Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 1
ABSTRACT
India is widely known in the world for its agricultural activities. Farming is one of the important commercial businesses. Still in our country enough importance is not given to the improvements in the agricultural field. The traditional methods of farming are not able to satisfy all the need of the farmers effectively. The current growth in the agriculture sector is not very satisfactory as compared to other sectors. The farmers are much dependant on bullocks or tractors and are unable to bear up with its increasing cost. Hence we can see large number of suicide cases of farmers now days. Thus there is need to mechanize this sector with the least possible cost. This project attempts to introduce a modern technology that can be proved to be effective in seed sowing operation. It is observed that the conventional method requires bullock and skilled operator during peak season for sowing the seed in the right quantity at right distance. Thus, the necessity of skilled operator increases the overall cost of this operation. Hence we are developing a Low Cost Manually Operated Seed and Fertilizer Drill for Sorghum ; as in the Belgaum district Rabi Sorghum is taken on the large scale. Sowing, planting and transplanting are basic and one of the most important farming operations. The placement of seed and fertilizer at proper depth in the soil and placement of fertilizer is very important as far as germination of seed is concerned. Here fertilizer should not be placed over the seed to avoid chemical injury to the seed which affects its germination. It is also essential to keep
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Sorghum cultivation in India
Sorghum is the most important crop in Karnataka occupying the highest area of 55 lakh hectares with 36 per cent of the total cropped area under cultivation. Sorghum is grown both in Kharif and Rabi seasons. There is more area in Rabi season (about 32 lakh hectares than in Kharif about 23 lakh hectares). Sorghum popularly known as Sorghum is the most important food and fodder crop of dry land agriculture. In India, sorghum is eaten by human either by breaking the grain and cooking it in the same way as rice or by grinding it into flour and preparing Bhakaries. Generally the colour of Sorghum grains is pearly white and very attractive Bhakari (Bread) prepared from Sorghum grains is very tasty and relished by rural people, particularly by the farming community. It is good for health also. Sorghum fodder is also nutritious and commonly fed to farm and dairy animals. This grain is also fed to cattle, poultry and swine. Sorghum grain contains about 10-12 per cent protein, 3 per cent fat and 70 per cent carbohydrates; therefore, it can satisfactorily replace other grains in the feeding programme for dairy cattle, poultry and swine. Its industrial use has tremendous scope. Cultivation of Sorghum is
2.2 Season
Sorghum can be grown under a wide range of climatic conditions although ideally it requires warm climate. It is grown from sea level to as high as 1500 meters. Sorghum plants can tolerate high temperatures throughout their life cycle better than any other cereal crop. It can tolerate drought conditions very well because it remains dormant during moisture stress conditions but resumes growth when favorable conditions reappear. It has a low transpiration ratio and a large number of fibrous roots. It can also tolerate waterlogging conditions better than any other cereal except rice. Therefore, sorghum can be grown successfully in areas having an average annual rainfall between 600 and 1000 mm. It is grown as a kharif crop in northern India. In western and southern parts of the country it is grown as a rabbi crop. The minimum temperature for the germination of sorghum seeds is 7-10 Degree Celsius. It needs about 26-30 Degree Celsius temperature for its optimum growth. Sorghum is a short day plant. Flowering is hastened by short days and delayed by long days. The time of heading in sorghum is influenced by temperature as well as photo-period. Sorghum varieties vary in their sensitivity to both temperature and photo-period.
2.3 Soils
Department of Mechanical Engineering K.B.N. College Of Engineering, Gulbarga
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2.4 Cultivation
Sorghum seed should be drilled in a well prepared seedbed free from weeds. The first ploughing should be done with soil turning plough so that 20-25 centimeter deep soil may become loose. It should be followed by two to three harrowings or three to four inter-crossing ploughings with country plough. Thereafter planking should be done to break the clods and to level the field. In black cotton soil area, if the land is badly infected with weeds, ploughing followed by harrowings is usually practiced, but where land is free from weeds or with few weeds, the land is cultivated only with bakhar (blade harrow).The seed should be purchased from a reliable source. It is advisable to always use certified seed. If seed is not already treated, it should be treated with chemicals like Thiram or Agro-san G. N. at the rate of 3 gm per kg seed. In case of hybrids, new hybrid seeds should be used every year.
