Shallow Lakes 2002

Shallow Lakes 2002 International Conference on Limnology of Shallow Lakes
Shallow Lakes 2002

International Conference on Limnology of Shallow Lakes
Balatonfred, Hungary
25 30 May 2002 Organisers: Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary and Department of Limnology, University of Veszprm, Veszprm, Hungary Scientific Committee: Chair: Sndor Herodek (Hungary) Members: Pter Br (Hungary) Ellen van Donk (The Netherlands) Alois Herzig (Austria) Anna Hillbricht-Ilkowska (Poland) Vera Istvnovics (Hungary) Erik Jeppesen (Denmark) Stephen Maberly (UK) Luigi Naselli-Flores (Italy) Judit Padisk (Hungary) Organising Committee: Chair: Judit Padisk (Hungary) Members: Lszl G. Tth (Hungary) Istvn Ttrai (Hungary) Lajos Vrs (Hungary)
Shallow Lakes 2002

International Conference on Limnology of Shallow Lakes
Balatonfred, Hungary
25 30 May 2002
ABSTRACTS
Veszprm University Press Vp., 2002
Edited by Judit Padisk
ISBN 963 9220 93 0
Published by Veszprm University Press 10 Egyetem str., P.O. Box 158, Veszprm H-8200 Hungary Phone/Fax: +36-88-422-022/4133 Email: kiado@almos.vein.hu Homepage: http://www.vein.hu/kiado Chief Publisher: Tiborn Egyhzy dr. Executive Publisher: Mikls Golarits Technical Executive: Lszl Szab Technical Number: VE 22/2002.
Abstracts
International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary
25-30 May 2002
Contribution of green algae to the periphyton of Phragmites australis in a turbid shallow lake
Reyhan Akcaalan, Meric Albay
Istanbul University, Fisheries Faculty
The seasonal colonization of green algae (Chlorophyta) in the periphyton of Phragmites australis (common reed) was investigated from June 1997 to February 1999. Samples were taken monthly intervals in four stations, where exposed to various anthropogenic impacts, in the l ttoral region of the lake. Epiphytic green algae was i mainly consisted of chlorococcal and filamentous species. Especially Scenedesmus spp., Pediastrum spp., Monoraphidium spp., Cosmarium spp., Oedogonium sp., Cladophora sp. and Mougeotia sp. were found frequently in the periphyton of reed stems, but vertical distribution of their biomass changed considerably. During the study, chlorophytes was co-dominant group at four sites. However, a great competition was observed between the chlorophytes and diatoms occasionally. The green algal biomass differentiated among the stations. Environmental factors, light, wave action, flushing rates and some anthropogenic impacts had a great effects on seasonal distribution of green algae.
25-30 May 2002
Comparative study of periphyton colonization on common reed (Phragmites australis) and artificial substrate in a shallow lake, Manyas, Turkey
Meric Albay, Reyhan Akcaalan
Istanbul University, Fisheries Faculty
The density, biomass diversity and equitability of the epiphytic algae were investigated on common reed ( Phragmites australis) and artificial substrate in the shallow lake, Manyas (Bird paradise), western Turkey. Slides were used as substrates and positioned near the reed stands. Epiphytic algal assemblages and chlorophyll-a showed clear difference between two host vertically. Diatoms and chlorophytes were the dominant groups on both substrates. Biovolumes of the filamentous, adnate and prostrate-erect type diatoms and filamentous and chlorococcal chlorophytes were found considerably high during the study period. To understand the effect of light on the colonization of periphyton on common reed and artificial substrates every 25 cm, from bottom to surface, 60 slides were placed on a stainless steel rod. Three slides and three reed samples were taken for epiphytic algae and chlorophyll-a analysis. As it was observed at the surface, important differences on the amount of chlorophyll-a and epiphytic algae colonization were observed from bottom to surface. Since periphyton communities are accepted an ecologically important source, some physico-chemical parameters were also measured and it was observed that these factors influenced the epiphytic algal composition, abundance and their colonizatio n on both substrates.
25-30 May 2002
Seasonal and spatial heterogeneity in the plankton communities of two saline water bodies from La Mancha (Central Spain)
Xavier Armengol, Isabel Garca-Ferrer, Maria A. Rodrigo, A. Camacho, M. J. Dasi, E. Vicente, M. R. Miracle
Departamento de Microbiologa y Ecologa / ICBIBE. Universitat de Valencia
Laguna de Manjavacas (Mota del Cuervo, Cuenca) and Laguna del Pueblo (Pedro Muoz, Ciudad Real) are two shallow lakes, only six kilometers away, and located in the endorreic area of La Mancha (Central Spain). Both are saline and eutrophic water bodies receiving wastewaters from the above mentioned populations, but they present noteworthy differences in salinity, trophic degree and water permanence. At the time of our study Laguna de Manjavacas was hiperhaline, eutrophic and dried in summer while Laguna del Pueblo was hipohaline, hipereutrophic and with permanent waters. Different stations were selected in both lakes that were sampled seasonally. High heterogeneity has been observed in time and space for the same lake, and important differences in the plankton communities (e. g. species composition, density) between the lakes. In Laguna de Manjavacas, zooplankton was dominated by the ciliate Fabrea salina; the rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Epiphanes macruros; and the crustaceans Arctodiaptomus salinus and Daphnia magna. In Laguna del Pueblo zooplankton was dominated by the rotifers Brachionus plicatilis, Brachionus rotundiformis, and Hexarthra oxyuris; and the crustaceans Arctodiaptomus wierzejskii and Daphnia magna. Phytoplankton was quite homogenous in Laguna de Manjavacas being dominated by small Chlorophytes, while in Laguna del Pueblo the phytoplankton was more heterogeneous.
25-30 May 2002
Growth and development of damselfly larvae in a sodic pond in Hungary

Erika Brdosi*, Nomi Szllassy*, Zoltn Mller*, Bla Kiss**, Sndor Nagy*, Gyrgy Dvai*
*University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology and Hydrobiology, Debrecen, Hungary **Ecological Co-ordination Office, Ministry of Environment, Debrecen, Hungary
The growth and changes in density and biomass of damselfly larvae were studied with regular quantitative sampling carried out in Bolboschoenus maritimus stands in a sodic (alkaline) pond called Kelemen-szk in central Hungary in two consecutive years. The shallow sodic pond with a maximum depth of 1 m is a habitat of rapid and sudden changes, often dries out at the end of the summer, but in periods of plenty precipitation it can be covered with water throughout the year. Larvae of Ischnura elegans were predominant in 2000, while those of Lestes spp., Enallagma cyathigerum and I. pumilio gave only 20 % of all collected larvae. Since the pond dried out at the end of the summer, species with overwintering larvae (namely I. elegans, I. pumilio, E. cyathigerum) could not survive and they nearly completely disappeared from the damselfly community in the next year. The rapid change in water cover favoured species of other life-cycle forms, which are able to complete larval development within the shortest time (one or one and a half month) and to survive the drying out in the form of resistant eggs. According to this Lestes barbarus and L. macrostigma larvae prevailed in 2001, indicating a shift in the structure of the damselfly assemblages: synchronous species succeeded the asynchronous ones. Not only the dominancy relations changed in the course of a year, but there was also significant difference in the density of the larvae, which showed a marked decrease in the second year. Our preliminary, short term investigations suggest that unregularly changing water cover should have a major effect on the structure and dynamics o damselfly f assemblages.
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25-30 May 2002
The roles of water level fluctuations and nutrients in determining macrophyte dominated state of Turkish shallow lakes: Lake Mogan a case study
Meryem Beklioglu, Can O. Tan
Middle East Technical University, Biology Department
Lake Mogan is a large shallow lake (surface area: 550 ha, Z max: 3.9 m; Z mean: 1.99 m). During the period of 19982001, the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a increased significantly (8714 and 18.12.1 mg l-1 , respectively) compared to the concentrations recorded in 1997 (7310 and 91.1 mg l-1 , respectively). However, the Secchi depth transparency remained high that in turn may have maintained the high coverage of submerged plants. Even though there was sign of deteriorations, the submerged plants persisted that can be attributed to 38 cm drop in the mean water level. Lake Mogan previously also had a shift from turbid water to macrophyte dominated clear water 30 years ago through the implementation of the flood control which led to 47 cm drop in the mean water level and 47 folds decrease in the amplitude of the water level fluctuations. This shift took place regardless of any significant change in the concentrations of nutrients. The shift to the submerged plant dominated clear water state increased the conservation value of Lake Mogan that 180 waterfowl species were recorded and were dominated by coot and diving duck. Consequently, the lake qualifies as an Important Bird Area (IBA). Beyehir, Marmara and Uluabat Lakes also provided evidence for the structuring role of the water level draw down through which lakes shifted to exclusively submerged plant dominated clear water state. In these lakes, 0.5 to 2 m drop in the spring water level due to sporadic drought, and decrease in the amplitudes of the water level fluctuations appeared to be the main reason behind the shift since the sparse vegetation state was recorded at low availability of phosphorus. Through the shift to the submerged plant dominated state, ecological and conservation value of these lakes increased especially due to 1015 folds increase in the waterfowl density that all the lakes qualify as IBAs and A class wetlands and Lake Uluabat has also been designated as a RAMSAR site since 1998. In sum, water level changes appear to play a structuring role in the ecology of Turkish shallow lakes.
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25-30 May 2002
Five methods to determine the fish population in lakes evaluated by a complete drawdown
Sren Berg*, Erik Jeppesen**, Torben Lauridsen**, Jens Peter Mller***, Helle Jerl Jensen***, Niels Jepsen*, Christian Skov*
*Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Silkeborg, Denmark **National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Lake and Eustarine Ecology, Silkeborg, Denmark ***Fish Ecology Laboratory Consultancy, Helsingr, Denmark
When investigating the role of fish in lake ecosystems, it is essential to be able to measure the number and biomass of the fish population. For this purpose a number of methods is available. It is generally known that one must be very careful when choosing which method to use, depending on species, the size of the fish, etc. In this experiment we compared old and new methods with the true answer. Lake Hanebjerg on the Gisselfeld Estate is a 2.15 ha drainable carp pond established ca. 300 years ago by damming up a small stream. It has a mean depth of 1.5 m and a max. depth of ca. 4 m at the dam. Due to high nutrient contents the water is very turbid, with a mean summer Secchi depth < 0.5 m. For the last 2030 years the pond has been used for extensive carp (Cyprinus carpio) production; ca. 200 0.5 kg carp are stocked and lives in the pond for 78 years. After this period the pond is partly drained and the carp are harvested and new carp are stocked. In 2000 carp stocked in 1993 was ready for harvest. Besides the carp stocked, the pond has for many years contained a population of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis). In 1997 0+ pike were stocked with the objective to predate the roach and perch. During previous harvest events no attempt was made to remove other fish than the carp. In spring 2000 ca. 40 mature bream were stocked to include this species in the experiment. In September and October 2000 five methods were used to determine the number and biomass of fish: mark-recapture, PASE electrofishing, multi-mesh gill-nets, hoop-net, and 25 m2 dropnet. After the assessments of the fish population by the five methods, the lake was drained and all fish were counted and weighed. The drawdown revealed a fish population comprising the species roach, perch, pike (Esox lucius), carp, eel (Anguilla anguilla), bream (Abramis brama) and tench (Tinca tinca), the latter three in very low -2 number. As expected from the turbid state fish density was high, 8.3 fish/62 g m . Roach was the dominating species (89 % by number, 46 % by weight) followed by perch and pike. 149 large (4071 cm) carp from the 1993-stocking constituted 35 % of the biomass. All five methods turned out to be able to assess some, but not all, parts of the fish community with varied accuracy. None of the methods were able to detect the presence of carp.
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25-30 May 2002
Habitat choice of piscivorous perch, investigated by radio telemetry

Sren Berg, Lene Jacobsen, Mads Brobjerg, Niels Jepsen, Christian Skov
Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Department of Inland Fisheries, Silkeborg, Denmark
The importance of perch (Perca fluviatilis) as a predator in temperate European lake ecosystems, controlling the density of planktivorous fish, is, in general, considered to be high in lakes with clear water and reduced under turbid conditions. A better knowledge and understanding of the behavior of perch may improve our understanding of the two al ernative, and sometimes stable states of lakes with t intermediate nutrient levels, and shifts between them. In this experiment the habitat choice and behavior of piscivorous perch were investigated by radio telemetry in the eutrophic 22 ha Lake Ring. Although eutrophic, the lake has a high water transparency. In June 1997 radio transmitters (cylindrical, 1 cm in diameter, 3 cm long, weight 7 g, battery life > 200 days) were inserted in the body cavity of 11 large perch (2737 cm, 341847 g). During 14 months habitat choice and activity patterns of the perch were monitored by tracking each perch every three hours in 24-hour periods twice a month (once a month during winter). Habitat choice was analysed in relation to prey fish density and physical characteristics of the lake. Jacobsen et. al (2002) reported diel as well as annual variation in activity of these perch. Corresponding with this, choice of habitat was found to differ between individuals and time of day. In general the perch avoided areas with low water depth and vegetated areas except at night when inactive perch often rested in the vegetation (e.g. in reed belts) close to the shoreline. Diet analysis of unmarked perch caught during the 24hour tracking periods showed fish dominance in the period August to January. Possible ecological and behavioral effects of the observed habitat choice are discussed.
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25-30 May 2002
Spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton in a shallow subtropical oligotrophic reservoir, Brazil
Maria Roslia Marques Lopes*, Carlos E. de M. Bicudo**
*Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil. **Instituto de Botnica, So Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Locally called Astronomic and Geophysics Institute pond, system is a small, oligotrophic, shallow, urban reservoir located in the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga Biological Reserve, south of municipality of So Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Study was carried out in two phases to cover the two climatic periods (dry and rainy) that characterize the area. Samples were collected daily, during seven consecutive days (dry = 2026/August/1996; rainy = 2228/January/1997), three times a day (07:00, 13:00, and 19:00 hr), following the water column vertical profile at reservoirs deepest site (Zmax = 4.7 m). Phytoplankton community structure diurnal variation was compared with the environmental variables (thermal structure of the water column, pH, CO2 , dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, and NH4 ). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant variations among sampling hours and days but not among depths for most species, revealing a tendency towards a homogeneous vertical distribution of phytoplankton in the reservoir. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed strong relationship between distribution of phytoplankton species and environmental variables used for ordination. Water temperature was the environmental variable that best explained distribution of samples units.
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25-30 May 2002
Periphytic algal community succession in two subtropical shallow reservoirs, Brazil: influence of trophic condition and climatic period
Ilka S. Vercellino, Denise de C. Bicudo
Instituto de Botnica, Ecology Section, So Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Study aimed at a comparative analysis of periphytic algal community structure considering different trophic conditions (oligotrophic and eutrophic) and climatic periods (dry and rainy seasons). Reservoirs are located in a Biological Reserve, an Atlantic Forest remnant inside an urbanized area in So Paulo city, southeastern Brazil. Succession time (27 days) and substrate (glass slides) were s tandardized. Sampling was carried out every 3 days. Physical and chemical water characteristics were associated with periphyton attributes (chlorophyll-a, accrual rates, classes density, species richness, dominance, equitability and diversity). Higher biomass (3 10 times) and richness (147 taxa) were found in the eutrophic reservoir. Dinophyceae correlated with oligotrophic conditions mainly during the dry period, and Euglenophyceae and Cryptophyceae with eutrophic conditions associated to ammonium, total phosphorus, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Community descriptors (most abundant species) were not always correlated with environment characteristics. CCA revealed 2 groups of species sensitive to trophic condition of reservoirs, and 4 groups when climatic periods were considered. Taxonomic classes and species structure were essentially conditioned by the kind of system, followed by the climatic period. Succession time had a lesser importance in the community structure variability. Finally, biological indices were not sensitive to changes neither due to trophic condition, nor succession time.
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25-30 May 2002
Diversity of fish-species assemblages distributed on the drainage area of Lake Balaton (Hungary)
Pter Br*, Andrs Speczir*, Katalin Keresztessy**
*Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany ** St. Istvn University, Dept. of Animal Husbandry, H-2103 Gdll
Northern and southern inflows of diversified hydrological characteristics around Lake Balaton appear as refugia for a number of fish species. This was observed during the intensive eutrophication and/or as a consequence of overstocking of alien species, e.g. eel. Inflowing rivulets presently mean the exclusive living places for a number of endangered and rare fish species (habitats, nursing and feeding areas). Except River Zala, these places functionally replaced the natural bays a marshy areas being nd dredged a long time ago. Przybylski et al. (1991) described first the occurrence and feeding of fish species inhabiting northern inflows. Keresztessy contributed to the knowledge of fish distribution (1993a, 1993b, 1996), Br (1997) and Speczir et al. (1997) studied the population dynamics and trophic relationships of fish assemblages in the littoral zone of L. Balaton. The ratio of most fish species between the outlet of Hviz-spa and L. Balaton has changed in the consequence of area modifications. In the Kis-Balaton Water Reservoir and its adjacent inflowing waters, the presence of 2027 fish species could be observed (Br & Paulovits, 1994). Particular studies on faunistics, ecology and population dynamics during the last years (19952000) proved the occurrence of 26 fish species in these water bodies in different densities. Most species are endangered due to intensified tourism, water quality deterioration, commercial and sport fisheries and habitat modifications. Independent of season, the majority of small sized, endangered and protected species occasionally immigrate into Lake Balaton from the variable biotops of inflowing rivulets and backwords. The majority of species belongs to phytophylic or phyto-lithophylic guilds, and is of periodic or steady-state strategist. According to recent inventory, the occurrence of five protected species has been registered. Ictalurus melas was found as a new species for the drainage area of Lake Balaton, being present in the Northern Lesence-brook and the Southern Malom-canal.
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25-30 May 2002
Multivariate analysis of rotifer communities in 35 Danish lakes studied during 7 years

R. Bjerring, J. P. Jensen, E. Jeppesen
National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, Denmark
Three groupings of rotifer species appeared when relating the rotifer community, sampled in 35 predominantly shallow lakes during 7 years, to nine environmental variables in a multivariate analysis (CCA). These variables all significantly contributed to the community structure and represented both biotic and abiotic variables (total phosphorous, mean depth, GALD and biomass of cyanophytes, cyclopoids, calanoids, Daphnia and small cladoceans). A small group of rotifer species separated most strongly with respect to low alkalinity. A larger group, mostly Brachionus species, distributed in relation to eutrophic conditions whereas the third, more species diverse group obtained biomass optimum in deeper or less eutrophic lakes. The nine variables were divided into one group of physio-chemical variables and three groups of aggregated functional biological variables (competitive zooplankton, feeding-related variables and predacious variables). Physio-chemical variables explained most of the rotifer community variation in a partial CCA analysis, with low-alkaline species excluded, followed by predacious variables, feeding related variables and competitive zooplankton.
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25-30 May 2002
Growth and photosynthesis of Chara aspera in relation to salinity and light

Irmgard Blindow*, Jana Dietrich**, Nils Mllmann**, Hendrik Schubert**
*Biological Station of Hiddensee, University of Greifswald, D 18565 Kloster, Hiddensee **Department of Botany / Plant ecology, University of Greifswald, Grimmer Str. 88, D - 17487 Greifswald
In outdoor experiments, growth and photosynthesis rate of Chara aspera originating from a shallow freshwater lake and a shallow brackish water bay in southern Sweden were compared at 4 different light intensities (100, 56, 14 and 7 % of surface light, respectively) and 4 different salinities (0, 5, 10 and 20 PSU, respectively). The optimum salinity conditions differed between the populations. Plants originating from freshwater had maximal photosynthesis rates and obtained maximal AFDW at 0 PSU, plants from brackish water at 510 PSU. For both populations, positive growth rates were recorded even at 7 % of surface light. During 7 and 14 % of surface light, plants became significantly longer compared to higher light intensities, but the mechanisms behind this length increase seem to differ among salinity conditions. At 0 PSU, there was no significant correlation between AFDW and total length indicating that the growth of these plants was caused by shoot elongation. At 10 PSU, there was a close correlation between total length and AFDW; in this group, length increase is thus caused by biomass increase. The effect of different light and salinity regimes on submerged vegetation and the possible existence of alternative stable states in brackish water are discussed.
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25-30 May 2002
Limnology of a shallow reservoir over almost 30 years suggestions for management

Maria-Jos Boavida, R. T. Marques
Universidade de Lisboa
Divor Reservoir is a shallow artificial lake located in the semi-arid southern Portugal. Studies of the zooplankton community and nutrients dynamics, especially that of phosphorus, over almost 30 years constitute the scientific underpinnings for suggested management measures to apply to this eutrophic, at times hypereutrophic, reservoir.
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25-30 May 2002
Preliminary results of the research on aquatic plants associated with macro- and meiofauna in Kopaki rit Nature Park (Croatia)
Jasna Vidakovi , Irella Bogut, eljko Zahirovi
J. J. Strossmayer University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, L. Jagera 9, HR31000 Osijek, Croatia
Eutrophic waters of Kopaki rit Nature Park support a diverse community of aquatic macrophytes. Furthermore, aquatic plants are of great importance for the functioning of shallow lakes and slow-flowing channels of Kopaki rit, affecting both abiotic and biotic processes. Between June and November 2001 at nine investigated sites in the onakut Channel and Lake Kopako at Kopaki rit, 11 aquatic plant species were recorded: Salvinia natans, Lemna minor, Spirodella polyrhiza, Nymphoides peltata, Potamageton gramineus, P. lucens, P. crispus, Polygonum amphibium, Ceratophyllum demersum, Carex sp. and Phragmites communis. The main physical and chemical water characteristics of the onakut Channel and Lake Kopako were measured at investigated sites: water temperatures ranged between 15.5 and 26 o C, transparency or Secchi depth was between 0.55 and 1.75 m, the maximum depth recorded was 2.60 m in the channel and 1.35 m in the lake, dissolved oxygen concentrations varied from 2.30 to 10.08 mgO 2 /L, concentrations of chlorophyll-a were between 4.0 to 80.54 g/L and nutrients: total-N max. 1.487 mg/L for the channel and 0.715 mg/L for the lake, and total-P max. 0.333 mg/L for the channel and 0.195 mg/L for the lake. In total we found 11 macrofaunal taxa associated with aqatic plants: Oligochaeta, Insecta larvae, Insecta, Hydrozoa, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Aranea, Bivalvia, Hirudinea, Gastropoda and Turbellaria. The total of 11 meiofauna groups were recorded at the sites: Nematoda, Copepoda, Ostracoda, Acari, Gastrotricha, Cladocera, Insecta larvae, Oligochaeta, Turbellaria, and juvenile stages of Gastropoda and Bivalvia. The macrofauna community was dominated by Insecta larvae (Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Chironomidae and Trichoptera) at all sites, whereas the meiofauna community was dominated by Insecta larvae and Oligochaeta in the onakut Channel, and by Cladocera and Copepoda in Lake Kopako. The maximum value of 625 g/0.25 m2 of fresh weight of aquatic plant species Ceratophyllum demersum was recorded in August and supported the greatest variety of macro- and meiofauna.
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25-30 May 2002
The possible role of cyanotoxins on plants in surface water bodies

