recommendations took a while, but finally were taken into account. Why did Anglos come to Texas: Mainly cheap and free land. 1820s. Population growth in Texas: Was mainly due to the Anglos, by reproduction and immigration. Terans recommendations-why not implemented: There was a bad govt so it took a long while Law of April, 6 1830- Basically wanted to keep Anglos out of Texas by raising Taxes for them, not permitting entrance of slaves and immigration from the United States was considered illegal. Judges now made people join the Army and later leave Mexico instead of going to jail, Mexican jails were very bad so people did that and the army got plenty of soldiers this way.

Chapter 5 y Juan Davis Bradburn: Mexican comandante at Trinity Bay (Amowak). Illegal immigrant. Gave asylum to slaves that escaped, also taught them how to use guns and sent them to war. He was a centralist. Battle of Verdasco: John Austin defeated Cnel. Domingo de Ugantechea. 10 Texans died, 5 Mexicans. Santa Anna comes to power: leads a rebellion against Bustamante, Texans on turtle bayou assert their loyalty to the constitution and to Santa Anna He was elected president in January 1833, he refused office and designated Valentin Gomez Farias, the vice president, to act as president. 1822-55 problems in Coahuila y Tejas: Texas was not considered important enough to be a state, so it unified and formed Coahuila y Tejas. With this, there were lots of problems because of land corruption. Committees of correspondence: Kept people in touch of developments in the American Revolution. (Massachusetts)

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Stephen F. Austins meeting with Santa Anna: Santa Anna agreed on every request of Austin except on the separation of Tejas with Coahuila William Barret Travis: Young attorney that began to annoy Bradburn with letters of a force coming to recover the slaves, this caused his arrest which in turn caused an open rebellion. Slavery in Texas: Slaves made up 10% of TXs population at first slave trade was forbidden and those slaves born there were to be freed at age 14, later on slave trade was permitted but now any slave born in TX was automatically free, then they tried to abolish slavery and couldnt so later they decided to prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Texas (COMPLICATED). Had an effect on the Texas revolution but its complicted Who opposed the Texas revolution: Mainly wealthy landowners, people with financial ties to Mexico and long time residents. (old 300) Most of them simply preferred status quo. Basic underlying cause of the Texas Revolution: Bad Government, and desire from freedom

Lecture: y y Tejas-origins of the world: Comes from the Spanish pronunciation of the Caddo Indian word Tejas. It means friend or welcome. Geographic regions of Texas: Mountains and Basin, Great Plains, North central Plains, Coastal plains (Shorter River of Texas: San Jacinto. First Island to be attempted to colonize La Conquistadora.) How did the first people come to Texas: Across the land bridge (Beringia). Flintknappers: Spear masters in the beginnings of Texas. First craftsmen in Texas. Caddi Ayo: God of the Caddo Indians means "Sky Chief" or "Chief Above" In-law taboos: Karankawa. Father/mother in law lost all power of daughter when she got married and couldnt even stare at the husband. Counting coup: Indians gained prestige by touching their opponents during wartime. (Countes how many times they touched) Spanish claims to New World-based on: Columbus arrival to Hispaniola Tenochitlan: Mexico City. Cortez conquered it. Peninsulares: 100% Spanish, born in Spain. Seven cities of Cibola: Supposed cities of gold and many resources. Indians told Cabeza de Vaca, he told the Spanish and they sent Vazquez to look for them. First European settlement in Texas: Corpus christi de la Isletta

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Pere Marquette: French father who went on a an expedition to the gulf of Mexico and returned because of the fear of encountering Spanish explorers. Rene Robert, sieur de la Salle: Canadian born French that explores the Mississippi, goes back to france to ask permission to set up a fort, comes back with 3 ships and sets up Ft. Saint Louis to star trading. He was no successful. Provokes the Spanish. Gets killed by his own men. First European baby born in Texas: Head was smashed by karankawa. Marques de leon: He and Father Massanet traveled looking for the French since rumours from someone that escaped from the chiken war said that the French had invaded Texas Jean Jarry: was a deserter from the La Salle expedition (1685) who took residence among the Coahuiltecan Indians in what is now Kinney County, Texas, and held sway over them as their ruler. Domingo Teran de los Rios: First Spanish administrator in Texas Father Francisco Hidalgo: Wited near Rio Grande for an opportunity to go east. Finally went and asked the French-cadillac- for help in missions. They used it as a chance to trade. Both of them were called to declare in Mexico City Louis Juchereau de Saint-Denis: Canadian born, traveled the Mississippis in 1793. He marries the doughter of an important Spanish and after that he is accepted by them Father Damien Massenet: Was asked to travel to East Texas to reopen the missions with Marques de Leon. He was doing good but later decided he had to leave the East Los Adaes: Capital of the newly created province of Texas Mexico-origins of the name: Comes from (Mexcics) Cortez named it. Encomienda: In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to instruct the natives in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith. In return, they could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens. Most successful Spanish mission in Texas: San Antonio First Anglo Settlement in Texas: Brazoria County Jared Groce: Came from Alabama. One of the first and wealthiest to come, had about 90 slaves. Hayden Edwards: Bad empresario.- Freedorian republic/Rebellion. Treaty of San Lorenzo: Grants Americans access to the Mississippi. Awarded by Spain James Long: Merchant of Natchez, married to the niece of Gen. Wilkinson, under his leadership, a force set out to Nacogdoches, they

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established a civil Govt, adopted a declaration of independence, and invited immigrants to join them. Later a Mexican Soldier shot and killed him. Imperial colonization law of 1823: Austin was the only benefited. Constitution of 1824-who supported? In Texas, the Anglos; in Mexico, the Federalists.