2.5 Sowing
8-16 kg seed per hectare is considered sufficient to ensure a good stand. There should be 1, 11,000 plants per hectare to attain maximum yield. The seed should be sown in rows 45 centimeter apart. Plant to plant distance should be 20 centimeter. Seed should be sown at a depth of 3-4 centimeters. It should not be sown more than 5 centimeters deep in any case. In Northern India sorghum is sown either by broadcasting or in rows behind the plough. Seeds of new hybrids and varieties should always be sown in lines for obtaining higher yield. Sowing in rows is common in black cotton soil. In northern India sorghum is sown only in Kharif season. In irrigated areas, first week of July has been found most suitable for sowing of most hybrids, and improved varieties. Under un-irrigated conditions, sowing should be done preferably within one week of the onset of first monsoon showers. Timely planted crop escapes the damages due to shoot fly and midge. Late planting may not fit well in multiple rotations.Rabi sowing is done mainly in Maharashtra,
2.7 Thinning
In sorghum cultivation, thinning is very important operation for maintaining desired plant populations. 12-15 centimeter plantto-plant spacing in a row by thinning out extra plants at two stages should be ensured. First, thinning should be done 10-15 days after emergence and second, when crop is 20-25 days old. All disease and insect infested plants should be removed while thinning.
STATE
AREA (M.HECTS)
% OF TOTAL AREA
PRODUCTION (M.TONNES)
% OF TOTAL PRODUCTION
2 0.76 0.28
3 6.9 2.6
4 0.55 0.23
5 6.9 2.9
6 727 806
12 1.7 5.2
KARNATAKA 1.9
MADHYA PRADESH 0.9
17.3
8.2
1.63
0.75
20.4
9.4
855
833
7.3
0.1
MAHARASHTRA
RAJASTHAN
5.5
0.56
50.1
5.1
3.78
0.27
47.4
3.4
687
476
7.8
0.2
TAMIL NADU
UTTAR PRADESH OTHERS ALL-INDIA
0.53
0.38 0.17 10.98
Department of Mechanical Engineering 4.8 0.39 4.9 732 K.B.N. College Of Engineering, Gulbarga
3.5 1.5 100 0.34 0.04 7.98 4.3 0.5 100 882 , 727
10.2
0.9 . 7.0
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CHAPTER 3
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Fig. No. 3
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CHAPTER 4
4.1.2Wheel
Most grain drills are equipped with rubber tubeless tyred wheels. These wheels are placed on the main axle of the drill. When smaller rubber tyred wheels are used on this equipment, they are placed on stub jackshaft to elevate the drill to its regular height, so that the same drawbars and pressure rods and springs
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4.1.3Bucket
Bucket holds the seed and fertilizer. It is having two compartments4.1.3.1 Seed Compartment It should have a large capacity. A tight fitting lid should be provided to keep out rain. It is having a capacity of 4 Kg. 4.1.3.2 Fertilizer Compartment It is having a capacity of 7 Kg. It is provided with stirrer for agitation or loosening of the fertilizer. The power is given to the stirrer through bevel gear mechanism from the driving wheels of the machine.
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Formation of track rows & their marking via an hydrauliccontrolled marker Seeding amount control upon work ride performance Additional fertilizing control and monitoring Control of all the machines hydraulic functions Semi-automatic control of the hydraulic functions normally applied when in operation (marker control, machine lifting)
The Electronic system offers maximum comfort for operators along with high operating performance (shorter time required for turning at the headlands, etc.)
4.2.2 Electronic system monitors the following Department of Mechanical Engineering K.B.N. College Of Engineering, Gulbarga
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Fan speed Seeds passing through seed tubes Number of hectares actually worked Seed level in the hopper
Fig no 4.2.2
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Seeding straight into uncultivated soil Seeding into shallow loosened soil Seeding into deeply loosened soil Seeding into ploughed land
Direct sowing
While in the operating position the machine moves along the rollers - even when the stiffening of the soil across the entire
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Land stiffening - soil gets stiffened appropriately - compacted, optimal conditions created for soil water capillary rise towards the seed, disintegration of clods due to resilient deformation of special rubber segments when rolling aside. Rollers do not get clogged with wet soil - the special rubber segments are self-cleaning so no soil clogging occurs when the ground is sticky. Seedbed - soil stiffened by thee front roller gets cut with seed share, the seed is embedded on the solid bed and then covered by loose soil, a harrow levels the surface while fine soil gets to the seed with clods remaining on the soil surface, the rear roller flattens the surface with soil the remaining porous. Soil cultivation while sowing - the soil gets cultivated within the depth of drilling, weed killing Perfect soil surface leveling - with the machine in operation a perfect plane is created, minor unevenness are leveled without affecting the accuracy of the drilling depth. This is very important for instance when sowing Soya that requires absolutely flat land. Clod breaking and major leveling - the front skid levels larger troughs, and together with the front roller breaks the clods properly. Sowing shares then operate at an exact depth with the seed embedded on the seedbed created. The excellent is therefore capable of carrying out high quality sowing even in poorly cultivated land.