George Borbly
University of Debrecen, Department of Botany
The global increases of incidents of cyanobacterial poisoning prompted detailed biochemical research on the mode of action of cyanotoxins in animals, both in vivo and in vitro. Based on those studies, the toxic cyanobacteria are known to produce toxic secondary metabolites like hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, lypopolysaccharides, types of gastroenteral toxins and a variety of other, as yet unidentified toxic compounds. Very few studies have been focused on how plant metabolism might be affected by those known cyanotoxins. Only the effects of potent protein phosphatase inhibitor microcystins (MIC) were analyzed in plant systems. Based on that, we suggested the use of Blue-Green Sinapis Test (BGST), a mustard plant assay system for microcystins, which is as useful as the mouse test (1.). However, it remains to be elucidated how cyanotoxins other than microcystins may affect plant growth. In accordance with these needs, this study describes the possible effects of cyanotoxins (microcystins and cylindrospermopsin, CYN) on aquatic plants (Phragmites, Ceratophyllum, Lemna sp.) beside mustard. In the case of cylindrospermopsin we describe the isolation and purification of CYN from Aphanizomenon ovalisporum with the help of (BGST), a plant test suitable to obtain cyanotoxin content of chromatographic fractions beside plankton samples. This approach proved, that plant growth and metabolism, at least in the case of Sinapis alba, Phragmites australis, Lemna minor and Ceratophyllum demersum are inhibited by MIC and CYN (2, 3). 1. Ks, P., Gorz, G., Surnyi, G. and Borbly, G. (1995) Simple and efficient method for isolation and measurment of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by plant tests (Sinapis alba). Anal. Biochem. 225, 4953. 2. M-Hamvas, M., Mth, Cs., Molnr, E., Vasas, G., Grigorszky, I., Borbly, G. Microcystin-LR alters the growth, anthocyanin content and single -stranded DNase enzyme activities in Sinapis alba seedlings. Aqatic Tox. (accepted for publication). 3. Vasas, G., Gspr, A., Surnyi, Gy., Batta, Gy., Gymnt, Gy., M-Hamvas, M., Mth, Cs., Grigorszky, I., Molnr, E., Borbey, G. Capillary electrophoretic assay and purification of cylindrospermopsin, a cyanobacterial toxin from Aphanizomenon ovalisporum by plant test (BlueGreen Sinapis Test) Anal. Biochem. (accepted for publication).
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25-30 May 2002
Algological and bacteriological investigations on reed periphyton in Lake Velencei, Hungary

va cs*, Andrea K. Borsodi**, Piroska Molnr**, Anna Rusznyk**, Judit Makk**, Mria N. Reskn***
*Hungarian Danube Research Station of the HAS, Hungary **Department of Microbiology, Etvs Lornd University, Budapest, Hungary ***Central Trans Danubian Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, Szkesfehrvr, Hungary
Lake Velencei is the third largest shallow lake in Hungary where reeds ( cirpo S Phragmitetum) are the most important plant associations. Reeds have great significance due to their function in the water self purification processes and their role in the trophic rela tionships due to the extensive metabolic activity of the members of algal-bacterial associations developing on the underwater surfaces of macrophytes. Sampling for algological and bacteriological studies was carried out in April 2000 at five sites of Lake Velencei. Homogenised preparations of scrapings were made from the reed-stem samples. CFU values were estimated and from three samples more than 400 isolates of bacteria were obtained using plating method with different media. The bacterial strains were investigated by traditional phenotypic tests and grouped by numerical analysis. Group representative strains were subjected to BIOLOG carbon source utilisation investigations. 16S rDNA sequence analyses were performed to determine their taxonomic position. Samples were also used for chlorophyll a measurement according to the method of Goodwin, and for taxonomic determinations of algae using the Utermhl method and taking the statistical errors into consideration. To identify the diatoms, samples were sedimented, treated by H2 O2 and washed with distilled water, subsequently mounted in Naphrax for light-microscopy. Based on the results of pure-culture investigations the most frequent bacteria were the members of genera Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Shewanella and Agrobacterium characterized by oxidative chemoorganotrophic heterotrophic metabolism moreover Aeromonas and Bacillus species with fermentative metabolism. Among the studied strains plant growth promoting bacteria, members of P. fluorescens group were present as well as potential plant pathogenic microbes (Agrobacterium, Aureobacterium, Curtobacterium). Comparing the present result of the algological investigations to the earlier ones it can be stated that the once been unique and mosaic structure of the lake (black waters with bog-like features and grey open waters) has been changed. Both the species structure and the dominance of the reed periphyton algae became uniform in the open water areas. The biodiversity of the reed periphyton in this part of the l ke a decreased to a great extent. The dominance of some so called weed alga species (Achnanthes minutissima Ktz) with wide ecological valence was powerful.
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25-30 May 2002
Investigations on the bacterial activities of the sediment of Lake Velencei, Hungary

Andrea K. Borsodi*, Pter Vladr*, Gbor Cech*, Gbor Gedeon**, Bnk Beszteri,* Mria N. Reskn***, Kroly Mrialigeti*
*Department of Microbiology, Etvs Lornd University, Budapest, Hungary ** Department of Genetics, Etvs Lornd University, Budapest, Hungary ***Central Trans Danubian Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, Szkesfehrvr, Hungary
In freshwater lake sediments complex microbial communities can develop considering both their species composition and the ir metabolic activities. Depending on the environmental factors these communities consist of various aerobic and anaerobic microbiota which can play important role in the decomposition and mineralization processes of the organic materials. Lake Velencei is one of the westernmost member of the shallow soda lakes extending from Eastern Europe to the Carpatian basin. Regarding the close interactions between the lake sediment and the overlaying water column as well as the special water chemical parameters, different approaches were applied to study the bacterial activities. Aerobic microbial activities were tested with a method of community-level physiological profiling (CLPP). Microbial communities both from the sediment and the water samples were studied with direct inoculation of the samples into GN2 BIOLOG microplates. To characterize the functional diversity a multivariate analysis (PCA) was performed with the adsorption data of the 95 different sole carbon sources of the samples. For quantification of the anaerobic fermenting and sulphate reducing activities MPN method was applied by using lake sediments and rhizosphere samples. Selective media were employed for cultivation of bacteria adapted to the special physico-chemical characteristics of the lake. Mult ivariate analysis of CLPP data indicated that after 96 hours of incubation the primary trend was a dissimilarity between the average carbon source utilisation of the samples, while a strong secondary effect was reflected in the differences of the carbon source utilisation patterns of the samples. CLPP analyses revealed that the microbial communities of the water were more similar than the sediment samples. The results of the MPN method showed that the CFU numbers of the fermentative and sulphate reducing bacteria in the rhizosphere was about one order higher than in the sediment. Among the isolated and investigated bacterial strains a large number were characterised as being facultative or obligate alkaliphilic and moderately halophilic, as well. The identif ication based on partial sequencing of 16S rDNA of the selected representatives resulted species of Bacillus pseudofirmus, B. halmapalus, B. cohnii and B. marinus, moreover anaerobes, as Clostridium botulinum-putrificumsporogenes, C. scatologenes and C. bifermentans, and Desulfovibrio alcoholivorans and D. fructosivorans.
23
25-30 May 2002
A newly adapted method to estimate the fish yield potential of lakes

Uwe Brmick*, Roland Lemcke**
*Institute of Inland Fisheries, Potsdam, Germany **Institute of Fisheries, Rostock
Reviewing approaches over the last decade, primary productivity seems to be the most meaningful parameter to estimate the fish yield potential of lakes both in the southern and northern hemisphere. The most recently developed P-PP-F estimation procedure is acknowledging this fact and uses primary productivity as the main variable. Although the results have been promising so far when applying this method to north-east German lakes, there are some severe restrictions. First, the procedure is valid only for stratified lakes. Second, a major correlation of the procedure is based on data from waters all over the world and therefore not ideal for regional applications. In order to improve the procedure and to overcome these restrictions, alternatives for shallow lakes and the typical conditions in north-east Germany have been examined and are discussed in this presentation.
24
25-30 May 2002
Fish movements between shallow lakes in the Danube delta, Romania

A. D. Buijse*, I. Navodaru**, M. Staras**, G. J. van Geest***, J. Hanganu**
*RIZA Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, the Netherlands **Danube Delta National Institute, Tulcea, Romania ***Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen UniversityDD Wageningen
Fish species, which are generally considered resident, displayed opposing migration patterns within a complex of lakes throughout the summer. This is the preliminary outcome of a field study in 5 lakes that are permanently connected within the semipristine Danube delta. The distribution of fish has been studied in floodplain lakes both at the start (June) and at the end (September) of the summer. Simultaneously those lakes have been characterized by their water clarity and vegetation composition and abundance. Sampling methods that were applied are multimesh gillnets (14 mesh sizes: 675 mm bar mesh) and electrofishing. Turbidity is caused by either input of river sediments or by algal blooms. Eurytopic species (Abramis bjoerkna, Alburnus alburnus) typical for lakes in riverine environments moved from sediment-turbid lakes close to the river to more remote lakes which had over the course summer shifted from clear to turbid by algal blooms. Limnophilic species (Rutilus erythrophthalmus, Tinca tinca and Carassius carassius) displayed opposite patterns and appear to have moved from the most remote lakes that were used for spawning, to lakes close to river that had become clearer following to reduced input of river sediments. In total 30 species have been caught which is high for European lakes. The gradient in lakes appears to support such high biodiversity. Due to the permanent connectivity fish are always able to migrate following shifts in environmental conditions.
25
25-30 May 2002
Littorally complex linking structural, chemical and behavioral food web interactions involving macrophytes
Romi L. Burks
Rhodes College, Biology Department, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, USA
Recent investigations of alternative stable states in shallow lakes illustrate substantial functional differences between lakes dominated by aquatic vegetation versus algae. Macrophyte dominance in shallow lakes is often expressed with estimates of aerial coverage or as a fraction of the area covered by open water. This 2 -dimensional perspective overshadows the inherent complexity existing beneath the surface, i.e. within macrophyte beds. Interactions occurring within lake littoral zones (defined as those areas receiving sufficient light for plants to perform photosynthesis) are central to the function of many shallow lakes. As we strive to understand the mechanisms behind shifts in alternative states in shallow lakes, ecologists must face the challenge of investigating complex interactions that are nested in the multi-dimensional nature of littoral zones. Small patches of vegetation can provide important structural habitat and mediate interactions between keystone organisms. Therefore, considering macrophyte coverage alone may not adequately reflect the magnitude to which macrophytes control lake processes. By discussing diel horizontal migration (DHM) by Daphnia as an example, this presentation will address key structural, chemical, and behavior interactions that involve macrophytes and food webs within shallow lakes. Structural attributes and density of different macrophyte species can dramatically alter food web composition by differentially influencing the survival of organisms. For example, floating and submerged macrophytes can serve as a refuge for zooplankton, such as Daphnia, but are also habitat for predacious small fish and invertebrates. How these trophic levels co-exist, or not, affects ecosystem properties, such as water clarity, by changing the magnitude of top-down control on algal production. Furthermore, littoral zones do not function independently of other lake zones. Movement of organisms, such as DHM by Daphnia , integrates littoral, benthic and pelagic habitats. In addition to their structural influence, macrophytes also release chemical cues that mediate behavioral interactions between pelagic fishes and zooplankton, and possibly benthic invertebrates. Thus, the multi-faceted nature of macrophytes impacts the likelihood of DHM, subsequent survival of Daphnia , and prevalence of algae. Macrophyte dominance in shallow lakes varies considerably. However, it is the 3 dimensional structure of macrophyte beds, along with the surrounding complex chemical environment, that exerts a powerful influence on food web dynamics and other properties.
26
25-30 May 2002
Changes in shallow lake functioning: responses to climate variability and external nutrient reduction
Laurence Carvalho, Alex Kirika
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK
Nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics have been monitored intensively at Loch Leven, for over 30 years. Following reductions in external nutrient loading, there have been dramatic changes in the seasonality of in-lake available phosphorus and phytoplankton composition and abundance. Nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton abundance showed immediate reductions in spring, whereas summer concentrations initially increased with an associated enhancement of phytoplankton biomass. In the last decade a gradual reduction has occurred in available phosphorus concentrations during summer with a consequent reduction in phytoplankton biomass and recovery of water clarity. Shifts in dominance from cyanobacteria to diatoms have also been observed. The role of internal phosphorus release and climate variability in driving the changes observed, and affecting ecosystem recovery in general, is assessed.
27
25-30 May 2002
Trophic webs in a Mexican hypereutrophic shallow lake

A. Chacon- Torres, J. Alvarado-Diaz, M. B. Rendn-Lopez
Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacn, Mexico
Mexico has a large territory of almost two million square kilometers. However, the country is not fortunate in water resources, considering that most of its rainfall is received in the southeast from the humid Trade winds of the Atlantic ocean, whereas the rest of the country depends upon regional humidity and the incidence of seasonal tropical storms and hurricanes. Hear 50 % of the national territory is considered as arid and semiarid surface with water scarcity and hydrological instability. Lake Cuitzeo located in the South of the Mexican Plateau, it is the second largest natural aquatic ecosystem in the country (452 km2 ). Since 1941 the lake is under frequent desiccation periods which cover up to 70 % of its original surface, with negative effects on aquatic fauna and human settlements located around its shores. The lake is located in a transitional climatic area with less of 700 mm of annual rain and 1200 mm of annual evaporation; it receives wastewater from the capital of the State including agricultural and farming discharges. The lake has been classified by Alvarado et al (1985) as a hypereutrophic system. This paper presents results of a comparative study between the food web reported by Alvarado et al (1985) and that identified in the year 2000. This changes clearly demonstrates a strong reduction in local biodiversity and its substitution by fewer and more tolerant biological species. A strategy for ecological restoration is proposed including positive hydrological balance, wastewater treatment, wetland management and appropriate technology for food production.
28
25-30 May 2002
Long-term changes of nutrients and phytoplankton assemblages in a large shallow lake, Lake Taihu, China
Chen, Y. W.*, Dokulil, M.**, Teubner, K.**, Qin, B. Q.*
*Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Nanjing 210008, China **Institute of Limnology, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
Lake Taihu is a large shallow lake situated at the downstream of Yangzi. It is also the 3rd biggest freshwater lake in China with the surface area of 2338 km2 and mean depth about 2m. A long-term monitoring on the environmental changes in the lake started from the later 1950s. Detailed monitoring concentrated on the eutrophication of the northern part of the lake started from 1991 and is still going on. The paper is focus ing on the changes of nutrients and phytoplankton assemblages using the monthly monitoring data covering the period of 19911999. The low Secchi-depth due to the high content of suspended solid showed the turbidity of the lake. Therefore the underwater lig ht condition is very poor for phytoplankton. This is one of the main factors affecting the phytoplankton assemblages. There are clearly 4 seasons in the lake. High water temperatures up to 30 C were observed during summer while low water temperature down to 5 C during winter. This affected the growth of phytoplankton that showed a good relation between the phytoplankton chlorophyll-a and the water temperature. Spatial distribution of nutrients such as total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) showed significant differences among the sampling points. A clear tendency of decreasing nutrients from the north of the bay to the south could be found. The mean value of TP was 0.11 mg L-1 , much lower than the 2.7 mg L-1 of TN (TP:TN = 1:24.5). Long-term data of nutrients showed an increasing tendency up to 1996 and then decreased. The decrease was related to the reduction of sewage input since 1996. The recovery of the lake started thereafter. The dominate phytoplankton from the end of 1980s was Microcystis spp. The Microcystis water bloom appeared almost half a year from May to October during the study period, but the amount of peak total biomass of Microcystis varied each year. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed the seasonal changes of phytoplankton assemblages. Greatest differences could be found between summer and winter: Microcystis spp., Anabaena sp. and Ceratium sp. dominated in summer, Dinobryon sp. and Asterionella sp. are winter-species while spring and autumn are the transition periods with no dominance of single species. The PCA results also showed the spatial differences of the phytoplankton in the lake.
29
25-30 May 2002
Phytoplankton primary productivity is nitrogen-limited during the closed phase in a choked shallow coastal lagoon of the southern Atlantic Ocean
Bonilla, S., Aubriot, L., Conde, D.
Limnology Section - Faculty of Sciences (UdelaR), Montevideo - Uruguay
The knowledge of the limitance of the phytoplankton growth by nutrients in freshwater and brackish environments is still scarce in subtropical Southern latitudes. In brackish coastal lagoons, N and P alternatively control the phytoplankton growth. Therefore, in lagoons that exhibit periodical communication and isolation with the ocean, it can be hypothesized that the microalgae are exposed to a transition between N-limitance during the marine influence to P-control during freshwater inputs. Laguna de Rocha is a shallow choked lagoon (72 km2 ; 0.6 m) of the Southern Atlantic (34 S 54 W). Due to its high productivity and biodiversity, it is still in a semi-natural condition. Its functioning is largely driven by hydrological forces, i.e. the exchange of terrestrial and marine waters, and by the sediment resuspension. Forced by the precipitation regime, the system exhibits several cycles of communication with the ocean along the year, after the opening of a sand bar. The content of chlorophyll a commonly ranges from 2 to 4 g l-1 , total phosphorus from 80 to 130 g l-1 and total nitrogen ca. 700 g -1 . From October 2001 to April 2002, 8 experiments were l conducted to evaluate the short-term limitance by the availability of N and/or P, during the period of isolation from the ocean. Treatments included addition of NO3 , PO4 , NO3 +PO 4 to a concentration ca. 2-fold the TN and TP content. From replicate incubations under controlled conditions (T = 25 C; PAR = 250 mol m-2 s-1 ), samples were taken at 0, 12 and 24 h, to estimate chlorophyll a, phytoplankton composition and biomass, and photosynthetic rate. For most of the experiments, treatments with N and with N+P, experienced a significant growth of the microlagal community (chlorophyll a up to 43 g l-1 ) after 12 to 24 h. The community exhibited an increment of ca. one order of magnitude in abundance and biomass, but not in the photosynthetic rate. The observed growth of the phytoplankton community was due to the increment of diatoms (e.g. Chaetoceros subtilis var. abnormis f. simplex, Cyclotella atomus). Our results during the period of the isolation of the lagoon from the ocean indicate that the availability of N largely limits the phytoplankton short-term development. Those processes that regulate the availability of N in the water column (the limnic -marine exchange and the resuspension of sediments) may be largely responsible for the control of the plankton productivity of this shallow ecosystem.
30
25-30 May 2002
Danube delta hydrological model

Adrian Constantinescu*, G. A. M. Menting**
*Danube Delta National Institute for Research&Development, Tulcea, Romania **Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment RIZA, The Netherlands
The Danube delta is located in the eastern part of Europe, in Romania and Ukraine. The total area is about 5600 km2 of which about 3370 km2 is located in Romania. It consists of three main branches, the Chilia branch, the Sulina branch and the Sfintu Gheorghe branch and 7 aquatic complexes (Somova-Parches, Sontea-Fortuna, MatitaMerhei, Gorgova-Uzlina, Rosu-Puiu, Dunavat-Dranov and Razim-Sinoie). In most parts of the year the Danube flows in riverbeds. During high water periods it flows in floodplains. These flow patterns enable the use of a one-dimensional flow modelling programme to simulate the water flow in the hundreds of canals in the delta. Only at very high discharges (as in 1970) the Danube discharges its water to the Black Sea as a sheet flow covering the whole delta. In such a situation the one-dimensional approach is not suitable. The modelling software used is Sobek_Rural, a product of Delft Hydraulics, which in concise technical terms is a one-dimensional open-channel dynamic numerical modelling system, capable of solving the equations that describe unsteady water flow and water quality. Danube Delta Hydrologic Model is the most sophisticated and at present the only operational physical hydraulic model for this area (more than 1000 nodes, 1250 branches, 770 cross-sections). One hydrological aspect of the Danube delta deserves special attention. Besides the flow of water through canals and lakes, there is a flow of water under floating reed beds and also a little or no water flow in standing reed. To include these features: open water (lakes), floating reed and standing reed in the hydraulic schematization, GIS analyses were performed using aerial photographs, satellite images, elevation map, vegetation map and soil map. Danube Delta Hydrological Model offers a powerful tool for the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Administration (DDBRA) managers: Simulate and evaluate the impact of hydro-technical works (block or open new channels); To compute the water budgets of the Danube Delta and aquatic complexes; To determine residence time of the lakes as factor in the prediction of the chance on algae blooming; Danube Delta Hydraulic Model also provides background information for water quality modelling (nutrients, heavy metals, pollutants, eutrophication process). The Danube Delta Hydraulic Model was used for the research project Ecological gradients in the Danube Delta lakes, Present state and man-induced changes.
31
25-30 May 2002
Significance of water level fluctuations for lake management

H. Coops
RIZA
The regulation of water levels in Dutch lakes has been very extensive, leaving extremely little space for natural fluctuations. It is argued that the regulation has had a strong impact on ecological functioning of shallow lakes. We evaluate a number of probable impacts of a restored water-level regime. These impacts include effects on shoreline stability en emergent vegetation succession, biogeochemical processes, foodweb interactions, and biodiversity. The timing o low and high water levels and f the morphology of the littoral zone are key factors. An assessment was made of the potential ecological effects of an enhanced water-level range in the Veluwemeer, a shallow eutrophic lake in the Netherlands.
32
25-30 May 2002
Seasonality of aquatic vegetation in Danube delta lakes

Jenica Hanganu*, Gerben van Geest**, Silviu Covaliov*, Hugo Coops***, Orieta Hulea*, Liliana Torok*
*DDI **Wageningen University *** RIZA, The Netherlands
The spatial distribution and seasonal shifts in submerged vegetation were studied in Danube Delta lakes. Three different lake types are recognized, according to their position in the connectivity gradient. Although all vegetation types are present in each lake type, there are strong differences in vegetation dominance between these lake types. Lakes with the highest connectivity are dominated by Trapa natans, Elodea nuttallii and Ceratophyllum demersum; lakes with intermediate connectivity by narrow-leaved Potamogeton specie s (pondweeds), and lakes with low connectivity by Nitellopsis obtusa and C. demersum. Typically, between June and September 2001 in all lake types Potamogeton-dominated vegetations disappeared, whereas Elodea, Nitellopsis and Ceratophyllum stands survived throughout the summer. Since the intermediately connected lakes where the only lakes which were dominated by Potamogeton, these lakes became almost devoid of vegetation during summer, whereas the other two lake types sustained high cover in this period. We discuss some of the mechanisms that may explain the differences in seasonality of vegetation over the connectivity gradient, viz. seasonal plant regrowth, periphyton overgrowth, phytoplankton blooms, and epiphyton grazing.
33
25-30 May 2002
Long term changes in submerged macrophytes dynamics in the Lower Danube Wetland System
Sergiu Cristofor*, Angheluta Vadineanu**, Anca Sarbu***, Carmen Postolache**
*Bucharest University, Braila Ecological Research Station **Bucharest University, Dept. of Systems Ecology and Sustainable Development ***Bucharest University, Dept. of Botany
Shallow lakes are important components of the inner and coastal deltas associated with the Lower Danube Wetland System supporting large and divers populations of aquatic macrophytes. After 1980 years, transition towards hypertrophy of the most aquatic bodies in this landscape has affected biodiversity and productivity of their ecosystems and aquatic macrophytes have been deeply involved in ecosystem reorganization in these circumstances. Representative shallow lakes and channels located in the river floodplain and delta were studied in the last two decades in terms of diversity, species composition, primary production and associated hydrogeomorphological and hydrochemical parameters (depth, transparency, nutrient content etc.). The main lessons to be learnt for the management of aquatic macrophyte-dominated systems in the framework of redesigning the LDRS structures are emphasized in the paper, on the basis of a comparative analysis of intensive and extensive research results. Different responses of aquatic plants (i.e. increase of biomass production, replacement of species competing for nutrients by species with vertical growth, able to compete for light, decrease of species diversity, and the general repression of submerged vegetation) to hydrological and hydrochemical changes as well as to specific management (e.g. cutting canals and wetlands drainage) were compared from a relatively long term perspective to provide useful conclusions for sustainable management for this kind of landscape. Different proposals to control the trophic state of these large complexes of water bodies by aquatic weed manipulation are critically presented. Some priorities for research and monitoring of aquatic macrophytes based on an ecosystem approach are also suggested.
34
25-30 May 2002
Studies on the potential toxicity of heavy metals in oxbow lakes of Tisza River
Csengeri, I.*, Lengyel, P.*, Sndor, Zs.*, Oncsik, E.*, Oncsik, B. M.*, Janurik, E.**, Gyre, K.*, Jzsa, V.*, Szab, P.*, Pekr, F.*
*Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI) Szarvas, Hungary **AQUACOPY BT, Szarvas, Hungary
During the cyanide pollution of the rivers Szamos and Tisza in January-February, 2000, and during the heavy metal sludge pollution of the river Tisza in March 2000, high levels of heavy metals entered into the rivers. Heavy metals contained in or adsorbed to the suspended matter presumably contaminated the sediment in both of the main channels and the oxbow lakes of the flood plain. The potential ecotoxicity of the heavy metals to the benthos was evaluated by measuring the simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) levels in the sediment samples collected from two oxbow lakes of the Tisza River (Boroszlkerti holt-Tisza and Miskafoki-holtg) and from the Tisza-t reservoir in October, 2000 and September, 2001. Data obtained for 2001 have shown lower levels of SEM/AVS than those collected in 2000, reflecting the effect of the pollution and subsequent sedimentation. Although, the [SEM]-[AVS] values were lower than the critical values (5 mmole kg-1 d.m.) suggested by the US EPA, the SEM/AVS values usually had exceeded the 1 mmole kg-1 d.m. toxicity limit. In the adjacent main channel areas, both of the SEM/AVS and [SEM]-[AVS] values might had been regarded as seriously toxic to the benthic invertebrate fauna. The obtained results had shown that the two pollutions might have caused remarkable mortality in the benthic fauna, and the movement of the heavy metals from the sediment to the food web can result toxic effects in the fish fauna. The presumed accumulation of the heavy metals in the food chain can deteriorate the quality of fish meat obtained from the studied areas.
35
25-30 May 2002
Seasonal differences in the rhizosphere bacterial community structure of healthy and declining reed stands in Lake Velencei, Hungary
Adrienn Micsinai*, Andrea Horvth*, Andrea K. Borsodi*, Orsolya Oravecz*, Mria N. Reskn**, Kroly Mrialigeti*
*Etvs Lornd University, Department of Microbiology, Budapest, Hungary **Central Danubian Environmental Protection Agency, Szkesfehrvr, Hungary
Lake Velencei is a shallow sodic lake in Hungary with extensive reed coverage. The prevalent symptoms of reed dieback in the eastern part of the lake made possible to compare the bacterial communities of healthy and declining reed rhizomes within the same lake with respect to different vegetational periods. Rhizome pieces were uplifted from healthy and declining stands on 17th September 1998 and 6th June 1999. Scrapings were prepared from the outer surfaces of the reed rhizomes and after surface sterilization from the inner surfaces. Scrapings were homogenized and serially diluted and plated onto 5 different microbiological media. Random isolates were purified and the obtained pure cultures were subjected to classical microbiological tests and 16S rDNA taxonomic studies. The autumn samples were characterized by a dominance of facultatively fermentative organisms (70 % of the strains) in contrast to the 21 % of the spring/summer isolates. Generally, autumn sample strains were more active metabolically and gave a larger percentage of positive biochemical and physiological tests. In the autumn sample aeromonads characteristic of warm eutrophic waters were dominant whereas in the cooler waters of the spring/summer samples the higher occurrence of psychrophilic pseudomonads and aerobic cocci was observed. The difference in the community structure between healthy and declining reed rhizosphere was smaller in spring. In autumn, however, the healthy and declining stand rhizome samples showed a considerable difference in metabolic activity and species diversity. However in the healthy reed rhizosphere alongside the so-called PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria), the fluorescent pseudomonads potentially pathogenic species like Erwinia billingiae were also detected. It is supposed that drastic changes the reed rhizosphere (e.g.: due to litter accumulation, higher concentrations of sulfide, acetate, etc .) the bacterial community structure can destabilize and finally as it was the case in the declining reed rhizosphere samples and due to the changes a community structure characteristic of degrading organic matter may be established.
36
25-30 May 2002
W. H. Pearsalls classification of the English Lake District lakes a modern-day perspective

A. M. Darwell, P. M. Wade
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB. UK
Aquatic macrophytes have been widely used to classify lakes according to their trophic status. This method of classifying lakes, based on these shallow water communities, has developed over the past two decades and, with the introduction of the Water Framework Directive, this development is set to continue. W. H. Pearsalls seminal work on the classification of the English Lake District lakes in the 1920s concentrated on the macrofloral composition of the waters linked to the underlying geology of the respective catchments. Although widely cited, this work has not been revisited in the Lake District lakes in the context of modern day impacts. A survey of the macroflora of eight of these lakes in 2000 provides a valuable opportunity to look again at Pearsalls classification. This paper seeks to answer the questions: Are the lakes still classified as in 1920?, Have Pearsalls predictions of a shift in productivity of these lakes now occurred?, and How does the contemporary macroflora fit into these predictions?
37
25-30 May 2002
Spatial distribution and seasonal variability of effect of lake sediment-borne chemicals

Laura O. Dvalos-Lind*, Owen T. Lind*, Rodrigo Moncayo**, Hector Buelna**
*Chapala Ecology Station and Limnology Laboratory Baylor **University Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Pesqueros, Michoacan, Mexico
Lake Chapala, Mxico is one of the worlds largest (1000 km2 ) shallow lakes with a relative depth of 0.02 %. The spatial distribution and seasonal variability of the effect of sediment-borne chemicals in Lake Chapala, Mxico is being studied. Sediments can function as sinks or sources of two types of anthropogenic chemicals: biotic stimulants (nutrients) and inhibitors (toxicants). In this study elutriates of sediments are prepared. This technique promotes desorption of chemicals and allows for synergistic reactions among desorbed chemicals to occur. The effect of the released chemicals is measured in bioassays using the algae Selenastrum capricornutum as the test organism. The effect is measured as growth relative to growth in full nutrient media. The seven studied regions for all wet and dry season dates had growth stimulation with added nutrients indicating a failure of sediment resuspension to provide all necessary growth factors. For many stations/dates the growth was greater than with full culture nutrients. There was no sediment concentration effect relative to growth stimulation but for some stations growth inhibition was concentration dependent.
38
25-30 May 2002
Patterns of biodiversity in shallow lakes in Europe - an introduction to BIOMAN

Luc de Meester
Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
BIOMAN is an EU-funded project in which 96 lakes in three regions in Europe (Denmark; Belgium + The Netherlands; Spain) are intensively sampled for environmental characteristics and monitored with respect to their diversity at different trophic levels of the predator-prey food chain as well as of the microbial loop. Patterns of diversity will be related to environmental characteristics, in particular to structural diversity and lake status (clearwater/turbid state), nutrient loading and anthropogenic disturbance. In addition to the analysis of samples of the active communities, we also analyze taxon diversity from resting egg banks of the zooplankton community. Finally, we also survey genetic diversity in key Daphnia taxa, with the aim of comparing patterns of taxon and genetic diversity. The overall aim of the project is to develop indices of biodiversity at the ecosystem level and to use these data in expert systems that would be helpful for the development of policies for lake management. The lecture will provide an introduction to the rationale of the project and will present an overview of the first results of the project, with an emphasis on comparisons among different trophic levels and among regions.
39
25-30 May 2002
Patterns of taxon richness and diversity in zooplankton communities of shallow lakes

S. Declerck*, J. Vandekerkhove*, J. M Conde Porcuna**, T. Lauridsen***, L. Johansson***, K. Muylaert****, L. De Meester*
*Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, KULeuven, Belgium **Instituto del Agua, UGR, Spain ***Department of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, NERI, Denmark ****Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, RUG, Belgium
In the frame of the EU-project BIOMAN, zooplankton diversity o shallow lakes is f studied in three geographical regions (Denmark, Belgium/The Netherlands, Spain) along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. A detailed analysis on a subset of the zooplankton data is presented. Patterns of taxon richness and diversity assessed for the rotifer, cladoceran and copepod communities of 30 Flemish lakes (Belgium) will be discussed in relation to lake characteristics, such as lake size, food web structure, nutrient levels and degree of isolation. Methodological considerations with respect to sampling, seasonality, rarefaction and taxon resolution will also be discussed.
40
25-30 May 2002
Plankton-macroinvertebrate assemblages from seasonal pools of northern Patagonia (Argentina)

Mara C. Diguez*, Esteban G. Balseiro**
*Laboratorio de Limnologa, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche **Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche
Ephemeral ponds and bogs are characteristic of the complex landscape of Patagonia. These environments are an extremely important resource for wildlife since water is a limiting factor specially in the Patagonian plateau. Although the relevance of these systems, we have fragmentary evidence of their biota, and even less knowledge about their dynamic. In this work we study the plankton-macroinvertebrate assemblages in a group of ephemeral ponds in north Patagonia. In particular, we analyze species occurrence, size structure and functional groups of pond biota in several temporary pools, relating the patterns observed to their geographical location and origin. Most of the temporary pools in Patagonia are located in the Patagonian plateau and a few ponds are situated in mountain valleys and also at high altitudes in the Andes. At the east of the Andes, in the Patagonian steppe, the pools are shallow deflation hollows eroded by the strong westerly winds. Some of these pools are flooded only few days or weeks in the year but other remain with water for several months. Andean pools are located in the ancient floodplain of large lakes and also in the floodplain of streams and rivers. Pools located in the Patagonian plateau are closed depressions while some of the andean ponds drain to lakes or other pools. These pools have a similar hydrological regime, autumn rainfalls flood the hollows and snowfalls provide an additional water supply during winter. Most of the pools are closed depressions and only a few drains to other ponds, lakes or rivers. The spring-summer drought of all the ponds seems more likely to be caused by high evaporation than by drainage, even in pools feeding other systems. Probably as a consequence of being fishless, the pools are inhabited by an interesting assemblage of macroinvertebrates and crustaceans, specially endemic centropagid calanoids. Based in the distributional patterns observed and gut content analyses of certain species, we hypothesize on possible trophic interactions between the most important components of these systems. Omnivorous calanoids coexist with cladocerans and larger copepod species may feed on their juveniles. Predaceous insects, specially hemipterans feed on large crustaceans and due to their high abundance in these pools, they may control zooplankton populations. Finally, we discuss briefly the possible direct and indirect effects of filter-feeding and macrophyte-grazing waterfowl on the plankton community of Patagonian ephemeral ponds.
41
25-30 May 2002
Nutrient content and biomass of Phragmites australis in Lake Fert/Neusiedlersee

Mria Dinka
Institute of Ecology and Botany - Hungarian Danube Research Station of HAS
The production of vigorous and die -back sites of the same reed belt, the reed growth and nutrient content of reed were studied to detect possible causes for reed degradation. Samples were collected from three vigorous and three die -back sites of Lake Fert/Neusiedler See from March to November in 1996 and 1997. Reed stands are compared when the biomass was maximal (August) in both years. Shoot density, total aboveground and underground biomass and their C, N, S, P contents were determined. Reed shoots were significantly shorter, thinner and had less internodium at the die -back sites than at the vigorous sites, where the aboveground biomass was 1.52.0, the LAI 1.72.5 times higher. The underground biomass was nearly the same at the vigorous sites and the die -back sites (except at site 5., which is covered by deep water). The amount of decaying underground biomass was less than 50 % of the total underground biomass at the vigorous sites, while it reached 75 % at the die -back sites. Different N, C, P and S concentrations were found on the studied reed organs (leaves, culms, rhizome, and roots). The N concentration of leaves, culms and rhizome was higher at the die -back sites, where the P concentration was the lowest. The N, P, C and S standing stock of the aboveground biomass was significantly lower at the die -back sites than at the vigorous sites. The P standing stock was significantly lower, the N standing stock significantly higher in the underground biomass of the die back sites than at the vigorous sites. Not more than 17 % of the total dry mass estimated from a given 1 m2 unit, 17 % of the C, 24 % of the N, 14 % of the S and 27 % of the P standing stock was found in the aboveground phytomass produced in the actual year. The aboveground biomass of the individual site was different between the years while the underground biomass remained relatively constant. The results indicate that not only biomass ratios but also nutrient cycling (biogeochemical processes) is characteristically different between the vigorous and the die -back sites. This work was supported by the EC-EUREED project (Contract number ICCT960020/ CT960020 A2).
42
25-30 May 2002
Microbial communities from ecotonale zones of the Danube Delta

Ionica Doina
Biological Institute of the Romanian Academy of Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
This paper describes some state variables of microbial communities from water and sediment of the Danube Delta ecotonale zones, at extreme variations of hydrological regime. The structural and functional parameters analyzed during 20002001 are: biomass, production, respiration and rate of aerobic decomposition of organic matter. The variation amplitude of parameters was much higher in adverse hydrological conditions than during high flood ones. Mean values of microbiological parameters were in ecotonale zones 1.5 to 2.5 times bigger than those in adja cent aquatic zones. The input of organic matter, the bacterivorous zooplankton and the abiotic factors (physical and chemical) were emphasized as the most important factors determining the spatio-temporal dynamics of microbial communities. Also, the role of microbial communities in the energetical flow and the significance ratio P/B and B/P were analysed.
43
25-30 May 2002
Eutrophication of shallow lakes: Is the concept of alternative stable equilibria a useful tool?
Martin T. Dokulil, Katrin Teubner
Institute of Limnology AAS, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
Shallow polymictic lakes are very abundant in many regions of the world, are more numerous than deep lakes and are of great importance especially in densely populated areas even when small. Their ecology differs from stratified lakes in may ways. Trophic cascades and food-web structure can be quite different from those commonly observed in deeper water bodies. During the eutrophication process lakes may change from clear water, macrophyte dominated to turbid, algal dominated. This concept, is known as alternative stable states or equilibria. Shallow lakes are therefore usually much more vulnerable to eutrophication and much more difficult to restore than deep lakes. Response to restoration measures often shows a long-lasting hysteresis effect. The ecological concepts of shallow lakes, their possible usefulness for restoration and associated management problems will be discussed.
44
25-30 May 2002
The influence of oxygen release by submerged macrophytes on phosphorus fixation in the sediment of a eutrophic lake
Anja Dollan, Michael Hupfer
Leibnitz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
Oxygen release by the roots of aquatic macrophytes influences the redox potential within the rhizosphere. It is assumed that the oxygen excretion by the aerenchyma system of submerged plants can oxidize ferrous iron, leading to an enhanced sorptive phosphorus fixation. Our laboratory study is focused on the spatial extension of oxygen in recolonised sediments and possible impacts on phosphorus retention by iron. Potamogeton crispus and Elodea canadensis were planted in lab aquariums containing 15 cm thick iron and phosphorus rich sediments from the highly eutrophied Lake Mggelsee (Germany). We used microsensor techniques to analyze the diurnal changes of oxygen saturation and redox potential in the micro zones around the roots of P. crispus and E. canadensis under laboratory conditions. Aggregated particles around the roots were examined by X-ray spectroscopy and chemical analysis. During the photosynthetic period (light period 12h), the oxygen saturation changed rapidly from 0 % to approximately 30 %. After a time lag of approximately 1 hour, the redox potential increased to a maximum value of approximately 100 mV. The sharp redox gradient at the root surface lead to iron precipitation and formation of iron crusts. Simultaneously an immobilization of phosphorus was confirmed. During the dark period the oxygen saturation decreased rapidly to 0 %, while the redox potential gradually diminished. Despite a lack of oxygen during the darkness, the iron coats remain stable. It is poorly understood if this formation is a permanently sink or will completely dissolve through mineralisation processes after death of the plant. Preliminary studies have shown that the phosphorus fixation at the root surface can markedly enhance the retention of phosphorus in anaerobic sediments. Phosphorus fractionation of iron crusts have shown that the mean molar ratios for Fe/P ranged from 2.3 for E. canadensis to 3.5 for P. crispus. To quantify the effect of phosphorus fixation on iron precipitates around the roots a phosphorus retention of 0.25 g P per m sediment surface is estimated. Hence the function of the root surface is similar to that of the oxidized sediment surface.
45
25-30 May 2002
The paleolimnological record from high arctic ponds: sensitive archives of environmental changes
Douglas, M. S. V.*, Smol, J. P.**
*Department of Geology, University of Toronto **Department of Biology, Queens University
The sedimentary records from the shallow lakes and ponds found throughout the Arctic provide rich and sensitive records of paleoenvironmental changes. For most of the year (e.g. 10 months) they are frozen. Due to their relatively small volumes and large surface area: volume ratios, ponds are sensitive to climate change because slight changes in the open-water period will affect the volume and chemical and biological composition within the ponds. As climate warms, waters become more concentrated as evaporation increases. Furthermore, as the growing season is extended, more complex biological communities develop. The existence of such ponds is closely tied to the hydrological cycle. Given their shallow nature (often less than 50 cm deep), should net precipitation minus evaporation values become negative, as might be manifested under a warming scenario, it is conceivable that the ponds would eventually dry out. We have used a number of different proxy indicators to track environmental changes over the course of several thousand years using paleolimnological techniques. By examining the fossil remains of algae, such as diatoms and chrysophytes, we have shown that shallow ponds in many instances are more sensitive to climate change than deeper lakes, which have a greater thermal inertia. As climate warms, aquatic vegetation and mosses are more common, providing a greater diversity of microhabitats available for algal growth. Other limnological changes also occur, which can be tracked by paleolimnological indicators. Our paleolimnological analyses from shallow ponds on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic revealed unprecedented environmental change occurring in diatom assemblages ca. 1850 AD. Subsequent analyses throughout the Arctic have confirmed similar changes, suggesting regional shifts in environmental conditions.
46
25-30 May 2002
Changes in the water-cover and macro-vegetation of the lower Zala valley over the last two centuries: a GIS perspective
Zsolt Dmtrfy*, David Reeder**, Piroska Pomogyi***
*Szriusz Stdi Ltd. **University of Wolverhampton ***West-Transdanubian District Water Authority, Dept. Kis-Balaton & Implementation
Cartographic surveys of Austro-Hungary began in earnest in the second half of the Eighteenth Century and provided the essential framework for planning the river regulation and land reclamation of the vast wetlands then existing in the Carpathian Basin. The level of Lake Balaton was lowered in 1863 and the first drainage works in the lower Zala valley were completed in 1865; the combined effect was that the waterbalance of the Kis-Balaton wetlands was dramatically changed and the macrovegetation profoundly affected. By the end of the Nineteenth Century the surface waters of the area had almost disappeared. Following further extensive channel works and levee construction, completed in 1925, all that remained was a large reed-bed with two small water-bodies lying at the deepest point. It was soon realized that these wetlands played a vital role in maintaining the water-quality of Lake Balaton, by trapping sediment and excess nutrients: thus siltation and eutrophication in the western basin of the lake began to be a serious problem. Also the importance of the rich natural environment of the Kis-Balaton, with its large populations of water-birds, was recognized: however it was also obvious that the areas of surface water, on which these natural assets depended, were constantly becoming smaller. In the 1950s the central part of the area was established as the Kis-Balaton nature reserve and by the 1980s it was decided to re-create the wetlands through artificial flooding. This had further profound effects on the macro-vegetation. Our research is an attempt to summarize the quantitative and qualitative changes in the macro-vegetation of the study-area over the past two centuries. Water-level data are extant from the early 19th Century onwards and by applying these values, from selected historical times, to a digital elevation model it is possible to demonstrate the extent of the water-covered area and in many places its depth. Thus we can make assumptions on the nature and extent of the vegetation at various points in time and compare these with the results of contemporary physical surveys, from the earliest concise cartographic attempts, through the first aerial surveys of the 1930s to modern infra-red photographic technology.
47
25-30 May 2002
Large perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) as predators: seasonal patterns and size selective feeding on young fish in two shallow lakes of different environmental state
Hendrik Drner*, Sren Berg**, Mads Brobjerg**, Lene Jacobsen**, Annekatrin Wagner***
*Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany and LeibnizInstitute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Dept. Biology & Ecology of Fishes, Berlin, Germany **Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries, Silkeborg, Denmark ***Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
Perch undergo ontogenetic diet shifts and have often been described as opportunistic feeders. Large perch can effectively consume age-0 fish and, therefore, might play a key role as a predator in lake ecosystems and as a stabilising factor in lake restoration. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the feeding behaviour of large perch (> 25 cm) in two shallow biomanipulated lakes of different environmental state. Investigations were conducted in the highly eutrophic Bautzen Reservoir, Germany, (surface area 533 ha, mean depth 7.4 m, macrophyte cover < 1 %) and the highly eutrophic Lake Ring, Denmark, (surface area 22.5 ha, mean depth 2.9 m, macrophyte cover ca. 20 %) in 1997 and 1998. Fish were sampled regularly using bongo nets, trawl nets and gill nets. We focused our study on seasonal diet patterns. Further, we investigated size-selective feeding and the feeding impact on the age-0 fish community. Invertebrates and age -0 fish were the main food components of large perch of both populations. Generally, mean lengths of prey fish were smaller than those in situ. In both systems, large perch reached noticeable feeding impacts on the age-0 fish communities (e.g. predation rate up to 108 age-0 fish ha -1 d-1 in Bautzen Reservoir in July 1998) and showed diet shifts from age-0 fish to invertebrates when age-0 fish had reached a size refuge. The results of this two-lake comparison indicate that large perch are important piscivores in both systems. Therefore, the feeding behaviour of perch, depending on their abundance, could be crucial for the structure of fish stocks within a wide range of environmental conditions.
48
25-30 May 2002
Peculiarities of phytoplankton communities in shallow lakes in Latvia