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Arbitrary depth of presowing soil loosening - The excellent is capable of operating in shallow loosened soils as well as in deeply loosened or ploughed land with no land packing required. Seedbeds can always be made complete with precise depths of drilling. Soil conditions may alter even with the same piece of land, the depth of drilling precisely controlled. Application within all technologies - general purpose machine designed for companies using various land cultivation technologies. Accurate guide of the shares - sowing shares are guided firmly within a precise depth, no oscillation occurs. Ideal when seeding at small depth (1 - 2 cm). Sowing of all kinds of crops - sowing of cereals, legumes, oil bearing crops, clovers, grasses, corn (broadways or in rows 75 cm no accurate sowing is involved). Depth of drilling 0 - 10 cm. High lifetime of shares - shares made of hardened boron steel of high quality, additional fertilizing shares fitted with sintered carbide tips. Low energy demand - very low relative energy demand compared to the number of operations the machine is able to carry out. Wide range of operating speed (8 - 15 k.m.p.h.) - the machine operates trouble-free from 8 kmph. which guarantees low energy consumption with the possibility of adapting operating speed to land conditions. Variation in seeding shares - you can opt between wide (allarea cultivation) or narrow shares (row cultivation).
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Additional fertilizing available - use the additional fertilizing system to apply liquid fertilizer to so called under bottom in the course of seeding
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4.3.2 Wheels
Most grain drills are equipped with rubber tubeless tyred wheels. These wheels are placed on the main axle of the drill. When smaller rubber tired wheels are used on this equipment, they are placed on stub jackshaft to elevate the drill to its regular height, so that the same drawbars and pressure rods and springs can be used with either type of wheels. The implement tire size for grain drills is usually 6.715. The operators manual should be studied to determine if a correction factor should be used in setting the seedling rate.
4.3.3 Bucket
Bucket holds the seed and fertilizer. It is having two compartments4. 3.3.1 Seed CompartmentIt should have a large capacity. A tight fitting lid should be provided to keep out rain. It is having a capacity of 4 Kg.
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4.3.9 Motor
The main function of motor is to produce power using battery and to transfer its own power to chain through gear And which has rating power is 60RPM. Runs on 12 volt battery .
4.3.10 Battery
The main function battery is to supply power to the motor .And capacity of battery is 12volt.
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5.1 Hopper
The hopper contains seed and fertilizer. The metering unit is attached to the hopper. There may be individual hopper for seed and fertilizer or a common hopper may have compartments for seed and fertilizer. In same planters individual seed and fertilizer hoppers are provided for each row.
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CHAPTER 7
DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
7.1 Design of Indexing Plate
Diameter of the wheel = 508 mm Circumference of the wheel = D = 1600 mm. i.e.; in 1 complete revolution linear distance covered by the machine will be 1600 mm.
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dmp= (ID+OD)/2
rmp= 19.5 mm
Hence,
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But, dp =mZp 50.31 = m20 m= 2.5 mm. Module of Gear = 2.5 mm. Lewis form factor y considering 20 full depth involute tooth system. yp= [0.484-(2.87/Zp)] = [0.484-(2.87/28.28)] yp = 0.3825 Since gear pairs are made of same material hence pinion is weaker than gear. So our design is based on pinion.
We have Lewis Beam Strength Equation as Sb= mbbyp0.67 =2.51686.670.38250.67 Sb= 883.9 N Now, Sw= (bQdpK0.75/ cosp) = (16150.31K0.75/cos 45) But K for C.I gear pair is taken as
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Sb= 261.67F.S 883.9= 261.67F.S F.S= 3.37 Since desired Factor of Safety (F.S) is greater than assumed one, Hence our design is safe
120 mm 300 mm
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Pr Pa 19.5 mm Ra1 A C 120 mm 300 mm Ra2 C 4291.2 N-mm D 3241.8 N-mm Rb2 B
Fig. no 7.4 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM Taking moment about A, Pr120= Pa19.5 + Rb2300 53.78120=3.7819.5 + Rb2300 Rb2 = 18.01 N Now, taking summation of all vertical components equal to zero. Pr = Ra2 + Rb2 53.78 = Ra2 +18.01 Ra2 =
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A 120 mm
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Me = Square root of (50780 + 15475.2) Me = 53085.69 Nmm Hence, Equivalent Bending Moment = 53085.69 N-mm.
Now, Equivalent torque is given by Te = Square root of (M + T) = Square root of (53085.69 + 50780) Te = 73462.27 N-mm Hence, Equivalent torque = 73462.27 N-mm But, Te = (Fsd)/16 Where, Fs = Maximum Permissible Shear Stress & d = Diameter of the shaft For the shaft without keyway allowance, the Maximum Permissible Shear Stress is Te = (Fsd)/16 = (56d)/16 = 73462.27 N.mm 56 N/mm.