Ivars Druvietis
Institute of Biology, University of Latvia
Typical for Latvia lagoon type lakes are submitted to winds facilitating a complex mixture of water layers. Lakes support rich submerged, emerged and floating macrophytes. Lakes situated near by capital of Latvia Riga are under heavy anthropogenic eutrophication. Algal blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena spp., Aphanizomenon flos-aquae are characteristic. Phytoplankton biomass is relatively high: 0 .812.5 mg/l. Calcareous lagoon type lakes (Ramsar sites: lakes Engure, Kanieris) are characterised by domination of Charophytes. Blooming of cyanobacteria is lacking. Lakes characterised by low biomasses (0.0030.3 mg/l). Bog lakes (brown water dystrophic, dyseutrophic and clear water oligo-dystrophic) situated in Ramsar site Teici Reserve are without an anthropogenic impact, with low mineralisation. Chrysophytes, diatoms and green algae dominated by Dinobryon spp., Mallomonas spp., Asterionella formosa, Bo tryococcus braunii, Staurodesmus spp. Phytoplankton communities are scanty (summer biomass: 0.010.15 mg/l). Floodplain lakes are situated in eastern Latvia near by Daugava River. For example in Lake Grivas in April water level rises up to 6 m. Spring maxima is formed by diatoms. 7 Low phytoplankton biomasses (0.010.33 mg/l). Blooming of algae is lacking. Lakes are typical macrophyte type in clear water stage.
49
25-30 May 2002
The significance of genets on the colonization and phenotypic plasticity of reed

Attila Engloner*, gnes Major**
**Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Szent Istvn University, Gdllo, Hungary *Department of Genetic, Eotvos University, Budapest, Hungary
Low genetic variability of reed stands is thought to be one of the reasons for reed decline. Competition between the clones contributes to the successful adaptation of reed to different site conditions. To determine the genetic diversity and the competition between genets colonizing open areas near the shoreline, an intact reed stand with a total area of 19 ha was selected for study at the Northern shore of Lake Balaton, Hungary. Clones were identified on the basis of the multilocus genotypes of their isoenzyme patterns and were mapped using aerial photographs. Morphological and anatomical differences of ramets belonging to different clones were also investigated. The following morphological characters were considered: stem length; the total number of leaf sheaths and internodes; length and the diameter of internodes (the latter measured at the middle of the internodes); and the length of the leaf sheaths. To reveal anatomical differences among ramets, transverse sections were taken from the middle part of internodes. Tissue features measured on previously digitized sections were: the total thickness of the internode wall; the thickness of the epidermis and subepidermal tissues; the thickness of the air chambers, subcortical sclerenchyma and parenchyma layers; the total area of the innermost (largest) vascular bundle; the area of its schlerenchyma sheaths and the volumes of the phloem and the tracheary. Data were evaluated by standardized principal components analysis. Evaluation of genetic and phenotypic results provided information on how the different reed clones adapted to the site conditions and whether reed performance and morphological and anatomical structure are determined mainly genetically or by environmental factors such as water depth.
50
25-30 May 2002
Zooplankton reflecting the trophic state of the dam reservoir Modrac (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
R. Erben, J. Lajtner, G. Klobuar, I. Maguire, A. Luci, A. tambuk
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Universty of Zagreb
Research on the dam reservoir Modrac was initiated with the appearance of mollusk Dreissena polymorpha and water supply demand of the town Tuzla and it includes analyses of plankton and benthos communities, as well as physico-chemical parameters of water. Dam reservoir Modrac was built in 1962. It is 11 km long and 2.5 km wide with average depth of 5 meters. The samples were taken at the four sites from the surface, bottom and middle layers of the reservoir by the standard methods. The study was carried out during each season of the 1988, 1989, 1990, 1999, 2000 and 2001. In this paper we present the data on the zooplankton community. The primary production was expressed as the quantity of chlorophyll a which ranged from 10.39 to 42.35 mg/L. Twenty-five species of Rotatoria, five species of Cladocerans and six species of Copepoda were found. The majority of the rotifer fauna belong to nanophytoplankton filtrators and some to sedimentary microfiltrators, among them Keratella cohlearis, Keratella quadrata and Kellicottia longispina were constantly present. No single group of macrofiltrators was constantly present. When present, species from genus Polyarthra and Synchaeta were always found to be more abundant than other macrofiltrators. The Rotifer density was the highest (2669 ind./L) in the spring when it surpassed values characteristic for eutrophic lakes. This is due to the high abundance of dominant species Keratella cochlearis var. tecta. In the summer the Rotifer abundance decreased, reaching the maximum of 587 ind./L; the species K. cochlearis var. tecta still dominated. Bosmina longirostris and Daphnia cucullata (representatives of Cladocerans) were constantly present. The first one is sedimentary filtrator and the second one is nanophytoplankton filtrator, both indicate the mesotrophyc degree of the reservoir. One euritopic and one eutrophic species (Thermocyclops crassus and Thermocyclops oithonoides respectively) with high density of their larval stages were dominant within the Copepoda group. Generally, zooplankton communities indicate that dam reservoir Modrac is mesotrophic during colder months. In spring and summer there is higher eutrophication, although density of the zooplankton in summer decrease. That could be explained by appearance of Dreissena polymorpha larvae which are in competition for food with microfiltrators as well as the blooming of the algae Ceratium hirundinella and Peridinium cinctum which suppresses the development of the zooplankton community.
51
25-30 May 2002
Crustaceans as biological indicators of heavy metal pollution in Lake Balaton

Anna Farkas, Jnos Salnki, Istvn Varanka
Balaton Limnological Res. Inst. of the Hung. Acad. of Sci.
As part of a long term monitoring study regarding the anthropogenic pollution of Lake Balaton (Hungary) the concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc were measured in the biomass of crustaceans collected from the open water of the lake, during 19952001. Lake Balaton and its catchment area was affected by a significant heavy metal pollution between the sixties and eighties, caused mainly by industrial works and agricultural activities at the catchment area, while nowadays, besides natural, geological sources a significant input originates from local municipal sources, waste deposits, the heavy road and rail traffic along the 210 km long lakeshore, from boating and atmospheric deposition. Samplings were performed usually twice a year in different seasons (spring, summer and autumn). The heavy metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the sample biomass which were preliminary cleaned from solid impurities (plants and rust particles). Additionally, for some of the sampling sites Western and Eastern basins the correlations between the heavy metal load of crustaceans and the element concentrations of the water recorded monthly by the Transdanubian Environmental Protection Agency were also studied. The average metal concentrations varied in the following ranges: Cd: 0.253.91; Cu: 5.926.4; Pb: 1.5912.84; Zn: 37.6180.5 mg kg-1 dry weight. Significant territorial and seasonal variations with occasionally outstanding differences in the heavy metal load of samples could be observed during the investigated period. The heavy metal load of the crustacea plankton biomass in summer and autumn proved to be usually higher than in spring. During the investigated period an overall significant increase in the cadmium, copper and lead load of the crustacea plankton populating the lake could be observed. The Pearson correlation analysis performed between the heavy metal concentration of the crustacea plankton biomass and that of the water in the two outlying basins of the lake has shown, except for lead, very good relationship, a fact, that reflects again the suitability of crustaceans in monitoring the heavy metal pollution of lake ecosystems.
52
25-30 May 2002
Effects of manipulation with fish and nutrient on zooplankton in mesocosm experiments in a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake
Mara Valentn, Margarita Fernndez-Alez, Camino Fernndez-Alez, Eloy Bcares
Department of Ecology, University of Len, Len, Spain
A mesocosm experiment was carried out during summer 1998 in a mesotrophic macrophyte-dominated lake (Sentiz Lake, NW Spain) to study the effect of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and fish (Chondrostoma arcasii) addition on the zooplankton community. The experiment was carried out along ten weeks and the macrophytes were removed from the mesocosms in the 6th week Twelve experimental conditions were tested combining four nutrient concentrations (NP in mg/L: 00, 1 0.1, 50.5 and 101) and three fish densities (no fish, 4 g/m2 and 20 g/m2 ). Three replicates of each treatment were used. Initially, the cyclopoid copepods (Macrocyclops albidus) and rotifers (Anuraeopsis fissa, Keratella quadrata ) were the dominant groups in the enclosures. Total zooplankton biomass significantly increased (p < 0.01) in response to nutrient load, mainly due to the positive effect of loads on copepodid biomass (p < 0.05). Fish addition reduced (p < 0.01) the biomass of large Cladocera (> 500 mm length). Predation on large Cladocera lead to increases in the density of copepods, small Cladocera (< 500 mm length) and rotifers. After removing the macrophytes, the total biomass of zooplankton increased, and the biomass of copepods, large Cladocera and small Cladocera increased in response to nutrient loads. Fishes had no significant effect on the total biomass. However, an interaction effect between both treatments on the zooplankton assemblage was evident because fishes only controlled zooplankton at low nutrient concentrations. It is possible loadings generated deleterious conditions to fishes, thereby reducing their activity and/or increasing their mortality. he biomass values of the taxonomical groups (rotifers, copepods, nauplii, small Cladocera and large Cladocera) were analysed by CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis). The samples were ordinated along the first axis according to two factors: nutrient concentrations and dominance of Dapnia cf. longispina within the assemblage.
53
25-30 May 2002
Species composition and genetic diversity of microcrustacean zooplankton in two sodic lakes
Lszl Forr*, Koen De Gelas**, Luc De Meester**
*Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; **Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Sodic waters, including shallow lakes and temporary pools, are very characteristic water bodies in the Hungarian Plain, but their number has drastically decreased during the last few decades. The microcrustaceans are important components of the invertebrate fauna, and several cladocerans and copepods are indicator species that often occur in high densities in the plankton. The microcrustacean fauna of two shallow lakes (Kelemenszk and Zabszk) was monitored between 1998 and 2001 to assess current diversity of the lakes and to provide a database for future monitoring programmes. In addition, the genetic structure of two cladoceran species was also analyzed in two consecutive years (2000 and 2001) using cellulose acetate allozyme electrophoresis. In Kelemenszk (surface area 460 ha, pH between 9.159.7, conductivity 5.379.6 mS cm-1 , salinity 2.85.4 g/L), a higher number of species was found than in Zabszk, but the number of species decreased seasonally due to increasing salinity and alkalinity. Arctodiaptomus spinosus occurred during the whole year. Daphnia magna was the dominant cladoceran in spring, while in summer it was Moina brachiata . In Zabszk (surface area 138 ha, pH between 9.2310.1, conductivity 6.215.5 mS cm-1 , salinity 3.259.9 g/L) a relatively low number of species was observed, probably because of the high salinity. This lake was also dominated by the above mentioned three species. In both lakes, Branchinecta orientalis occurred in high numbers during March and April. The results of the population genetic analyses of Daphnia magna and Moina brachiata populations in the two lakes will be shortly discussed, as a first account of the genetic structure of cladoceran species inhabiting sodic lakes. This study was made possible by the bilateral project BIL 99/17 (Hungary-Flanders) and by the project OTKA 26118 to LF.
54
25-30 May 2002
Water reservoir management based on model of self-cleaning

L. Frolova*, A. Zakirov**
*Kazan State University, Russia **Kazan Institute of Ecology, Russia
At present the ecosystems of water reservoir are under of a big attention, as they serve, on the one hand, source of water supply of the population of cities, firms industrial and agricultural production, and on the other, they are the reservoir of industrial, agricultural and domestic waste. And improvement in quality of a water in water reservoir becomes an actual problem. As is known, the large financial costs are required for this purpose. Therefore usage of self-cleaning ability of water reservoir represents the greater concern for the solution of the given problem, both with economic, and from the scientific point of view. Most excellence of a water can be reached at targeted intensification of natural biological gears of a self-cleaning of water reservoir. Suggested by authors the mathematical model of self-cleaning of water reservoir allows to analyze of legitimacies of a self-cleaning of water reservoir, detection of the factors to the greatest degree influential these processes, and definition of ways of usage of these factors for maintenance of indispensable quality of a water. The model takes into account effect of shallow waters and change of levels of afflux of a water for the change of water quality through oxygen and sediments. On the base of developed model the management and control of quality of a water of the Kazan region of variable afflux Kuybishev basin (Russia) is offered as the program complex on the personal computer and may be used for the same type of natural object.
55
25-30 May 2002
Characteristics of nutrient dynamics in Lake Sagata (Niigata Prefecture) Japan, a shallow sand dammed lake supplied by spring water -with special reference to nitrates
Fukuhara Haruo, Kawakami Ayao, Shimogaito Takeshi
Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, Niigata University, Ik arashi 2-8050, Niigata, Japan
Lake Sagata (N37o 49, E138o 53) is a sand dammed lake situated between two parallel sand dunes, formed in different ages of the Jomon period, along the Sea of Japan. There are about 20 sand dammed lakes in Japan, which a precious part of the national landscape because of their rarity and abundance in macrophytes. Lake Sagata consists of two water bodies, the Kamisagata (about 2.5 ha) and the Honsagata (about 35 ha). Only spring water flows into the lake and water flow in the lake is mainly from the Kamisagata, which has many spring points, to the Honsagata. The lake is shallow, about 1 m, with a length of 2.4 km and maximum width of 0.5 km. It is surrounded by a comparatively broad Phragmites zone of about 30 ha. In summer, floating leaved aquatic plants, Trapa spp. Nelumbo nucifera and occasionally Euryale ferox, cover for most of the lake surface. According to measurements from 1997, spring water containing a very high concentration of NO3 -, which seems to originate from agricultural cultivation on the periphery, flows into the lake. The NO3 -N concentrations in the spring water are about 10 (mg/L). This decreases gradually as water flows through Phragmites belts and the Kamisagata, dropping to 2 (mg/L) in the inlet of the Honsagata. Finally the NO3 -N concentrations reach nearly zero in spillage water from the Honsagata in summer after through floating leaved plant vegetation. In spring and autumn, when biological activities are low, about 0.5 (mg /L) of NO3 -N remains in the effluent. The NH4 +N concentrations in spring water fluctuated from 0.1 to 0.5 (mg/L), and low concentrations were maintained in the lake. Reactive PO4 3-P concentrations changed from 10 to 100 (g/L) in spring water. Chlorophyll-a concentrations in the la ke center ranged from 100 (g/L) in spring to 400 in summer (g/L), showing progressing eutrophication. Macrophyte vegetation, especially emergent plants such as Phragmites australis and floating leaved plants such as Trapa spp. and Nelumbo nucifera are play important roles in the nutrient dynamics of shallow sand dammed lakes supplied with spring water. To protect these lakes from progressive eutrophication, conservative agriculture around the lake must be promoted to decrease in nitrate concentration in spring water.
56
25-30 May 2002
Long-term development of the crustacean zooplankton under inorganic particle abundant conditions of Lake Balaton
Lszl G. Tth*, Pter Nmeth**, Laura Parpala***, Judit Padisk**
*Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences **University of Veszprm, Department of Limnology ***Biological Institute of the Romanian Academy of Sciences
In long term plankton studies, trend-like relationships are frequently established based on 15 to 20 years long databases. Therefore, the database of the crustacean zooplankton structure in L ake Balaton, which is continuously increasing since the 1930s is unically valuable. In the last three decades Lake Balaton underwent a serious planktonic eutrophication. However, during the decades of the primary production maxima, the phytoplankton in pr inciple was sufficient to support four times more planktonic crustaceans, that really existed. We compared the efficiency of all the 5 zooplankton sampling devices which were historically used in Lake Balaton during the last 70 years and detected extremely high differences among them, especially in the efficiency of capturing larval stages of Copepods. However, considering these differences, and taking a simulated situation, the gap between the maintenance capacity of the phytoplankton and the standing croop of its planktonic consumers remained wide. Thousands of gut content analyses, feeding-, development-, and reproduction experiments on the crustacean zooplankton coherently suggested, that the high mineral turbidity of Lake Balaton causes essential food limitation of the filterfeeders, independently of the actual abundance of the edible phytoplankton. In situ feeding experiments proved that the clearance of the zooplankton community in Lake Balaton directs to the 325 m fraction of the phytoplankton, of which 1025 % has been daily removed.
57
25-30 May 2002
Phosphorus-mobility in a groundwater table controlled riverwetland system (Spreewald, East Germany)

Oliver Gabriel, Dagmar Balla, Thomas Kalettka
Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research, Institute of Hydrology,
The Spreewald is a river-wetland system of international importance in the middle course of river Spree. Research is focused on the influence of hydraulic conditions to phosphorus-mobility in a channelized marshland of a polder system. From the gradient between ditch- and groundwater table plus data from an installed weather station, a simple 2D steady state hydraulic model (FLOWNET/TRANS) was developed. At different hydraulic conditions exchanges across the sediment-and peat-water interface were evaluated by porewater-profiles (dialyse sampler); parallel phosphorus linkage in peat and sediment columns were analyzed (PSENNER et al 1984). Diffusive flux from porewater profiles was calculated by FICKs first law. P-diffusive fluxes across the sediment-ditch water interface was low at infiltrating conditions. About 60 % of total phosphorus was classif ied as iron- and aluminum bound NaOH-SRP. At exfiltrating conditions, P-diffusive fluxes increased and NaOH-SRP decreased significant to 15 %. After flooding, the marshland P-diffusive fluxes across the peat flood-water interface were lower after 14 days compared to fluxes after 1 months. In the 0 cm peat 5 5 layer iron hydroxide bound phosphorus (BD-SRP) decreased from 15 to 5 %. Because P-mobility in this system strongly depends on linkage of P to iron or iron hydroxide, redox milieu is the decisive controlling factor. Consequently hydraulic conditions, by means of changing redox milieu in ditch sediments and peat, are highly responsible for P-release or P-storage.
58
25-30 May 2002
Experiments on the nutrient removal, retention and discharge of a pond ecosystem

Dnes Gl, Pl Szab, Ferenc Pekr, Lszl Vradi
Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation, Szarvas, Hungary
A combined fishpond system developed for the purification and re-use of intensive fishpond effluent water was studied during a three-year experimental period between 1999 and 2001. The investigated pond system consists of five small-size intensive culture ponds of 1 ha total water surface area with 1.5 m water depth and a 20 ha large extensive culture pond with 1.0 m average water depth. The water volume ratio of the extensive and intensive units was 18:1 in 1999 and 13.5:1 in 2000 and 2001. The effluent water of the intensive ponds was introduced to the extensive pond for purification and utilization of its nutrient content. The water was regularly recirculated between the extensive and intensive ponds with around 60 days retention time in the extensive treatment pond. For the whole pond ecosystem the following results were obtained for the experimental years of 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. Nutrient loads by fish feed, organic manure, supplying water and stocked fish: 4148, 5446 and 4596 kg/ha organic matter, 153, 204 and 206 kg/ha nitrogen, 24.5, 37.8 and 38.4 kg/ha phosphorus. Nutrient removal by the harvested fish: 400, 581 and 538 kg/ha organic matter, 48.0, 69.7 and 64.4 kg/ha nitrogen, 4.08, 5.93 and 5.49 kg/ha phosphorus. Nutrient discharge by the effluent water: 240, 246 and 610 kg/ha organic matter, 8.55, 9.71 and 59.3 kg/ha nitrogen, 6.0, 3.1 and 1.48 kg/ha phosphorus. Nutrient retention of the total inputs: 84.6, 84.8 and 75.0 % for organic matter, 63.1, 61.0 and 39.9 % for nitrogen, 58.6, 76.1 and 81.9 % for phosphorus. These data show that combination of intensive and extensive fish culture ponds with water recirculation resulted in significant reduction of nutrient discharge to the surrounding aquatic environment, primarily due to the high nutrient retention capacity of the pond ecosystem.
59
25-30 May 2002
Typology and ecological assessment of lakes in Brandenburg (North-East Germany) based on macrozoobenthos fauna
X. F. Garcia, M. Pusch, N. Walz
Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Lowland Rivers and Shallow Lakes
In the European Water Framework Directive (2000) a complex assessment of the ecological quality of lakes is required from the members of the European Community. For that purpose, we investigated the benthic invertebrates colonizing 30 lakes in the land of Brandenburg, north-east Germany. Two aims are pursued: (1) Definition of a typology of the 30 lakes based on the colonisation of littoral and profundal zones by the macrozoobenthos, and identify the biological communities associated to each type of lakes. (2) Development of an assessment scheme for the ecological state of the lakes, based on the structure of the benthic fauna actually found in the lakes. This includes the description of reference conditions, too. Our paper gives the first results of this study. In each lake, macrozoobenthos was sampled with 6 replicates both in the littoral zone, using a hand-net sampler, and in the profundal zone using a grab sampler. Statistical analysis of the data was done with multivariate ordination methods, cluster analysis and Hasse-diagram techniques. Preliminary results clearly separate lakes formed by the Weichsel and Saale glaciation periods. The geologically younger lakes formed after the Weichsel glaciation period in the north part of Brandenburg exhibit more diversified bank habitats that are often free of organic deposits. Some lakes comprise a high biodiversity, with a high percentage of rare and uncommon species. Morphometry appears to be an other key factor for the typology of the lakes, especially the depth, as the very shallow lakes less than 4 meter depth are colonized by richer assemblages of species. Also, the connection of the lake with a river influences the composition of its fauna. The profundal fauna of the lakes is significantly influenced by the trophic status of the lake, while the littoral fauna is largely influenced by the structure of riparian vegetation and land use. The differences in the indicative value of these two invertebrate assemblages enable to distinct between trophic status and structural influences on lake fauna.
60
25-30 May 2002
Seasonal and spatial heterogenetiy in the water chemistry of two sewage-affected saline shallow lakes from Central Spain
Isabel Garca-Ferrer*, Xavier Armengol**, Antonio Camacho**, Mara Rosa Miracle**, Eduardo Vicente**
*Universidad de Valencia **ICBIBE / Universidad de Valencia
The evolution of the water chemistry in Laguna de Manjavacas and Laguna del Pueblo (Castilla La Mancha, Central Spain) was studied during 19901991 and 1997. These lakes were both affected by sewage inputs driving to a high trophic status. However, whereas sewage inputs entered directly Laguna del Pueblo, wastewater reached Laguna de Manjavacas after running for 8 km by a small riverbed, where selfpurification processes caused partial mineralisation of organic matter. Moreover, water quality was further improved before entering the main water body of Laguna de Manjavacas, since water crossed through a wetland and high amounts of organic matter and inorganic nutrients were retained there. Anyway, in both lakes spatial heterogeneity was associated to the distance to sewage inputs, and this was also reflected by the sediment chemistry. The pattern of evaporation and precipitationdissolution of salts strongly determined the salinity of their waters. During the warmest period (which coincided with the main drought period) water losses by evaporation drives to higher water salinity, whereas a higher dilution was found during the cold rainy period. However, the relatively higher amount of low-salinity sewage inputs in Laguna del Pueblo allowed this lake to maintain hiposaline characteristics. In contrast, Laguna de Manjavacas shifts from hiposaline to hypersaline following the seasonal cycle with different rain and temperature regimes, as the relative importance of the permanent wastewater inputs was lower here than in Laguna del Pueblo.
61
25-30 May 2002
Seasonal distribution and morphological changes of Ceratium hirundinella in two Mediterranean shallow lakes
Marija Gligora, Anelka Plenkovi -Moraj, Ivanica Ternjej
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia
The paper presents different morphological changes between two forms of C. hirundinella in shallow karstic Mediterranean lakes, Ponikve and Njivice. Both lakes are situated on the island of Krk, Northern Adriatic Sea. Trophic state parameters (chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biomass, species composition) as physical and chemical features (temperature, Secchi depth, pH, conductivity, oxygen, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, phosphates) were measured during 1997/98. and 2000/01. Net samples were taken at one vertical profile at each lake. C. hirundinella f. gracile was presented during the whole investigated period in Lake Njivice. The same species was dominant in Ponikve Lake during 1997/98, while in 2000/01 strong development of C. hirundinella f. austriacum occurred. C. hirundinella f. austriacum was restricted to spring-summer time. Spring populations of Ceratium hirundinella f. austriacum showed larger variations in number of horns. It occurred as a formtype with five horns as well as a formtype without an antapical horn. C. hirundinella f. gracile showed a slight reduction and variation of the fourth horn through the changing seasons. An analysis of morphometric measurements between the samples showed the significant differences in length, width and V3 angle.
62
25-30 May 2002
Trophic status of lowland reservoir during 10 years after restoration

Ryszard Goldyn, Tomasz Joniak, Katarzyna Kowalczewska-Madura, Anna Kozak
Department of Water Protection, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
The Maltanski Reservoir was created in the 1950s for recreational purposes. In 1980 it was emptied and by 1990 the bottom sediments were removed and the reservoir basin was reshaped. Refilling of the reservoir was finished in July 1990 and then water quality studies were started. They lasted over 10 years, up to October 2000, when the reservoir was emptied again. During these ten years it was also emptied twice, in October of 1992 and 1996. During the dewatering all fish were caught. In the period of 199396 the biomanipulation experiment was held, with stocking predatory fish (pike, pikeperch and wells). No planktivorous fish were stocked, however their intensive inflow and spawning within the reservoir were stated. Waters of the Cybina River, which are flowing through the reservoir, are very fertile. Concentrations of total phosphorus reached to 2.157 mgP/l in summer, while total nitrogen 19.86 mgN/l in early spring. Phosphor us in the reservoir only during short period in spring of a few years was a limiting factor of phytoplankton growth (e.g. 1994, 1995, 1998). So only during these periods trophic state index (TSI) calculated on a basis of total phosphorus was similar with these, computed from chlorophyll-a and Secchi disc transparency. During the rest of time it was much higher, reaching enormous value 109.5. TSI computed from chlorophyll-a and transparency were similar and showed both annual cycles (with lower values in winter and higher in summer) and long period fluctuations, connected with emptying and refilling processes. Lower values, however, observed on a beginning of each period indicate not exactly lower trophic state, but the effects of biomanipulation (lack of pla nktivorous fish). We can also investigate differences between the periods. The lowest minimum value of TSI was stated just after first refilling (11.3), higher after second (25.4) and the highest after third (50.7). This indicates increasing of the reservoir eutrophication, connected with the increasing role of bottom sediments in supplying the internal processes. The rising trend of trophic state lasted the first 5 years after reservoir restoration. In the next 5 years annual cycles of TSI based on chlorophyll-a and transparency were very similar and fell within the limits of 50 and 80. It indicates hypertrophic conditions of this water body but far lower than indicated by TSI computed from total phosphorus.
63
25-30 May 2002
Littoral fish predation on zooplankton in macrophytes stands: is fish predation an important process in shallow macrophyte pampasic lakes?
Mara de los ngeles Gonzlez Sagrario*, Esteban Balseiro**
*Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata **Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche
Two mesocosm experiments were carried out in Los Padres Lake, a shallow macrophyte lake in the Argentine Pampa plain, during spring and summer of 2000/2001. The major purpose of this study was to test the effect of littoral fish predation on zooplankton and the role of submerged macrophytes as refuge areas against fish predation. Treatments differed in macrophyte cover (065 % PVI), fish presence/absence and fish density. In both experiments zooplankton abundance and body size distribution were determined, as well as macroinvertebrate abundance, chlorophyll a and phosphorus concentration. The addition of fish (Astyanax eigenmanniorum Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) to the enclosures had only a negative effect on larger size classes of calanoid copepods, especially Notodiaptomus incompositus females. Cladoceran populations were not affected by fish predation, mainly due to its small size (< 0.6 mm). Littoral fish preferred macroinvertebrates (mostly, chironomids and oligochaetes) over zooplankton and the impact of predation on plankton community depended on macroinvertebrate abundance. The effect of the refuge offered by submerged macrophytes could not be test in this experiment, but different (positive and negative) macrophyte-fish indirect effects on zooplankton were detected. Macrophyte-fish interaction enhanced or depressed zooplankton abundance and this effect was related with predatory macroinvertebrates associated with vegetation and fish predation pressure over them.
64
25-30 May 2002
The management of Lake Agmon Wetlands (Hula Valley, Israel)

Moshe Gophen
Kinneret Limnological Laboratory-MIGAL
Lake Hula and its surrounding swamps were drained in the 1950s. Forty years later a draw down of groundwater table and peat soils degradation resulted in damage to agricultural crops and increase of nutrient loads to the down stream located Lake Kinneret. A reclamation project was implemented, including the construction of the new Lake Agmon wetlands. Agmon is utilized for drainage water removal and for ecotourism. An onset of submerged macrophytes, were recorded in the lake during spring-summer and offset of the underwater vegetation in fall. The summer standing stock of phosphorus within the macrophyte biomass is similar to TP load in the lake water later in fall. The operation of the Hula Project system removes nutrients from the Kinneret loads and the plastic barrier installed vertically across the valley prevent underground pollutants infiltration to Lake Kinneret. Summer TP load in lake Agmon is a plant mediated-P which is taken from the sediments, incorporated into macrophyte tissues, and influx during fall into lake water by plant decomposition. P removal is crucial for Lake Kinnneret water quality protection, especially aimed at prevention of Cyanobacteria blooms in summer. Partial harvesting of macrophytes may reduce P stocks in lake Agmon serving as a manageable tool to improve water quality.
65
25-30 May 2002
Limnology of temperate shallow lake in last stage before dry up

A. Grniak, M. Baranowski, P. Zieliski
University of Biaystok, Department of Hydrobiology, Bialystok, Poland
Gorbacz Lake (area 44 ha), situated in the regional water divide in NE Poland, was mires shallow lake. Lake completely dried up cause of catchment melioration and climatic condition consequence in year 2000. Surrounding bog and fen areas created dystrophic lake ecosystem with pH < 6 and EC < 100 S/cm. In the last stage of lake existence, macroions and nutrient concentrations were posit ively correlated with the water column thickness. High DOM concentration, relatively aliphatic, was accompanied by low water colour. The chlorophyll a concentrations increased with decreasing lake water level caused by benthos algae enrichment. Cyanobacteria and Chlorophycea dominated in phytoplankton with a strong space diversity. Zooplankton (mean 47 ind./L) was represented by 13 taxons, mainly detritovories B. longirostris and Asplanchna sp. It is interesting that in the dystrophic lake with low calcium concentrations and dy type of bottom sediments Anadonta cygnea was noticed. Our investigations have documented that in the last stage, dystrophic lake represents specific ecosystem with taxons mixture originated from different trophic statues and not being evolved to eutrophic system as previously presented in lakes ontogeny schemes.
66
25-30 May 2002
Long-term variations of phytoplankton primary production in the shallow, polyhumic reservoir

Andrzej Grniak, Magdalena Grabowska, Elbieta Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk, Piotr Zieliski, Tomasz Suchowolec
University of Biaystok, Department of Hydrobiology, Biaystok, Poland
Siemianwka Reservoir (SR) is an artificial shallow (3 m) dam reservoir in the northeast Poland (80 Mm3 ), created in 1990, on the seminatural mires-forest catchment (1050 km2 ), surrounded by arable area and forest. The theoretical water retention time is a 35 months long. The phytoplankton primary production (PP) in newly polyhumic reservoir (32 km2 area) was monitored for a 10-year period, from June 1992 to October 2001, in the station in the lower part of reservoir. PP was measured using the method of light and dark bottles (3 pairs at 0.1m and 1 m depth) with oxygen Winkler titration, at 1-month intervals. Water transparency showed decreasing tendency. The inverse chlorophyll a concentrations tendency was observed and the year average chlorophyll concentrations increased with time up to 100 mg/m3 . The highest concentrations of chlorophyll a occur in August, during the Cyanobacteria bloom with genera Microcystis, Aphanizomenon and Anabena as dominants. Diatoms communities are dominated in the spring and autumn months. In the SR the mean annual net production slowly decreased from 200 g C/m2 in first 90th to 88 g C/m2 in 2000. In this time total plankton respiration increased 3 times, up to 1000 g C/m2 in 2000. The respiration to net production ratio decreased ca 2 times and showed a quickly reservoir succession to hypertrophic ecosystem. Daily phytoplankton production parameters increased in a smaller degree. The main factors causing the SR eutrophication are humic substances fed from peatlands and forest occurring in the upper part of catchment and nonfriendly fish farming with promotion of Cyprinidae. SR basin is an important organic carbon (DOC and POC) sources for SR. The spring, natural organic carbon (POC and DOC) load accelerated a strong microbial organic matter respiration in the reservoir and first water deoxygenation process. From the late spring, reservoir water colour increased as well as bottom sediments resuspension intensity. The significant statistical correlation between phytoplankton production (net and gross) and reservoir hydrology were found.
67
25-30 May 2002
Stratification in a shallow oxbow in Hungary

Istvn Grigorszky*, Gbor Borics**, Judit Padisk***, Gbor Vasas*, Sndor Nagy****, Csaba Schnitchen*, Enik Magyari*****
*Botanical Department of Debrecen University **Environmental Protection Inspectorate for Trans-Tiszanian Region ***Department of Limnology, University of Veszprm ****Ecological and Hydrobiological Department of Debrecen University *****Matra Museum
The phytoplankton seasonal succession discussed in context of physical and chemical data during stratification period in a shallow oxbow in Hungary. The stability, which permits the stratif ication, nutrient regeneration controls vertical position of Ceratium. hirundinella and especially the behavioral aggregation leading to deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) formation. This mechanism similar those were recorded in deep lakes. Phytoplankton bio volume is correlated with vertical distribution of chlorophylla but cell densities are not. Ceratium hirundinella that contributed more than 6590 percentage to the total biomass from May to September was responsible for the development of the DCM.
68
25-30 May 2002
The distribution of Dinophyta species in shallow lakes in Hungary

Istvn Grigorszky*, Gbor Borics**, Judit Padisk***, Bla Tthmrsz****, Gyrgy Borbly*, Zoltn Mller*****, Bla Kiss******
*Botanical Department of Debrecen University **Environmental Protection Inspectorate for Trans-Tiszanian Region ***Department of Limnology, University of Veszprm ****Ecological and Hydrobiological Department of Debrecen University *****Hortobgy National Park ******Environmental Ministry, Ecological Coordination Office
A total of 512 samples from 86 water bodies were analyzed for Dinophyta species and their occurrence was correlated with limnological characteristics. The temperature and organic matter content were the most important factors controlling the distribution of Dinophyta species; total phosphorus and conductivity were of minor importance. A mean of seven-eight taxa of Dinophyta per collection were recorded at a temperatures of 1218 o C and a DOC < 5 mg L-1 . Similar distribution patterns were found for genera Amphidinium and Woloszynskia. Five to seven taxa of Dinophyta were recorded at average at a temperatures of 2226 o C and DOC > 10 mg L-1 . Typical taxa were Peridiniopsis, Cleistoperidinium and Ceratium. A two-factor principal component model explained 72 % of the total variance within the data set. The first principal component explained 75 and 85 % of the total variance within the temperature and organic matter variables. A cluster analysis, using within-group linkages, resulted in five groups of organisms that differed primarily with respect to their distribution along temperature gradient.
69
25-30 May 2002
Allelopathic activity of submersed macrophytes

Gross, Elisabeth M., Daniela Erhard, Eva Leu
Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
Both Myriophyllum spicatum and Elodea nuttallii are highly competitive macrophytes using various mechanisms to outcompete other species. M. spicatum is causing severe problems as invasive species in North America. The neophyte E. nuttallii is currently spreading in many shallow lakes in Western Europe outcompeting native submersed macrophytes. It has been reported that this macrophyte may also lead to low phytoplankton densities. Allelopathic interference with other primary producers may be an effective trait in submersed macrophytes competing for light. We have shown the production and release of allelochemicals from E. nuttallii and M. spicatum in laboratory bioassays. In E. nuttallii, phenolic compounds are probably responsible for the allelopathic activity, the identification of the active compounds is in progress. The major algicide in M. spicatum is tellimagrandin II, a hydrolyzable polyphenol. The content of this secondary metabolite in M. spicatum tissue depends on various environmental factors, such as nutrient status and water level. E.g., tissue nitrogen content is negatively correlated to the content of algicidal polyphenols in this macrophyte. Tellimagrandin II and other polyphenols released into the water effectively inhibit alkaline phosphatase activity of various algae and cyanobacteria and obstruct photosynthesis at photosystem II. The mode of action on PS II is different from known synthetic herbicides. Among the multiple factors influencing alternating stable states in shallow eutrophic lakes, allelopathy generally has been disregarded as a mechanism stabilizing macrophyte dominance. Our results indicate that allelopathy may be more important than previously considered. Insight into environmental conditions interfering with the production of allelopathically active compounds in submersed macrophytes and the physiological processes these allelochemicals affect in the target organisms will aid to design field studies on allelopathic interactions in shallow lakes.
70
25-30 May 2002
Phosphorus release from the sediments during summer in a shallow hypertrophic lake in Norway
Olav Grterud
Olav Grterud Agricultural University of Norway, Department of Soil and Water Sciences
Lake stensjvannet is a shallow hypertrophic lake situated in the rural district of s approximately 30 km south of the Oslo city. More than 50 years ago the lake was utilized for recreation, e.g. bathing. The sediments from the deepest part of the lake have a black colour in the upper 1015 cm. These facts bear witness to a poorer water quality in the lake during the last hundred years. The main reason for this is the increased supply of sewage and drainage from the agricultural activities. In the last two decades, however, the sewage supply has decreased and this seems to have reduced the phosphorus concentration in the lake waters, especially in the summer. Investigations in the summer 1 977, 1978 and 1979 indicated very high phosphorus leakage from the lake sediments. The same years the primary production was measured as high as 6 gC/m2 /day, a value which is considered to be the highest obtainable in lake waters. Experiments in the laboratory with sediment cores and pH manipulations gave approximately the same results as recorded in the lake waters. The magnitude of the released phosphorus was estimated by calculating the concentration of phosphorus in the lake waters by taking into account only the input from the catchment. The difference between the measured and the calculated concentrations is supposed to make the leakage. A differential equation was used in the calculation. The pH increase is closely connected to the photosynthesis going on in the lake in the summer time. This high pH is caused by the photosynthesis of the algae that again is stimulating the phosphorus release and subsequently give an additional pH increase and so on. A snowball effect or a typical feed-back mechanism. In 1987 a similar phosphorus leakage and increased pH as mentioned 10 years earlier was recorded, but not to the same degree. Today only few measurements have been done, but the lake water quality seems to be similar to that recorded in 1987. The dominating algae (bacteria) in the lake are Oscillatoria, Microcystis and Scenedesmus species.
71
25-30 May 2002
Winter diatom bloom development in the lower Nakdong River regulated by an estuary dam and tributaries (19932001)
Kyong Ha, Kwang-Seuk Jeong, Gea-Jae Joo
Dept. of Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, S. Korea
Winter blooms of small centric diatom (mainly, Stephanodiscus spp., 1013 mm of diameter) blooms were repeatedly observed between dry winter and early spring (December-February, 19932001) in the lower Nakdong River (Mulgum). Study site (Mulgum) is located 27 km from the estuary dam (mean depth, 4 m; river width 5 250350 m) and mixing is continuous through the entire water column. Diatoms were abundant year-round, peaking between October and April during the study period. Over 70 % numeric abundance of total phytoplankton numeric abundance was due to four major groups of diatoms (e.g. Aulacoseira spp., Cyclotella spp., Stepahnodiscus, and Synedra spp.) except summer cyanobacterial blooming season. Particularly, during the every dry winter over 60 mg L-1 of chl. a concentration (63.267.2 mg L-1 , n = 81) was marked mainly due to the proliferation of Stephanodiscus spp. (> 90 % of total community; annual average of total bio-volume, > 9 107 mm3 ml-1 ). A significant increase in the biomass of this population occurred in November, peaking in December to February or March, in much low water temperature (48 C). Abundant SiO 2 concentration, low water temperature, moderate wind velocity and no grazing stress of zooplankton would be related to the development of this population in the river-reservoir system that maintains high nutrient levels everywhere to be in excess of algal requirement. Among many possible factors, hydrologic factor (discharge, r2 = 0.17, P < 0.001, n = 24) may have played a most important role in winter centric diatom bloom development.
72
25-30 May 2002
Zooplankter mean weight reflecting the trophic state of Estonian large and shallow lakes (L. Peipsi, L. Vrtsjrv)
Juta Haberman
Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University
Mean zooplankter weight (WZP) refle cts adequately the trophic state of a water body; it decreases with increasing trophy. In moderately trophic Lake Peipsi WZP is 4.4 g and in strongly eutrophic Lake Vrtsjrv 2.7 g. Mean cladoceran weight is 28 and 10, mean copepod weight 10 and 6.7, mean rotifer weight 0.9 and 0.6, respectively. For individuals of the gen. Daphnia , WZP is 52, and 30 and for individuals of the gen. Bosmina, 21 and 7, respectively. The average zooplankter of moderately eutrophic L. Peipsi is considerably larger compared with the average zooplankter of strongly eutrophic L Vrtsjrv. Therefore, zooplankton in L. Peipsi is in a far better condition than in L. Vrtsjrv and it can play its role in the transfer of energy from the algae to the fishes more efficiently. The ratio of the production of filtrative zooplankton (PFilt) to that of algae, i.e. to primary production (PP), gives evidence of the food chain type as well as of the character of the zooplankters feeding. In L. Peipsi, the ratio PFilt/PP was 0.101. It means that about 10 % of the energy of algae pass over to zooplankton; there is a direct relationship between the algae and zooplankton: zooplankton consumes living algae. Dominating in the lake is the effective algal food chain: algae zooplankton fishes. In contrast, in strongly eutrophic L. Vrtsjrv, where dominant small zooplankters are not able to eat large algae and consume rather bacteria and detritus, only 2.1 % of the energy of algae reaches zooplankton, and dominating in the lake is the relatively ineffective microbial food chain: algae bacteria+detritus zooplankton fishes. In L. Peipsi, 6 % of the production (energy) of algae reach fishes, while in L. Vrtsjrv the respective parameter is only 3 %. Correlation analysis shows that WZP is mainly built by the cladocerans and rotifers. The relationship between WZP and water temperature is more pronounced for L. Vrtsjrv and less pronounced for L Peipsi where the amount of coexisting zooplankters with different temperature requirements is larger. Also, the relationship between WZP and water biogen content is more clearly expressed in strongly eutrophic L. Vrtsjrv than in L. Peipsi which has still retained some characteristics of a mesotrophic lake. The WZP characterizes both the zooplankton community and the whole ecosystem of a water body. The WZP can be used as a marker in the characterization of the ecosystem of a water body.
73
25-30 May 2002
Lake restoration by aluminum addition an experimental study

Jonas Hansen, Kasper Reitzel, Henning S. Jensen, Frede . Andersen
Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark
Lake Snderby is a hypertrophic, shallow lake with high internal phosphorus (P) loading. In order to determine the potential mobile P pool in the surface sediment, a sequential extraction scheme was applied. The mobile P pools (loosely sorbed P, ironbound P and easily degradable organic P) made up 389 mmol P/m2 . Two experimental studies were conducted in order to elucidate whether aluminum chloride could immobilize this P-pool in the sediment. First, aluminum chloride was added to sediment cores in different molar ratios relative to the mobile P-pool, and a sedimentwater P exchange experiments was run for 40 days. The optimal molar ratio with respect to pH and phosphorus binding capacity was Al:P = 4:1. Secondly, this dosage was tested in an enclosure (1.2 m) experiment in the lake during summer. Relative to the control treatments the aluminum-treated enclosures showed a significant drop in total-P, ortho-P and pH (1.2 mg/l, 1.2 mg/l and 1.5 units) and an increase in conductivity (0.1 mS/cm) within hours. The drop in pH and increase in conductivity returned to normal within two months. At the end of the experiment the aluminum bound P-pool and total-P in the upper centimeter of the lake sediment was increased by 40 and 70 mol P/g DW, respectively. Thus, a significant part of the ortho-P was removed from the water phase following aluminum application. Based on the experience from the pilot study it was decided to conduct a full scale lake restoration using the tested dosage.
74
25-30 May 2002
Changes in biological structure of the hypertrophic Lake Arreskov after diversion of wastewater and biomanipulation
Kjeld Sandby Hansen
Fyn County, Nature Management and Water Environment Division, Odense, Denmark
Dramatic changes in the biological structure have taken place in the Danish hypertrophic lake Arreskov (area 3.17 km2 , mean depth 1.9 m), following diversion of municipal wastewater and a subsequent natural collapse/biomanipulation of the fish populations. This is demonstrated during a 12-year study of the development in water chemistry, sediment chemistry, phyto- and zooplankton, submerged vegetation, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish, and waterfowl. After a dramatic reduction in fish population, the water cleared up due to a reduction in resuspension and reduced algal densities (especially cyanobacteria), fewer nutrients were released from the sediments resulting in lower levels in the water, and the coverage of submerged macrophytes expanded from 0 to about 60 %. Zooplankton became dominated by Daphnia hyalina, D. magna and D. pulex on the expense of small cladocerans. Average yearly density of macrophyte eating birds, coots (Fulica atra) and mute swans (Cygnus olor), increased 2030-fold due to the new and favourable food conditions. A few years later, however, the blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae appeared in high densities during summer and submerged vegetation declined. Although the predation from fish on zooplankton was still low and Daphnia still dominated, the zooplankton was unable to keep phytoplankton on a low level. Following the reduction in submerged macrophytes, the number of plant eating waterfowl decreased.
75
25-30 May 2002
Planktonic cyanobacteria of central and northern Moravia