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Approximately Total wt. = 35kg Required rpm= 30 2 NT P= 60 2 x 30 x (35 x 9.81) P= 60 x 1000 P = 1.0786 kW P = 1.446 hp. P1 = P2 1.0786 = P2 1440 N2 30 = T2 N1 = T2 35 x 9.81 T1 . (1KW=1.34HP)
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d = 1.1688 mm
------ = ------
P2 = 0.616 Watt
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CHAPTER 8 CALCULATION
Say, No. of rows in the machine = N; Desired row spacing = W cm; Desired seed/fertilizer rate = R kg/ha; Diameter of ground drive wheel = D cm; Weight of seed/fertilizer for 50 revolutions of ground drive wheel = w g ; Working width of the machine = (N W)/100 m; Distance moved for one revolution of the ground drive wheel = D cm; Distance traveled for 50 revolutions of the round drive wheel = (50 D)/100m; Area covered for 50 revolutions of the ground drive wheel of the machine (100 100) m^2; Desired seed rate = (R 1000)/10000 g/m^2; Amount of seed that should drop in the field for 50 revolutions of the ground drive wheel = (A R 1000)/10000 g; Now, (50 N W R)/100000 = (D N W R)/2000. = (50 D N W)/
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CHAPTER 9
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CHAPTER 10
AREA
2.5 Acres
4 Acres
1.5 Acres
5 Kg
5 Kg
2Kg
105 Kg
105 Kg
64 Kg
Rs 260
Rs 500
Rs 73
Table No. 10
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CHAPTER 12
Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Subassembl y Main frame Fixed Plate Stirrer shaft with pin Furrow opener Seed tubes Bush bearing Gripper Indexing plate Bevel gear Name of part --1.Shaft 2. Pins -----1.Gear Pair 2.Pinion Shaft 10 Wheel 1. Rim 2. Tubeless 11 Stand Tires -300 & 4 12 13 Chain Motor -Shaft, bearing, 14 Battery 460 270 & 5 53 ------C.I. M.S. 1 2 250 1800 --------M.S. 1 200 -Drg No07 508 M.S. Rubber 2 2 915 Milling Dimensio n (mm) 300350 25302 20 40 32040 30 SKF 6205 19 220 Drg No06 M.S. 1 400 Material s M.S. M.S. M.S. M.S. C.I. Plastic Brass Rubber Bakelite C.I. 8 Kg 1 1 5 1 2 2 2 1 1 500 5435 Qty Cost Rs. Manufacturin g methods Welding Casting Turning -Welding -Turning -Std component Milling/ hobbing Turning
Department of Mechanical Engineering -------23040 Plastic 2 1500 K.B.N. College Of Engineering, Gulbarga
TOTAL
11000/-
13.2 disadvantage:
Area covered by this machine is less than tractor method It is used only for small sectors.
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CHAPTER 13
more even than the first, thereby increasing the yield. As far as ergonomic considerations are concerned, the bar of handle of the machine can be made to slide in a slot as per the height of the operator. Also an acre meter can be placed on the top of handle so that area coverage can be known. Solar plate: - Here using sun light we can run seed sowing machine, which consists of solar plate, semiconductor row
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CHAPTER 15
CONCLUSION
Easily driven by a single person with a motor power . There is hardly any problem of manpower in rural areas where the average size of the family is large. Thus, if 2 to 3 people are employed for the sowing operations, the area coverage can be increased. As far as most of the farmers requirements are considered, this seed and fertilizer drill is able to satisfy most of them effectively during the peak season. The low cost of the machine as well as its ability to carry out sowing & fertilizing simultaneously, is certainly a boon to the farmers thereby saving much of their time. It results in almost 60 % saving in operational cost and 15% saving in seed requirements. If the machine is commercially exploited, it can be proved to be beneficial to poor farmers. The economy is the most highlighting feature of this machine as it does not require any electric power & is independent of tractor or bullocks which are unaffordable to poor farmers. Farmers face the problem of non-availability of bullocks as well as tractors during the peak period of sowing. Hence, they are tempted to hire them at an increased cost. By making use of automatic operated seed cum fertilizer drill, the yield loss can be substantially decreased.
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CHAPTER 16
REFERENCES
Agricultural Machines by N.I.Klenin, I.F.Popov, V.A.Sakun; Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi. Design of Machine Elements by V.B. Bhandari ;Tata McGraw Hill Publication New Delhi Farm Machines and Equipments by C.P.Nakra; Dhanapat Rai Publication Pvt Ltd. Farm Implements by H.J.Hopfen; Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd.New Delhi. 5) Farm Machinery And Equipments by Harris Smith, Lambert Wilkes; Tata McGraw Hill Publication .New Delhi Machine Design-3 by R.B. Patil; Technical Prakashan, Pune Modern Farm Power by William. J .Promersberger & Donald.W.Priebe; Third Edition
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