Haler Petr, Poulkov Aloisie
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Cyanobacteria have not been studied on the territory of Central and Northern Moravia yet. The presented study records the first data obtained by the monitoring of the species composition of water blooms at Moravian fishponds and reservoirs. Altogether 51 shallow water bodies were sampled inclusive of the measurements of selected physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, oxygen). Planktonic cyanobacteria were investigated in live and fixed material using light microscope, TEM and SEM, and using the methods of isolation and cultivation. Water blooms were found at 41 sites. The abundance and species richness of other algal groups were low at the sites with the occurrence of mass development of cyanobacteria. Flagellata and Desmidiales were usually observed in the cases mentioned above. As the most common cyanobacteria, Planktothrix agardhii and Microcystis spp. were found. The morphological variability of different natural populations of Planktothrix agardhii was studied and compared with the measurements in cultures. Diurnal changes in the vertical distribution of planktonic cyanobacteria were observed in situ.
76
25-30 May 2002
Phosphorus-binding in the iron rich sediments of the shallow Spremberg Reservoir: Spatial characterisation based on sonar data
Majana Heidenreich, Andreas Kleeberg
Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus, Chair of Water Conservation, Germany
The lowland Spremberg Reservoir, about 60 km south of Cottbus (Germany, Lusatia) impounds the River Spree to a length of 8 km. Due to the lignite mining activities in its catchment area, the reservoir received a high iron load, iron is the most important binding partner of phosphorus. From the nineties, the phosphorus load decreased as a result of improved waste water treatment in the catchment area, which coincided with a decline of the mining activities. Reduced runoff and iron input to the reservoir should result in a lowering of the benthic phosphorus binding capacity, but this is not known. For a survey of the reservoir a two-frequency sonar coupled with a differential GPS, was used and different types of sediment were distinguished. Areas of similar characteristics were differentiated using the returned echos of 180 kHz, and the dry weight (DW) of the sediments. In October 2001 sediment samples were taken from the different areas to determine sorption characteristics and specific surface area. The results indicate a high phosphorus binding capacity. Due to iron concentrations of up to 200 mg g-1 DW phosphorus concentrations in the surface sediment reached to 6 mg g-1 DW. A sequential phosphorus extraction (Psenner scheme) revealed a high portion of iron-bound phosphorus. Moreover, the phosphorus release rates calculated by pore water profiles were very low. The high iron: phosphorus ratio of the well oxidised surface sediments, as well as the low pore water phosphorus concentration in deeper sediment layers, indicate that the phosphorus binding capacity is not exhausted. Even with a continuing decrease in iron input a considerable net release of phosphorus from the sediments of the reservoir is not expected.
77
25-30 May 2002
Ecological characteristics and the reversal of eutrophication in Lake Balaton

Sndor Herodek
Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
Balaton is a 77 km long lake with a surface area of 594 km2 and a mean depth of 3.2 m. The Zala river flows into the western end of the lake, while the outflow is in the eastern part. The water residence time of the lake is 4 years. The main ions in the water are Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3 -. The pH of the water is 8.5, but it can increase up to 9.2 during strong algal blooms. The sediment is calcareous. The siltation rate is 3 mm/yr in the westermost basin, but only 0.4 mm/yr in the larger part of the lake. There are reed belts on the wind protected northern shore. The transparency of the water is usually low, due to the sediment resuspended by the strong waves. This restricts the distribution of submerged macrophytes to a zone shallower than 2 m. More than 97 per cent of the surface is open water. According to phytoplankton studies the lake was oligotrophic in the 1940s, and mesotrophic in the 1950s and early 1960s. For the 1970s the western part became eutrophic with strong summer blooms of nitrogen fixing blue-greens. For the 1980s the western part became hypertrophic, the eastern one eutrophic. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii invaded the whole lake in hot summers. Chemical measurements, isotope studies into the nutrient uptake kinetics of phytoplankton, algal bioassays and experiments with fertilized lake enclosures indicated phosphorus limitation of algal growth. A eutrophication control program launched by 1983 decreased the external phosphorus load to its half. Internal loading delayed the recovery by several years, but by 1995 the phytoplankton biomass dropped to its third, and since that time on it remained in that level. Lake Balaton offers a good possibility to study the effects of trophic changes both in space and time.
78
25-30 May 2002
Fish distribution in the open water and littoral of Neusiedler See (Austria): a matter of habitat structure and abiotic factors
A. Herzig, J. Kubecka, G. Wolfram
Biological Station Neusiedler See, Illmitz, Austria
The shallow lake basin of Neusiedler See covers an area of 321 km2 ; the maximum depth is in the range of 2 m, the average depth is 1.2 m. A reed belt (Phragmites communis) encircles the lake, more than 50 % of the lake area is covered by reeds. In general the open water zone can be divided into two parts: the northern part which is less structured by islands and extremely wind exposed, submerged vegetation is confined to an about 1 km wide strip in front of the western reed fringe; in the southern part, on the other hand, numerous islands (Phragmites stands) create plentiful shelter for fish; submerged vegetation is growing all over. The reed belt is an extreme patchy habitat, very productive, and harbors diverse biota; i.e. reed stands of varying age, stubble pools, pools, lacunae, and channels. From 19961998 the fish standing stock of the open water zone was monitored by applying horizontal echosounding. The fish community of the open water zone mainly consists of Alburnus alburnus and Pelecus cultratus; Abramis brama, Blicca bjrkna, Gymnocephalus cernuus and Sander lucioperca also contribute to this community. The surveys revealed a relationship between the degree of structure within the lake area and the presence of fish. In the open part of the lake less and smaller sized fish occurred. More and larger fishes were found in wind protected areas and/or structured areas of the lake. The more strong winds prevail, the more fishes are detected within these structures. From 19941997 600 fish samples were taken by applying electrofishing. Along the ecotone reed-open water, several fish species use different parts of the reed habitat. Sander lucioperca and Gymnocephalus cernuus prevail. Blicca bjrkna prefers reed areas close to the open water zone, deeper in the reeds Rutilus rutilus and Scardinius erythrophthalmus, and in the brown water areas Anguilla anguilla, Carassius gibelio, Pseudorasbora parva, and Lepomis gibbosus prevail. In the ecotone regions (reedfringe, channels, pools with communication with the lake), fish biomass was highest, in central reed zones lowest. A. anguilla and C. gibelio contributed more than half to this standing stock. Structure of the habitat and water depth, water currents, and above all oxygen conditions are forces responsible for patterns of littoral fish species.
79
25-30 May 2002
Shifts in macroinvertebrate communities after remediation of a shallow eutrophied lake in Flanders, Belgium by means of sludge removal
Steven Heylen, Lien Nguyen Thi Hong, De Pauw Niels
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
The Kraenepoel, a shallow, oligotrophic, fresh water lake (app. 22 ha), which was originally a peat extraction site, was used as a fish culture pond during several centuries. In the last few decades, the area has been increasingly t reatened by a h continuing eutrophication, which seriously affected the nutrient-poor and mineral nature of the habitat. The main objectives of a European LIFE-project were the restoration, preservation and protection of the Kraenepoel as an oligotrophic fresh water habitat with an appropriate fish population. As a restoration measure, the lake was drained and highly organic sediments were removed. Results from resembling studies in the Netherlands illustrate the successful recovery of rare and even formerly disappeared plant species. Little is however known about the effects of such measures on the macroinvertebrate community, or the fauna on the whole. Therefore an inventory of this community was drawn up before draining the lake (spring and summer 1999; T0). Although the effect of eutrophication is clearly reflected by the macroinvertebrate species composition, still, the quality of this lake can be regarded as high in comparison with similar lakes in Flanders. After partial restoration of the lake and refill by ground water and rainwater only (winter 20002001; T1), a follow-up of its recovering community is ongoing. The first results of samples taken in late winter (February-March 2001) show an expected, serious decline in abundance numbers and species diversity compared to T0-results. Sampling in spring 2001 however shows a steady but apparent recovery of species found in T0. After 9 months of recovery, abundance numbers have reached the T0 state again and have even exceeded these numbers. Besides, the taxonomic diversity is still increasing. Furthermore, shifts are being noted in the species distribution among the sampling sites. It can be expected that future results will show a further recovery of the diversity. Whether and when the final stabilization o the lake will result in a successful restoration of a more unique, f nutrient-poor environment is unknown. So far no signs are found indicating a shift towards a new macroinvertebrate community.
80
25-30 May 2002
Cyanophytes and algae of gravel pit lakes in Bratislava, Slovakia

Frantiek Hindk, Alica Hindkov
Institute of Botany SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia
Gravel pit pools filled by underground water have come into existence due to the extraction of gravel and sand of the alluvial deposit of rivers. The lakes are similar in their origin and age, slightly alkaline but different in some respects. They came into existence due to gradual digging of gravel and sand in the second part of last century. Majority of them has the bottom uneven and shores are shallow. Their water is clear and oligotrophic in their beginnings but later on their eutrophication becomes more or less progressive. The main sources of the eutrophication are represented by infiltration from neighbouring field, parks, imissions from the air and direct anthropogenic pollution. These lakes are characteristic water bodies also for Bratislava (W Slovakia). They are relatively small (max. about 1 km2 ), shallow (max. about 12 m), and used for swimming and recreation purposes (Kuchajda, Dradiak, Rusovce), water sports and fishing (trkovec, Rohlk, Kopc) or water supply (Cunovo). Diversity of cyanophytes and algae in 9 gravel pit lakes in Bratislava is presented. In Cyanophyta 30 genera with 54 species have been determined, and in different groups of algae 160 genera with about 540 species. Majority of them are commonly occurring microorganisms but some are typical inhabitants of these man-made lakes, e.g. from Cyanophyta they are *Radiocystis aphanothecoidea, *Cyanocatena planctonica, *Cyanogranis libera, Eucapsis densa, Chroococcus giganteus, *Planktocyanocapsa stagnalis, *Johannesbaptistia lacustris, Anabaena minderi, A. bergii; from diatoms Cyclotella ocellata, C. quadrijuncta, C. stelligera, C. stelligeroides, C. distinguenda, C. pseudocomensis, C. cyclopuncta, Amphora libyca, Anomoeoneis vitrea, Cymbella amphicephala, C. cesatii, C. helvetica, C. microcephala, Navicula cryptotenella, N. oblonga, N. radiosa, Gyrosigma acuminatum, G. attenuatum, Mastogloia smithii, Nitzschia acicularis, N. angustata, N. linearis, N. microcephala, N. recta, and from Chlorophyceae *Coenochloris astroidea, Coelastrum polychordum, *Oocystis biplacata, *Oocystella rhomboidea, *Tetrastrum komarekii, *Tetrachlorella incerta. Cyanophyte or chlorococcalean species signed by asterisk (*) were described from these small and shallow water bodies in Slovakia. Several taxa were first records from this country, e.g. nostocalean cyanophytes Anabaena minderi and A. bergii or diatoms Melosira nummuloides, Amphipleura rutilans and Denticula subtilis.
81
25-30 May 2002
Population dynamics of Propsilocerus akamusi midges (Diptera:Chironomidae) caught by light trap in Lake Suwa
Kimio Hirabayashi*, Takayuki Hanazato**, Nobutada Nakamoto*
*Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University **Research and Education Center for Inlandwater Environment, Shinshu University
Lake Suwa is located at about 36 03 N, 130 05 E and 759 m alt. in central Japan. It is a eutrophic lake with the surface area of 14.45 km2 , maximum depth of 6.5 m and mean depth of 4.1 m. Two cities and one town lie around and near the lake. From 1960s to 1980s, the lake was undergoing eutrophication year by year, and water pollution was in rapid progress owing to the increase of human populations and the development of industry along its coast. Chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) emerging from this lake had become intolerable because their high densities were a severe nuisance and cause economic problems. From the end of 1980s, the water quality of lake have changed, i.e., total phosphorus and total nitrogen are decreasing. From the end of 1990s, in the area surrounding Lake Suwa, massive flights of Propsilocerus akamusi midges have not observed. Authors have investigated the long-term population dynamics of P. akamusi in this lake. The objective of this study is to cla rify the temporal variations of abundance of the midge of P. akamusi collected with a light trap, and to analyze factors that may affect these variations from 1960s to 1990s. Moreover, in March, 2001, a multi-point sampling survey was carried out using a standard Ekman-Berge grab, collecting P. akamusi larvae at 60 stations in a 500 * 500 m grid in the lake. The average densities of P. akamusi larvae for all the stations were 73.3 (S.D. 48.1) individuals per m2 . We compared our results with Hirabayashi (1986). He reported that the average density of P. akamusi larvae were 4919.2 (S.D. 1991.7) individuals per m2 . Recently, the number of P. akamusi larvae are showing a tendency to decreasing in this Lake. It was suggested that this lake seems to be proceeding of the purification, recently.
82
25-30 May 2002
Development of a monitoring network for the analysis of environmental samples collected at the Lake Balaton
Jzsef Hlavay, Klra Polyk, gnes Lakatos
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Veszprm
Monitoring is done in order to gain information on the present level of harmful or potentially harmful pollutants in discharges to the environment, within the environment itself, or in living creatures. Determination of different organic pollutants PAHs and inorganic pollutants (toxic metals) in aerosols, precipitation, water and sediment samples collected at the Lake Balaton was carried out. For fractionation by particle size, aerosols were sampled by impactor. For fractionation by chemical bonding a simple 3-stage sequential leaching procedure was applied to establish the distribution of metals between environmentally mobile (1), bound to carbonates and oxides (2), and environmentally immobile, (bound to silicates) (3) fractions in aerosols. The concentration of main and trace elements was measured with an RSD of < 5 % from solutions. The aim of collecting precipitate and aerosol samples in the same site at the same period was to determine the distribution of elements in two depositions. The comparison of dry and wet depositions showed that the ratio of Ddryt/Dwet is significant, in particular, for Fe, Al, and Cu, indicating that the dry deposition plays an important role. The soluble fractions of depositions (Ddrymobile+Dwet) were compared to the total depositions (Ddry+Dwet) and it has been found that 8594 % of toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, As) were dissolved in the water. Sediment samples were collected from the top 10 cm layer of the bottom of lakes. A 4-step sequential leaching procedure was applied for the determination of the distribution of elements. Particular attention was paid to distinguish between environmentally mobile and environmentally immobile fractions because these represent the two extreme modes by which the metals are bound to the solid matrices. Results of the sum of 4 fractions of bottom sediments of the Lake Balaton, rivers on its catchment area and harbors were compared to sediment quality values (SQVs) and sediment background values (SBVs). Data showed that the average concentration of elements was usually less than that of SQVs and other background data for soils and geochemical values. So the sediment is not polluted and its disposal on the soil is feasible. The fact of the low metal concentration of sediments correlates well to the finding that the main part of the dry and wet depositions is water-soluble. Based on the results, it can be definitely confirmed that the quality of the water and sediment of the Lake Balaton is satisfactory.
83
25-30 May 2002
Seasonal succession of phytoplankton communities in two shallow forest lakes in eastern Finland
Anna-Liisa Holopainen, Riitta Niinioja, Hannu Luotonen
University of Joensuu, Karelian Institute, P.O. Box 111, FIN -80101 Joensuu, Finland and North Karelia Regional Environment Centre, P.O. Box 69, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
The seasonal succession of phytoplankton communities in two small forest lakes was studied in 19901991. The lakes Iso Hietajrvi and Pieni Hietajrvi are headwater lakes situated in the Patvinsuo National Park, eastern Finland. Both lakes have a mean depth of 3.5 m, the maximum depth is 8.8 m in Lake Iso Hietajrvi and 7.0 m in Lake Pieni Hietajrvi. Lake Iso Hietajrvi was weakly stratified during the open water season in 199091, in contrast to Pieni Hietajrvi, which was strongly stratified. So the water quality and physical properties of these two pristine forest lakes are different although they are located close to each others in the same catchment area. The colour value of Lake Pieni Hietajrvi is higher and the Secchi depth only half of that in Lake Iso Hietajrvi indicating the strong effect of peatland in its catchment area. The nutrient contents of both lakes are low and typical to oligotrophic lakes. Samples for water and phytoplankton analyses were taken from several depths in the deepest part of both lakes throughout the year, monthly in winter and biweekly or weekly in open water season. In Lake Iso Hietajrvi the differences in chlorophyll a concentration were small in whole water column and the productive layer reached down to 4 metres, whereas in the dark coloured Lake Lake Pieni Hietajrvi the productive layer was -3 shallow, 1 metre. The phytoplankton biomass varied from 74 to 538 mg m fresh weight in Lake Iso Hietajrvi during the open water season. The biomass was mainly composed of cryptophyceans, chrysophyceans and diatoms. Canonical correspondence analysis grouped the algal communities of the summers 1990 and 1991 into separate groups according to pH, alkalinity, temperature and DOC in water. Cyclotella kuetzingiana var radiosa, Rhizosolenia longiseta, Gymnodinium sp. and Katablepharis ovalis were typical species in 1990 and the chrysophyceans Dinobryon divergens, D. bavaricum and Mallomonas caudata in 1991. Both lakes have been studied as part of the Integrated Monitoring (IM) Programme of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems. The aim of this paper is to describe the seasonal variation in hydrochemical parameters and their relation to the phytoplankton biomass and species composition in the lakes Iso and Pieni Hietajrvi.
84
25-30 May 2002
Effects of mining industry waste waters on structure and function of a shallow lake ecosystem in the Kostomuksha area, NW Karelia, Russia
Ismo J. Holopainen*, Markku Viljanen**, Anna- Liisa Holopainen**,***, Victoria Tkatcheva*
*Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O.Box 111, FIN -80101 Joensuu, Finland **Karelian Institute, University of Joensuu, P.O.Box 111, FIN -80101 Joensuu, Finland ***Environment Centre, P.O.Box 69, FIN -80101 Joensuu, Finland
The Kostomuksha Mining Plant (KMP) extracts iron ore and processes it into iron pellets which are sold to steel plants. The production operations have severe effects on the environment in the form of air pollution (SO 2 and dust) and waste water emissions. The waste waters are let out into a damned basin, formerly a natural Lake Kostomuksha. This basin flows north-east through a number of small lakes (Poppalijrvi, Koivas, Kento) to the larger Kuito Lakes and the White Sea. In the small lakes an increase in heavy metals and in the mineral content of water, change of pH, and high concentrations of potassium and lithium have been characteristic, e.g. in Poppalijrvi, close to the waste basin, the K+ and Li+ concentrations are 100 times, that of total nitrogen 15 times and those of Ca2+ and Mg2+ > 10 times the concentrations in the control lake. However, the total phosphorus content (69 g L-1 ) is slightly lower than in the control lake. Our routine phytoplankton count showed highest number of taxa and largest biomass in the clean reference lake - in contrast to chlorophyll-a content. This controversy could be due to bacterial chlorophyll, since unidentified rod-like bacteria were found to be very abundant in Poppalijrvi (crude estimation is > 100 g L-1 ), present in L. Kento (> 25 g L-1) but absent in Upper Kuito. Interestingly, large numbers of protozoa (mainly Heliozoa) were found in Poppalijarvi suggesting that a microbial loop dominates the food chain of this lake, and maintains the large fish biomass. Altogether seven species of fish (pike, Esox lucius; perch, Perca fluviatilis; ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus; roach, Rutilus rutilus; bleak, Alburnus alburnus; whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus s.l., and vendace, Coregonus albula) were caught in test fishings in L. Poppalijrvi. The mean catch-perunit-effort (CPUE, catch per one multimesh gillnet per night, 18 net-nights in August 20002001) was 1410 g in Poppalijrvi, and 686 g in Upper Kuito, the reference lake. Roach dominated the catch in both lakes (3650 % of weight) together with perch (3339 % of weight). The mean weight (biomass/ numbers) of roach (24 g) in Upper Kuito was only half of that in L Poppalijarvi (39 g). Both the chlorophyll-a content and fish catch suggest higher productivity in the lakes influenced by the mining. However, our results also indicate increased heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Hg, Ni) concentrations and histopathological effects in fish in Lake Poppalijrvi.
85
25-30 May 2002
The effect of emergent macrophytes on sediment resuspension in Lake Hiidenvesi

Jukka Horppila, Leena Nurminen
Department of Limnology and Environmental Protection, University of Helsinki
The effects of emergent macrophytes (narrow -leaved cattail, Typha angustifolia L.) on water turbidity and sediment resuspension in the shallow Kirkkojrvi basin of Lake Hiidenvesi were studied with sediment traps, and concomitant sediment and water samples. Within the stand of the emergent plants both the concentration of suspended solids and the rate of sediment resuspension were significantly lower than at the edge and outside the stand. Within the stand, 858 g dw m-2 of sediment was resuspended during the study period (82 d). At the edge of the stand and in the open water zone, the corresponding numbers were 1414 and 2210 g dw m-2 , respectively. The differences between the zones increased towards the end of summer together with the growing stem density. With the resuspended sediment, 13.4 mg P m-2 d-1 was brought to the water column within the stand, 22.4 mg P m-2 d-1 at the edge and 39.4 mg P m-2 d-1 outside the stand. During the study period, phosphorus retention by emergent macrophyte stands corresponded to 35 % of the present annual external phosphorus loading of the Kirkkojrvi basin.
86
25-30 May 2002
Bioassay in eutrophication monitoring of Lake Sakada (Nature Park Kopacki Rit, Croatia)
Janja Horvatic, Melita Mihaljevic
Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, J. J. Strossmayer University, Osijek, Croatia
Comparative evaluation of the trophic state of Lake Sakada, the deepest lake in the wetland ecosystem of the Nature Park Kopacki Rit, was done using the miniaturized bioassay method, as well as according to physical and chemical water parameters and seasonal successions of phytoplankton. Sampling was done monthly from March till Dec. of 1999. The algal growth potential (AGP) of culture Chlorella kessleri FOTT et NOV. was investigated. AGP in original water samples from Lake Sakada and the -1 influence on the AGP due to adding nitrates (final conc. of 0.180; 0.360; 0.723 g l ) and phosphates (final conc. of 0.028; 0.056; 0.169 g l-1 ) were determined. Water dynamics is the main ecological factor in the Lake Sakada. According to dynamics of flooding, during 1999 two periods can be distinguished: inflow of water to the wetland from the Danube with a high water level (MarchJuly) and outflow of water from the lake to the Danube with decreasing of water level (AugDec). High Secchi depth (1.1 3.6 m), low amount of phytoplankton (2.4345.02 g l-1 chl-a) with predominance of Dinobryon and diatoms (Asterionella, Melosira) was the characteristic of the period of low water level and indicated oligo-mesotrophic and low eutrophic conditions. Results of AGP based on the maximal biomass of C. kessleri in original water samples (3263 mg l-1 DW) proved the oligotrophic -mesoeutrophic conditions. Results of AGP in conditions of increasing phosphates (all three conc. stimulated the growth of C. kessleri) proved the low level of phosphates in Lake Sakada. The algal blooms of Peridinium and Euglenophyceae (69.8886.85 g l-1 chl-a) and low Secchi depth (0.591.03 m) was the main characteristic of the eutrophic conditions in the period of low water level. Results of AGP based on the maximal biomass of C. kessleri (till 92 mg l-1 DW) in original water samples proved the mesoeutrophic conditions while AGP was unchanged in conditions with increasing of phosphates. According to statistical analysis it can be concluded that phosphates were not a limiting factor of C. kessleri growth. Based on the AGP results in conditions of increasing nitrates, there is an evident increase in the C. kessleri growth. It can be concluded that nitrates controlled the eutrophication of Lake Sakada during the whole investigation period. Regarding the given results, the method of bioassay will be introduced and tested in the longterm period for the monitoring of eutrophication of Lake Sakada.
87
25-30 May 2002
Allelopathic activity of Ceratophyllum demersum and Najas marina

Enik Ivnyi*, Daniela Erhard**, Elisabeth M. Gross**
*Debreceni Egyetem, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary **Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
Submersed macrophytes have to compete with epiphytes and phytoplankton for light. Light attenuation by these microphytes can be substantial and limit macrophyte growth. Nutrients may play a role when the macrophytes do not root in the sediment but take most of their nutrients from the watercolumn, such as in Ceratophyllum. However, Najas should receive most of its nutrients from the sediment. Previous studies and results from our laboratory indicate that both C. demersum and N. marina exhibit allelopathic activity against cyanobacteria and algae. Sulfur or a labile sulfur compound is considered to be the active allelochemical in C. demersum, whereas the chemical nature of the polar and nonpolar active fractions in N. marina ssp. intermedia is still unknown. We used aqueous methanol and aqueous acetone in various ratios to optimize the extraction procedure of the allelochemicals. Further purification of the extracts was performed with solid phase extraction (SPE). Additionally, exudation experiments with fresh material were performed using SPE to enrich potentially released allelochemicals. All extracts and fractions were tested in the agar diffusion assay with cyanobacteria (Anabaena variabilis strain P9, Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. PCC 7120 and Synechococcus elongatus SAG 89.79. Our preliminary results show that extracts from C. demersum and from Najas strongly inhibit these cyanobacteria. Bioassay directed fractionation of the extracts should reveal the active metabolites in both macrophytes. The final results of bioassays with extracts and exudates will be discussed in relation to previous studies.
88
25-30 May 2002
Monitoring of phytoplankton by chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin in vivo fluorescence measurement in drinking water reservoir
Katarzyna Izydorczyk*, Magorzata Tarczynska*, Maciej Zalewski**
*Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland **International Centre for Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dziekanow Lesny, 05-092 Lomianki, Poland
Monitoring of eutrophication symptoms in drinking water reservoirs should include not only physico-chemical and hydrological but also biological parameters. The method of microscopic enumeration of phytoplankton biomass and structure and the chlorophyll-a extraction method can be replaced by the very sensitive photosynthetic pigment in-vivo fluorescence technique. Chlorophyll concentration mapping in reservoirs is its most common application. The chlorophyll in-vivo fluorescence technique allows sudden changes in chlorophyll concentration to be observed, which reflect the high activity of phytoplankton and its quick growth rate. The mapping also documents spatial differentiation of chlorophyll in-vivo fluorescence intensity, and consequently assigns areas of high phytoplankton biomass. Comparison of chlorophyll in-vivo fluorescence with phytoplankton biomass indicates high positive correlation for the period when diatoms and cyanobacteria predominated in phytoplankton. The chlorophyll in-vivo fluorescence method yields no information about the phytoplankton community structure. From the point of eutrophication in drinking water reservoirs, it is especially important to detect toxic cyanobacteria in mixed phytoplankton assemblages. Thus the phycocyanin content in phytoplankton seems to be a useful index of the presence and biomass of cyanobacteria in water samples. The in-vivo phycocyanin fluorescence technique is a very sensitive method; therefore the cyanobacteria concentration can be monitored from the very early stage of waterblooms. In order to describe spatial changes in phytoplankton community distribution, and detect the potential places of cyanobacterial bloom formation in the reservoir, the tandem chlorophyll and phycocyanin in-vivo fluorescence methods are proposed.
89
25-30 May 2002
Did antifouling paints contribute to the collapse of The Norfolk Broads shallow lake ecosystem?
Michael J. Jackson*, Carl D. Sayer**, Mike J. Waldock***, Gavin L. Simpson**, John F. Boyle****, Peter G. Appleby*****, Jacqueline Reed***, Bob James******
*Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK **Environmental Change Research Centre (ECRC), University College, London, UK ***The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Essex, UK **** Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, UK *****Environmental Radioactivity Researcg Centre, University of Liverpool, UK ****** School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK
Over the past decade, the potential existence of two alternative stable states, clear water dominated by macrophytes and turbid water dominated by phytoplankton, has been demonstrated in numerous shallow lake studies around the world, but mechanisms that cause the switch between the two states remain elusive. Most of the shallow lakes in The Norfolk Broads, eastern England, UK, underwent such a transition during the 1960s. We show that antifouling paints containing tributyltin (TBT) applied to boat hulls may have triggered the collapse of the ecosystem. Our palaeolimnological evidence contradicts the assumption that the Broads were TBTfree until the mid-1970s, and shows that major ecological changes occurred just as TBT was first detected. Historical inter-comparisons of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities showed that TBT might have induced the switch through the elimination of a range of organisms known to enhance submerged plant growth.
90
25-30 May 2002
Habitat preference of littoral macroinvertebrates in different submerged macrophyte architecture and risk-sensitive behaviour in the presence of underyearling perch (Perca fluviatilis L.)
Michael J. Jackson*, Martin R. Perrow**, Dan J. Hoare***, Bob James****
*Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada **ECON, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK ***The Environment Agency, Haddiscoe, Norfolk, UK ****School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
The structural complexity of littoral vegetation is known to play a major role in shallow lake ecology. For example, some zooplankton species use macrophytes as refuges to avoid fish predation, a response which may be crucial in sustaining restoration attempts. Less attention however has been paid to the movements of macroinvertebrates within macrophyte beds. This is surprising, considering the many functional roles of littoral macroinvertebrates that may be central t the healthy o growth of aquatic plants, for example, through the reduction of choking periphyton and the build-up of excessive detritus. Macroinvertebrates also provide an essential intermediate food source for underyearling perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) that are undergoing ontogenetic dietary shifts from zooplanktivores to piscivores, which may have important implications for cyprinid control. The interaction between macroinvertebrates and fish in different macrophyte architecture should lead to a fuller understanding of the mechanisms underlying the changes in community structure that result from restoration measures such as biomanipulation. A mesocosm experiment was devised to investigate the importance of plant morphology and stem density in the choice of microhabitat for a community of macroinvertebrates and how this was affected by the presence of 0+ perch. The results of the experiment will be presented together with preliminary findings from a whole -lake management experiment that resulted from the mesocosm study.
91
25-30 May 2002
Roach (Rutilus rutilus) behaviour by use of mini-radio transmitters: a comparative study of a clearwater and a turbid lake
Lene Jacobsen, Niels Jepsen, Sren Berg
Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Department of Inland Fisheries, Silkeborg, Denmark
Roach is the predominant planktivore in most eutrophic shallow lakes in Denmark as well as in temperate Europe. As such, roach has been considered to have an extensive impact on lower trophic levels and be a controlling factor in the lake food web, maintaining the lake in a turbid condition even when nutrient levels have been lowered. Nevertheless, the behaviour of roach has attracted very little attention until now. The recent developments in biotelemetry has facilitated the study of fish behaviour but so far the size of fish, studied this way, has been limited by the size of the transmitter. In this study we aimed to evaluate the activity pattern and habitat choice of roach in two shallow lakes; Lake Stigsholm, a clearwater lake, and Lake Sbygrd with low Secchi depth most of the year. Newly developed mini-radio transmitters of 0.5 g of weight were implanted in the body cavity of roach between 13 and 22 cm. Six to 14 roach were tracked during 48-hour tracking sessions four times during a year (April, June, August and November) simultaneously in both lakes. In total 79 roach were radio tracked successfully during the study. During the 48 hours, roach were positioned one hour before and after sunrise, midday, sunset and midnight. Activity level for each fish (m/hour) was estimated as net distance between two subsequent tracking points. Activity was highest during sunrise and sunset and low at night in both lakes with some seasonal variation: In summer the activity was significantly low during midday in the Clearwater lake, whereas the activity during day remained at the same level in the turbid lake. Activity levels were lower in November than in April, June and August; this was most pronounced in the clearwater lake, where most roach stayed passively in refuges. Generally the activity was lower in the clearwater lake, maybe due to higher predator exposure in clearwater or due to lower concentrations of food items. A diet analysis of roach caught during the same periods showed a clear correlation between activity levels and degrees of food in the stomachs. Habitat choice showed large individual variation, but generally the roach were situated closest to the littoral zone at night.
92
25-30 May 2002
Bacterial productivity in extremely acidic mining lakes and eutrophic hard water lakes
Jrn Jander, Hartwig Krumbeck, Brigitte Nixdorf
Brandenburg University of Technology, Chair of Water Conservation
Shallow lakes in the German lowlands are characterized by very high primary productivity. To what extent bacterial production in these lake types is linked with algal activity was investigated by 3H-thymidine incorporation method in two shallow lakes with different trophy (eutrophic I and hypertrophic). Cell numbers were estimated using the DAPI technique rang-ing between 0.2 and 14 million cells/ml. Morphometric characteristics of bacterial cells were discussed in relation to cell specific production values. Oligotrophic and mesotrophic shallow lakes do not exist in the lowlands, thats why we investigated bacterial production in some of the shallow mining lakes, mostly highly acidic (pH between 2 and 3 and high concentrations of dissolved iron). Whereas primary production reflects the nutrient situation in these different lakes, no trophic gradient can be described for bacterial production. Bacterial productivity seems to be relatively high in acidic mining lakes and comparable with eutrophic hard water lakes. Reasons and ecological consequences for the dominance of heterotrophic processes in shallow mining lakes are discussed.
93
25-30 May 2002
Interaction between cyanobacterial bloom and fishes in a small reservoir: laboratory and enclosure experiment
Min-Ho Jang, Kyong Ha, Gea-Jae Joo
Dept of Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, S. Korea
To clarify the interaction between native fishes and cyanobacteria (Microcystis), laboratory and enclosure feeding experiments in a small reservoir were conducted with filtered Microcystis cells (< 35 m mesh size; > 98 % Microcystis spp.) and two dominant native fishes (Hemiculter eigenmanni and Culter brevicauda) in Hoedong Reservoir, Korea. A massive Microcystis bloom event occurred during the very low precipitation period from mid July to mid September (81.7 mm). While no toxin was detected in Microcystis from the reservoir, low levels of microcystin were detected in both fish free and fish treated Microcystis culture in the laboratory experiment (> 40 g/g-dry cell) after 24 hours. A significant difference in microcystin level between the control and fish inoculated treatment until day 2 were observed on days 3 to 6 (P < 0.01). Microcystin contents in both fish excreta and whole body tissue increased on day 6. The toxin quantity of fish body tissue was much higher on the surface zone than the subsurface zone (3 m). After day 6, the microcystin contents of body tissue were higher in H. eigenmanni than that in C. brevicauda in the surface zone (0 m) at the end of the experiment. Based on the fact that lower microcystin levels of body tissue than the water column and higher toxin level of excreta than the body tissue were found, we suggest that two experimental fishes H. eigenmanni and C. brevicauda may selectively feed on microcystin free Microcystis in the reservoir.
94
25-30 May 2002
Sensitivity analysis of a lake eutrophication model

Janse, Jan H.
RIVM, Lab. of Water and Drinking Water Research
The lake eutrophication model PCLake (Hydrobiologia 342/343: 18) can be used to evaluate the dominance of either phytoplankton or submerged macrophytes in shallow lakes. The model describes the growth of algae and macrophytes, as well as a simplified food web, coupled to a description of the nutrient cycles in water and sediment. The model has been applied in the past to some case studies concerning phosphorus load reduction and biomanipulation. A sensitivity analysis now performed by the Morris method revealed the most sensitive parameters and input factors. The model output was compared to observations for a set of some f ifty lakes in The Netherlands and some other European countries. Some process parameters were optimized, based on a combined fit criterion. The remaining parameter uncertainties were translated to prediction incertainties by Monte Carlo analysis. This information was used to evaluate the systems response to nutrient loading and other input and management factors (like dredging, deepening, biomanipulation), in relation to lake characteristics like depth, size, inflow, type of sediment and presence of a wetland zone. The critical phosphorus and nitrogen loading ranges were established, together with their dependence on these other input factors. Although the uncertainties in specific situations are high, the overall results are reasonably comparable to relations found in literature data.
95
25-30 May 2002
Influence of water level changes on the spawning migration of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) in Lake Vrtsjrv, Estonia
Ain Jrvalt*, Tnu Feldman**, Andu Kangur*, Peeter Nges*
*Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University ** Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, Tartu University
L. Vrtsjrv is a large (area 270 km2 ) shallow (average depth 2.8 m) eutrophic lake. The mean annual amplitude of fluctuation in the water level of L. Vrtsjrv has been 1.34 m, the absolute long-term range is 3.08 m. In a long-term period the water level of L. Vrtsjrv has shown a sinusoidal fluctuations alternated with a duration of 2530 years. The main inflow, the Vike Emajgi River, enters the narrow southern end of lake. During 19921997 2 % of the spawning stock of pikeperch L. Vrtsjrv 3 migrated upstream to Vike Emajgi River. Due to the extremely low water level in 19961997 the area of macrophytes has extended remarkably. The shallow western part and especially the southern end of lake was fully grown with Nuphar lutea and Potamogeton lu cens. In the end of April when the water temperature is risen over 8 C0 pikeperch starts to migrate to the river via the traditional migrating route alongside western shore and narrow southern end to Vike Emajgi River. In 19982001 the abundance of migrating fish decreased up to 3 times (gill-nets CPUE). Pikeperch as a pelagic fish prefers open water and common migrating route is closed by dense vegetation.
96
25-30 May 2002
Relative phosphorous release and phosphorous retention efficiency in sediments of freshwater and brackish lakes
Henning S. Jensen
Comparison of ten freshwater and brackish lakes sediments with respect to vertical profiles of iron-bound P, and oxidized iron revealed that much less iron-bound P was preserved with burial in the sediment of brackish lakes. Accordingly, oxidized Fe persisted with burial in freshwater sediments while reduced iron forms characterized brackish water sediments. It is believed that the higher sulfate concentration of brackish lakes results in a higher formation of iron-sulfides that cannot bind phosphorus. Measurement of sediment release rates of phosphate and inorganic carbon during one season, combined with Pb-210 based accumulation rates, allowed for calculation of burial efficiency for P as well as for calculation of relative P-release (in sensu Caraco et al. 1989, 1990). P retention efficiency correlated positively with the ratio between iron input and carbon mineralization (R2 = 0.64) while the relative Prelease (P efflux/CO2 efflux) was best explained by a multiple model including P/Fe influx ratio and sulfate concentration (R2 = 0.83). Overall, the amount of iron supplied to the lakes and the mineralization rate in the sediments seemed to be more important for P retention than the lake water sulfate concentration.
97
25-30 May 2002
Multivariate analysis of phytoplankton communities in 37 Danish lakes studied during 12 years

J. P. Jensen, E. Jeppesen, R. Bjerring Olsen
National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Freshwater Ecology, Denmark
For 37 shallow Danish lakes the composition of phytoplankton was related to bottom up (chemical, morphometric and hydraulic parameters) and top down factors (grazing and zooplankton composition). Due to the complexity of data, multivariate analysis was the most appropriate tool, especially when evaluating the importance of the individual factors. Phytoplankton dominance could be related to the degree of eutrophication (e.g. the concentration of total phosphorus). Compared to deeper lakes, bloom-forming bluegreen and green algae were more numerous in shallow lakes, in contrast to dinoflagellates that dominated less frequently in the shallow lakes. Bluegreen algae dominated in the moderately eutrophicated through the eutrophic lakes, while green algae were most abundant under hypertrophic conditions. Diatoms were most important in the moderately eutrophic lakes, and chrysophytes were only of importance when the phosphorus concentration was low. The analysis showed that bottom up factors had a greater impact on the structuring of phytoplankton communities than did top down factors.
98
25-30 May 2002
Global climate warming and shallow lakes

Erik Jeppesen*, Jens Peder Jensen*, Martin Sndergaard*, Mark Hoyer**, Torben L. Lauridsen*, Kirsten Christoffersen***
*National Environmental Research Institute, Silkeborg, Denmark **Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Gainesville, USA ***Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Helsingor, Denmark
Using contemporary and palaeolimnological data from the Arctic to the subtropics, we will first illustrate how variations in temperature and duration of season affect species richness and trophic dynamics in shallow lakes. Applying these data as well as data from field experiments conducted during summer and winter in Denmark supplemented by a 12-year survey record from 25 Danish lakes, we will then discuss how the expected changes in global warming might affect shallow lake ecosystems. We will especially focus on how global warming affects the chances of lakes to obtain a clearwater state at different nutrient loadings and temperatures.
99
25-30 May 2002
Development of the cladoceran community in Dallund S, Denmark, during the last 7000 years based on macrofossils in the sediment
Liselotte Sander Johansson*, Emily Bradshaw**, Erik Jeppesen*, Peter Rasmussen**
*National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Lake and Estuarine Ecology, Silkeborg, Denmark **Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Dept. of Environmental History and Climate Change, Copenhagen, Denmark
The historical changes in lake ecosystems, caused by human activities, can be elucidated by palaeoecological analyses of the sediment. A sediment core of 13 m (representing approx. 7000 years) from Dallund S, a lake impacted by human activities for at least the last 6000 years, was thoroughly analyzed for several physical and biological variables. We present the analysis of cladoceran fragments and relate it to the data from terrestrial pollen, diatoms, diatom-inferred P-level and the minerogenic input (a proxy for soil erosion). The cladoceran fragments indicate, that the ecosystem of the lake was rather stable until 1000 BC. Hereafter, the absolute number of fragments and the share of macrophyte associated cladocerans increased. These results correspond well with other parameters, showing that high erosion led to a dramatic decline in the water level at 1000 BC, and an expansion of aquatic macrophytes. Later, from 1200 AD to the present, the total number of fragments increased further, and the macrophyte associated cladocerans almost disappeared. This coincides with a period of increasing P-concentration, and is an indication of a decline in the water quality. Moreover, a shift occurred from a large proportion of Daphnia to exclusive dominance by Bosmina, indicating an increase in fish predation at this time.
100
25-30 May 2002
Stable isotope analysis of food webs in shallow vegetated lakes

John Iwan Jones*, Susan Waldron**
*Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK **Scottish Universities Research & Reactor Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 0QF, UK
It has been suggested that a nutrient-mediated increase in the abundance of periphyton on the surface of submerged plants is responsible for the suppression of plant growth and, hence, forcing the switch between alternative community states of shallow lakes. However, periphyton abundance might be controlled by the grazing action of invertebrates (such as insect larvae, snails, etc.), and not nutrient availability. As yet we do not know how important these grazing invertebrates are in shallow lakes. Analysis of stable isotopes of C and N was used to determine what food sources invertebrates were utilizing in shallow vegetated lakes, and how fish abundance affected their diet.
101
25-30 May 2002
The primary production of phytoplankton in the Maltanski Reservoir in Poland

Tomasz Joniak, Ryszard Goldyn, Anna Kozak
Department of Water Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University
Maltanski Reservoir is an urban reservoir, situated in Poznan (western Poland) constructed in 1952. The reservoir covers an area of 64 ha, with a mean depth 3.1 m. Because of intensive deposition of silt and strong water pollution it was completely restored in the 1980s. This paper presents the results of phytoplankton primary production measured in the reservoir in years 19921997.Tests of primary production of phytoplankton were carried out in the two weeks intervals on average. Primary production was analyzed with the use of oxygen Winkler method. Water samples were taken and exposed at the surface and at the depth of 1, 2 and 3 m. Together with primary production, samples for phytoplankton and physico-chemical analyses were also taken and the transparency and temperature of the water were measured. Some of the results of these investigations are presented in another paper. Gross primary production (PG), net primary production (PN) and respiration (R) were counted in units of carbon assimilated in a given amount of water within twenty-four hours (mgC l-1 day-1 ) or recalculated per square meter of the reservoir surface (mgC l-1 day-1 ). Value and seasonal changes of assimilative number were also analysed. The statistical correlation between primary production and meteorological factors (insolation, air temperature, precipitation, direction and strength of the wind, cloudiness) and physico-chemical parameters (water temperature, transparency, pH) were analyzed. The research revealed an important correlation between PG and insolation and water temperature. An important positive correlation between PG and pH of the water was also stated. During the whole period of investigations the peaks of PG was observed in the surface layer in summer months. Primary production of phytoplankton in eutrophic waters seldom exceeds a value of 1000 mgC l-1 day-1 . In the Maltanski Reservoir this value was exceeded up to six times. Assimilation number varied from 0.0 to 14.1 gC gChl-a-1 h-1 . In vertical profile it was always the highest at the surface and the lowest at the depth 3 m (2.4 and 0.1 gC gChl-a-1 h-1 on average respectively). Results of phytoplankton primary production as well as value and seasonal changes of assimilative number showed the high trophic state of waters in the Maltanski Reservoir. This state was confirmed by trophic state indexes calculated by our research group on a basis of chlorophyll-a, Secchi depth transparency and total phosphorus.
102
25-30 May 2002
Variations of Microcystis species and microcystin contents in the hypertrophic stagnant West-Nakdong River-Reservoir of S. Korea
J. M. Jung*, J. S. Rho*, H. G. Park**, Y. J. Lee**, E. Y. Jung**, M. H. Jang*, K. Ha*, P. S. Shin**, G. J. Joo*
*Dept. of Biology, PNU, Busan 609-735, S. Korea **Pusan Water Quality Institute, Waterworks HQ, Busan 617-042, S. Korea
Water quality and toxic microcystins in the stagnant side channel of the lower Nakdong River was investigated at weekly interval from 14 April to 20 August in 1999. West-Nakdong River is shallow river-reservoir type (total length, 18 km; mean depth, 3.54 m) and mixes freely. Water movement of this reservoir was severely regulated by the estuary barrage and the gate at inflow. Study site was hypertrophic (mean chl. a, 824 mg m-3 ; BOD, 19.9 mg l-1 ; COD, 41.9 mg l-1 ; TN, 3 mg l-1 ; TP, 130 -1 mg l ) owing to nutrient input from cultivated land, urban and industrial waste. A massive cyanobacterial bloom occurred during the spring and summer of 1999, starting in mid April and declining in early October. Four species of Microcystis (M. aeruginosa, M. wesenbergii, M. viridis, M. ichthyoblabe) was dominant during the investigation. Microcystin contents were related with the species composition and the development of Microcystis. Total microcystin was maximum level (up to 612.7 mg g-1 dry cell) at the initial stage of Microcystis bloom development (21 May), and declined to 14.6 mg g-1 dry cell on the closing stage of the bloom. Total microcystin contents were positively correlated to NH4 +N, TN and chl. a concentration, but negatively correlated with water temperature, DO, and PO43-P concentration.
103
25-30 May 2002
Comparative studies of macrophyte periphyton complex in two Hungarian shallow waters

Magdolna K. Kiss*, Gyula Lakatos*, Gbor Borics**, Zsolt Gid*, Csaba Dek*
*University of Debrecen H-4010 Debrecen Egyetem tr 1. **Environmental Protection Inspectorate for Trans-Tiszanian Region H-4025 Debrecen Piac u. 9/B
The functioning of macrophytes as agents in the changes and regulation of water quality is largely enhanced by the periphyton forming on the submerged parts of macrophytes. The periphyton examinations have focused on investigating the role of the aquatic macrophyte-periphyton (epiphyton) complex in transforming and indicating water quality, as well as on revealing the relationship between the host plant and the periphyton. One of the two investigated areas is Kiskre Reservoir (Lake Tisza). It is a shallow water reservoir that can be characterized by the determinant influence of the littoral zone, the area of which covered by aquatic vegetation. The another ones is Kis-Balaton Protection System which was established in order to preserve and improve the water quality of Lake Balaton. The expanding second stage of the System with its natural host plant periphyton complex should function as a filter, or rather biofilter, and ensure the preservation of Lake Balatons water quality. The wet and dry mass of the host plants and periphyton samples were measured, and the organic matter, chlorophyll-a, nitrogen and phosphorus contents were established. The ash content of the samples was determined, while the identification of cations was made with the ICP-AES technique after wet exploration. The algal species composition of epiphyton samples was also revealed.
104
25-30 May 2002
Danube Delta: spatial habitat use in piscivorous colonial birds in a large-scale natural wetland
Maarten Platteeuw*, Janos Botond Kiss**
* Institute for Inland Water Management and Wastewater Treatment RIZA ** Danube Delta National Institute, DDNI
In a joint venture between Romania and The Netherlands, a start was made in spring 2001 with a comprehensive survey of piscivorous colonial breeding birds in the Romanian range of the Danube Delta. Aim of this project is to obtain a quantitative insight into the spatial factors responsible for site choice and size of the colonies of the different species of Pelecaniformes (cormorants and pelicans) and Ciconiiformes (herons, spoonbills and ibises) that this area holds. Hereby we hope on the one hand to contribute to a sustainable management of the natural resources of the area itself (e.g. fish for both birds and man) and on the other hand to provide clues for coherence in ecological restoration projects of wetland areas in the Dutch lower Meuse-Rhine region. During the period between 15 May and 15 June 2001 14 colonies were visited by boat, of which the exact locations were measured by GPS and the numbers of nests per species were counted or estimated as accurately as possible. During a 4-hour aerial survey on 8 June an additional 12 colonies were localised and counted. A simultaneous video-recording of the entire flight enabled us to make a check on these estimates, although exact specific identifications on the tape proved to be difficult. In these 26 colonies a total of 12 bird species were found nesting: two species of cormorant, two species of pelican, six species of heron, Spoonbill and Glossy Ibis. Purple Herons were not found breeding, but from one colony additional information on site and size was obtained from a field employee of DDNI. By plotting the different colonies on a comprehensive vegetation map of the area, elaborated in a joint venture by Romania, Ukraine and The Netherlands (Hanganu et al. in prep.) and the introduction in a GIS-database, a quantitative insight is provided into the availability of suitable feeding habitats within the surroundings of the different colony sites. This paper aims at showing some striking examples. In 2002 fieldwork in Romania will be completed. Particularly the most northern, north-eastern and southern parts need more attention. Moreover, it is also intended to include the Ukrainian part into the survey.
105
25-30 May 2002
The role of periphyton in the matter circulation in the littoral zone of Lake Balaton
Gyula Lakatos*, Pter Br**, Ilona Mszros***, Albert Tth*, Magdolna K. Kiss*, Pter Keresztri*
*Department of Applied Ecology, Debrecen University, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary **Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary ***Department of Botany, Debrecen University, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
The limnological characters of the shallow, properly buffered Lake Balaton is largely determined and affected by the structures of her littoral zone. The periphyton i the s group of organisms that live on solid under water substrata being basically different and easily distinguished from the bottom of water. The autotrophic organisms of the periphyton produce organic material and oxygen when absorbing light energy and taking up inorganic plant nutrients; the resultant organic material is an essential food source for the zootecton organisms of the periphyton and the members of other heterotrophic communities. This paper presents data on the mass conditions and chemical contents of the periphyton in the littoral zone of Lake Balaton. The sampling sites were selected in Lake Balatons four basins of different water qualities: at the Keszthely Basin (K), Szigliget Bay (Sz), Bozsai Bay (B) and the Fuzfo Bay (F). Periphyton samples were taken from the stem of reed (Phragmites) and from stones. Periphyton samples were analysed for wet and dry weight, ash, chlorophyll a, nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Cation concentrations were determined by ICP-AES method. On the basis of the results, the periphyton in the littoral zone of Lake Balaton represents a considerable biomass and provides various habitats for organisms of different life forms. In addition, it has very important role as a biofilter and bioindicator of water quality. Further studies are required to achieve a more exact understanding of the structure and function of periphyton in Lake Balatons littoral zone.
106
25-30 May 2002
Evaluating trophic state of the shallow lake Pamvotis-Greece

If. Kagalou*, E. Papastergiadou**, G. Tsimarakis**, D. Petridis**
*Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Dept. of Ichthyol. and Fisheries **Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Aquaculture.
Lake Pamvotis is a moderately-sized, shallow lake located in the NW Greece. Seasonal water quality monitoring of five stations, two major inflows and the inflow as well as biomonitoring were taken place, monthly, during 1999. Lake Pamvotis is currently eutrophic coincided with absence of submerged vegetation, influenced mostly by external and internal loading. Important relationships were found between physicochemical and biological parameters as elucidated by the performance of a redundancy analysis.
107
25-30 May 2002
Lake Vesijrvi (southern Finland) ten years after a successful biomanipulation

Timo Kairesalo, Kirsi Vakkilainen, Juha Keto
Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
Lake Vesijrvi is a relatively large (length 25 km; total area 110 km2 ), shallow (mean depth 6 m), but stratified lake in southern Finland. The Enonselk basin (26 km2 ), surrounded by the city of Lahti, received its sewage effluent, and changed from a clear water basin to one of the most eutrophic lake systems in Finland thereafter. In 1976, the sewage effluent was diverted, resulting in a decrease in nutrient concentrations but only in a temporary recovery of the water quality. In the 1980s, massive surface scums of cyanobacteria degraded the water quality and arrested the recovery of the lake. A large-scale biomanipulation trial was carried out in the Enonselk basin during 198993. Following the mass removal of coarse fish (1000 metric tons of fish; mainly roach), the biomass of cyanobacteria collapsed and has stayed at low level thereafter. However, during the last few years some warning signals of a change to worse water quality have been recorded, i.e. total phosphorus concentration and algal biomass show increasing trends, even though no such a trend has yet been observed in the abundance of cyanobacteria. Reasons behind this change will be discussed.
108
25-30 May 2002
Hydrogeomorphic types of glacially shaped potholes in Northeast Germany

Thomas Kalettka, Catrin Rudat
Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research, Institute of Hydrology, Muencheberg, Germany
Glacially shaped potholes are typical small (< 1 ha) lentic waters or wetlands in the sinks of internal catchments in young pleistocene landscapes. In Northeast Germany, potholes are high distributed with more than 150.000, mostly within arable land. They are characterised by strong variating water levels and a high potential for structural and species diversity. However, potholes are subject to pollution, drainage and structural reduction due to intensive land use practices. Actually potholes, in general, are protected by nature conservation law, but protection strategies are not specific enough. Therefore, the objective is to characterize different pothole types by hydrological and morphological features. Thats the basis to create a decision support system (DSS) including ecological assessment of pothole types with respect to selection of suitable type dependent and independent conservation and management measures. In 3 regions of agricultural landscape in Northeast Germany we investigated features of 268 potholes (water regime, depth, area, form, shore width and slope) as well as of their catchments (area, slope). By statistical analysis of data sets of 144 potholes we defined hydrogeomorphic pothole types and described their typical functions and species, especially of the vegetation. The basic types are silted potholes and water bearing potholes. Basic subtypes of the latter type are storage type, shore bursting type and puddle type. Furthermore, we found differences in spreading of pothole types depending on landscape relief.
109
25-30 May 2002
Relationships between bacterioplankton and protozooplankton in a shallow humic lake (Poland)

Krystyna Kalinowska
Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Science, Mikoajki, Poland
Seasonal and diel cycles of abundance of bacteria, nanoflagellates and ciliates, and trophic parameters (TP, TN, DOC, chlorophyll a) were studied in small (9.2 ha), shallow (max. depth 4.2 m, mean 1.8 m), humic Lake Smolak Duy (Masurian Lakeland, Poland). The abundance of biological pools in microbial loop were low with maximum noted in summer and autumn. The concentration of DOC was high and fluctuated negligible during the study. Ciliates were dominated mainly by large mixotrophic (Strombidium spp., Stokesia vernalis) and small bacterivore (Cyclidium) taxons. Positive correlations between number of sma ll bacterivore Scuticociliate and bacteria biomass, between chlorophyll concentration and biomass of mixotrophic Oligotrichida were noted in seasonal cycle. The only positive correlation observed in diel cycle was that between chlorophyll a concentrations and nanoflagellate abundance. Basing on those correlations one cannot determine any trophic relationships in microbial loop and the flux of carbon from bacteria to the traditional food web. It seems that food chain in the lake is short and high concentrations of DOC of allochthonous origin are readily assimilated. This may be a reason of low abundances of all studied biological groups of organisms. Additionally, low pH values (< 5.4) limit occurrence of organisms and decomposition of DOC by bacteria.
110
25-30 May 2002
Modification of phytoplankton in lake Zbaszynskie by macrophyte communities

Tomasz Kaluski, Beata Messyasz
Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
The study was carried out during the summer 2000 and 2001 in a eutrophic Lake Zbaszynskie (average depth 2.5 m and the surface area 742.5 ha). The littoral zone constitutes more then 40 % of the total surface area of the lake. The aim of our study was to determining the effects of qualitative and quantitative phytoplankton contributions by periphyton taxa and benthic ones (particularly diatoms) within patch of different macrophytes (Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba). The phytoplankton data obtained from mid-lake station with exposure to full sunlight to compare with algae structure in microhabitats shadier locations were considered. Phytoplankton community biomass in the Nymphaea alba zone was half concentration lower than in other zones during the growing season. This pattern of distribution is explained by changes in the macrophytes patch form affected by the different shape of plant. Changing the dominants model in individual zones of macrophytes was concerned quantity of: Microcystis wesenbergii, Anabaena circinalis, Pediastrum boryanum and Scenedesmus communis in 2000 year while filamentous bluegreens like Planktothrix agardhii, Limnothrix redekei, Tychonema granulatum in 2001. The carried out analyses proved spatial distribution of phytoplankton communities between submerged and emerged macrophytes and midlake location. The results suggest that local phytoplankton concentrations of biomass can be supported by macrophyte impact directly as well as indirectly, for example through changing suspended microparticles, which includes benthic and periphyton taxa and detritus.
111
25-30 May 2002
Ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.), an unexploited fish as a criterion of the state of large shallow lakes in Estonia
Andu Kangur, Peeter Kangur, Klli Kangur
Institute of Zoology and Botany at the Estonian Agricultural University
Ruffe is one of the most numerous fishes in L. Peipsi (area 3555 km2 , mean depth 7.1 m) and L. Vrtsjrv (270 km2 , 2.8 m). Both are lowland lakes, which display differences in their trophic state and the structure of the fish community. Because of its small size (less than 15 cm) and spiny body, ruffe has no value for fisheries today. However, ruffe plays a significant role in the food web of the lakes as a main consumer of benthic invertebrates and as a prey species for top predators like pike Esox lucius L. and pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L.). The aim of the investigation was to assess the proportion of ruffe in relation to the total abundance and biomass of fishes on the basis of experimental catches. The wellbeing of ruffe is compared in L. Peipsi and L. Vrtsjrv according to Fultons condition factor and the level of food consumption. The feeding of ruffe is related to macrozoobenthos condition and to the abundance of the other benthophagous fishes in the lakes. Fishes were sampled monthly during the ice-free period with a bottom seine (mesh size 1822 mm in the cod-end) or with an experimental trawl (mesh size 1214 mm). The number and biomass of different fish species per unit effort were determined. A total of 3482 ruffes with a standard length of 19125 mm from L. Vrtsjrv were measured since 1994, and 2580 specimens (29148 mm) from L. Peipsi, since 1995. The stomach content of 722 ruffes from L. Vrtsjrv and 602 specimens from L. Peipsi were examined as well. The biomass of macrozoobenthos was assessed according monitoring samples. Ruffe dominated numerically in the experimental catches in both lakes (more than half of the counted fishes in 20002001). The ruffes of L. Peipsi were bigger and their condition was better than those of L. Vrtsjrv. The diet of ruffe in both lakes included a wide range of invertebrates, fish ova and detritus. In L Vrtsjrv, the other benthophagous fishes, mainly bream Abramis brama (L.) and eel Anguilla anguilla (L.), are also abundant and they together suppress the macrozoobenthos in the lake. The overlap in their diet was revealed largerly in respect of Chironomus plumosus (L.) larvae and pupae. The biomass of macrozoobenthos in L. Vrtsjrv is about two times as low as in L. Peipsi. The high abundance of habitat generalists and omnivores like ruffe, its depressed condition factor as well as the decrease of top predators, particularly pikeperch, indicate poor state of L. Vrtsjrv on the basis of fishes.
112
25-30 May 2002
Recent changes in the water chemistry and plankton condition in large shallow Lake Peipsi
Klli Kangur, Tnu Mls, Anu Milius, Reet Laugaste
Institute of Zoology and Botany at the Estonian Agricultural University
Lake Peipsi (3555 km2 ), located on the border of Estonia and Russia, is a shallow (mean depth 7.1 m) unstratified water body. The lake as a whole is eutrophic, with a clear southward increasing gradient. A different morphometry, hydrology, trophic level, composition of biota, etc. characterize the three lake parts (L. Peipsi s.s., L. Lmmijrv and L. Pihkva). A strong anthropogenic impact on the lake was evident already in the 1960s, while the pollution load from the catchment area was extremely high in the 1970s and 1980s, causing the eutrophication of the lake. In the 1990s, as a consequence of a decline in agricultural production in the watershed and a decrease in the amount of wastewater, discharged into rivers, the external nutrient load decreased. The aim of the study was to analyze statistically the trends of key physical and chemical variables as well as of the biota in different lake parts in 19922001. The water of L. Peipsi is rich in oxygen, since the lake is well mixed by waves and currents and no evident trend was observed either in O2 content or oxygen saturation during the observation period. Mean pH (8.43 in 19922001) was also quite stable. Water transparency (Secchi) fluctuated mostly between 0.9 and 3.3 m, while a clear decreasing gradient was observed from L. Peipsi s.s. (mean Secchi 2 m) to L. Pihkva (mean Secchi 1.1 m). The strong anthropogenic impact on the lake, reflected by the increase in the sulphate ion from the 1950s up to the mid-1980s and the chloride ion (with a maximum around 1990) as well as in the magnesium ion, diminished in all lake parts during the 1990s. The content of biogenic elements (total phosphorus, orthophosphate, total nitrogen and ammonia) as well as dichromate oxidizability indicate a decrease and thereafter stabilization of the parameter values during the observation period. An opposite trend was observed for the nitrite ion. However, there was observed biological resilience in response to reduced nutrient loading. The biomass of phytoplankton (particularly cyanobacteria) and Chl a concentration displayed an increasing trend. The most significant increase of these parameters was noted in Peipsi s.s. in the middle of the 1990s. Strong and long-lasting algal blooms in the lake were observed in recent years. Recent changes in nutrient content and plankton condition in the fourth largest lake of Europe display that eutrophic shallow lakes are slow to recover.
113
25-30 May 2002
Benthic growth of Gloeotrichia echinulata

Irene Karlsson
Dept. of Limnology, Uppsala University
Gloeotrichia echinulata is an akinete forming cyanobacterium with both a pelagic and a benthic phase. After germination of the akinete there is a short phase of growth on the sediment before the filaments develop gas vacuoles and migrate up into the water as colonies. It has been indicated that during the time of growth on the sediment surface the germlings take up nutrients. Those nutrients would be used during the pelagic phase as the colonies do not have a very efficient nutrient uptake. To test for nutrient uptake Akinete packages were picked out of sediment samples from Lake Erken, Sweden, and placed on a thin layer of sediment in wellplates (Nunclon multidish, 48 wells) in an incubator with 17 o C and a light:dark cycle of 16:8 hours. The plates were then studied under a stereomicroscope and pictures were taken one or two times per day for ten days. Germination occurred in 30 % of the wells and the growth was recorded. The germlings formed bundles on the surface of the old colony and increased in number and length of filaments over the period of the experiment. However, no colonies were formed and 34 days after germination the bundles started to deteriorate, indicating that the amount of nutrients present in 3ml of filtered lake water was not enough for colony formation.
114
25-30 May 2002
Population dynamic and quantitative importance of cyanobacteria in an hypereutrophic shallow lake in the subequatorial African region (Yaounde, municipal lake, Cameroon)
N. Kemka*, T. Njine*, S. H. Zbaz T.*, D. Niyitegeka*, A. Monkiedje*, S. Foto M.*, M. Nola*, P. Compre**
*Laboratoire de Biologie Gnrale, Universit de Yaound I, Cameroun **Jardin Botanique National de Belgique
Cyanobacteria species composition, abundance and their spatio-temporal variations were recorded weekly in the Yaound Municipal Lake (352, 1132, Cameroon, Central Africa), from November 1996 to December 1997, in relation with some physico-chemicals variables of the medium. Qualitatively, cyanobacteria are represented in this biotope by 6 species; Oscillatoria tenuis, O. putrida, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. wesenbergii, Merimopedia punctata and Aphanocapsa elachista. This represents about 6 % of the total phytoplanktonic taxa recorded in this lake. Quantitatively, this algae group develop almost exclusively during the dry seasons. Their maximum biomass which represents 44 % and 38 % of the total phytoplanktonic biomass, being recorded at the end of December and at the end of august respectively. The vertical distribution of elements of this class of algae shows a unique model; the main part of the biomass is concentrated in the first uppermost meter layer of the water column, and is always linked to important developments of O. tenuis. A statistical analysis using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and the multiple linear regression suggest that temperature constitute the main factor controlling cyanophytic efflorescence in this lake. This factor being probably associated to the relative steady weather prevailing during these periods. Hydrogen potential (pH) bring out by this analysis appears to be the consequence of cyanobacteria bloom formation.
115
25-30 May 2002
Identifying sediment types in shallow lakes: a multivariate statistical approach

William F. Kenney, Claire L. Schelske
University of Florida, Land Use and Environmental Change Institute
We analyzed 17 210 Pb-dated sediment cores from four shallow Florida lakes to determine if stratigraphic layers can be identified in the recent organic sediments. We characterized sediments by physical parameters (depth, density and organic matter content), phosphorus (P) content (water soluble P, polyphosphate and total P), total carbon to total nitrogen mass ratios (TC:TN), biogenic silica content (diatoms, sponge spicules and total silica) and stable isotope ratios of organic matter (d13 C and d15 N). Data were evaluated with principle component analysis and k -means cluster analysis to determine the stratigraphic distribution of macrophyte-derived, transitional and phytoplankton-derived sediments. Historically these lakes produced macrophytederived sediments with low P concentrations, but recently they produced phytoplankton-derived sediments with larger (5 to 9-fold) P concentrations. The development of phytoplankton dominance is a recent occurrence in these lakes; < 10 % of the phytoplankton-derived sediments were deposited before ~ 1950. We found evidence for pre-disturbance changes in sediment characteristics (decreased TC:TN, increased polyphosphate and biogenic silica) that are not stratigraphically associated with changes in sediment total P. Because these changes indicate increased phytoplankton contribution to sediments, pre-date anthropogenic disturbance and are independent of changes in sediment total P, we conclude these cores provide a sedimentary record of alternating stable states as defined in recent models of shallow lakes.
116
25-30 May 2002
Sallow lakes in the Hungarian Waterbird Monitoring System

Sndor Farag*, Joseph Kerekes**
*Institute of Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of West-Hungary, Sopron, Hungary **Canadian Wildlife Service, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
Fifteen shallow lakes (18 sites, 113 km2 ) are part of the Hungarian Waterbird Monitoring System (43 sites). 51 species of waterbird are counted once a month between August and April. The sites are sampled for water quality (major ions, nutrients) in the spring (April) and fall (October). The lakes are highly eutrophic or hypertrophic based on total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations. The excrement of the large flocks of geese, while resting during the nights on some sites, contribute significantly to the nutrient load of some waterbodies. Waterbird abundance is expressed in terms of number of individuals as well as bodymass in terms of unit surface area (No. & kg/ha). Waterbird abundance is related indices of productivity, such that of nutrient concentration.
117
25-30 May 2002
Preliminary investigations on the nutrient removal efficiency of a wetland-type ecosystem

va Kerepeczki, Dnes Gl, Pl Szab, Ferenc Pekr
Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation Szarvas, Hungary
Effluent waters of intensive fish production plants contain high levels of nutrients both in dissolved and particulate forms. Biological filtration of fish farm effluents by aquatic ecosystems prevents eutrophication in recipient shallow water bodies. A wetland-type ecosystem was designed and constructed for nutrient removal from the effluent water of an intensive catfish production farm by connecting ponds and 2 wetlands. This combined system involves two ponds and two wetlands of 2500 m area of each. The ponds were stocked with carps in polyculture, and the wetlands were partially covered by aquatic macrophytes like cattail, reed, duckweed, reed-grass and filamentous algae species. The objective of the study was to examine the nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter removal efficiencies during a six-month experimental period in 2001. Results of the study showed that the nutrient removal efficiency of the system was 90 % or even higher in average (ammonium 89 %, orto-phosphate 92 %, organic suspended solids 93 %), while lower removal rates were found for nitrate (38 %), inorganic nitrogen compounds (79 %), total nitrogen (67 %) and total phosphorus (75 %). The actual size and nutrient processing capacity of the investigated wetlandtype ecosystem allowed an efficient nutrient removal at 200250 m3 daily effluent water introduction.
118
25-30 May 2002
Epilithic zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas) as an indicator of heavy metal loading in the littoral zone of Lake Balaton
Pter Keresztri*, Gyula Lakatos**
*College of Nyiregyhza MMFK **University of Debrecen
Lake Balaton is the greatest shallow lake in the Carpathian Basin. Her wildlife and ecological status are unique in Europe. The two main sources of the water pollution originate from the direct human activity and from the vineyard cultivating processes. The River Zala is the main water supply of the lake and until the 90s it was the most important way of pollutions. This study summarizes the results of the Zebra mussel (Dreissena polimorpha Pallas) monitoring data on the heavy metal loading of the littoral zone. The zebra mussel samples were collected from the stony shore from 10 different sites around the lake. The samples were extracted with HNO3 /H2 O2 and analysed by ICP-OES method. Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Cd, have been measured. The results of the analyses show that the highest metal concentrations were in the Keszthelyi and Szigligeti Basin, near to the River Zala inflow.
119
25-30 May 2002
Long-term changes of the trophic levels of the Butoniga reservoir (Istria, Croatia)
Mladen Kerovec, Zlatko Mihaljevi , Ivanica Ternjej, Vladimira Tavar, Anelka Plenkovi -Moraj
Dep. of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Univ. of Zagreb
In the paper the results of the longitudinal research of trophic features of the Butoniga reservoir, situated in the middle of the Istria peninsula, will be presented. The research started in 1987, i.e. when the reservoir was formed, and lasted till 2001. The reservoir served as a supplier of drink water and as a ban against floods. The reservoir has the 3 following characteristics: a surface is 2.3 km3 , a volume is of 19*106 m , a mean 2 depth is 4.5 m, a maximum depth is 11 m and catchments area is 73 km . It is supplied with water from 3 streams and by inflows what makes possible to change the whole amount of the water twice a year. It has to be pointed out that the water level oscillates more than 4 m. During the mentioned period of time physical-chemical characteristics (temperature, Secchi depth, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll a), the structure and abundances of zooplankton, phytoplankton, zoobenthos, macrophytes and fish populations were monitored. On the basis of the analyses it has been established that in the period 19871990 the reservoir was mild eutrophic, but after that the trophic level was kept on the mezotrophic level. It was mostly due to breakdown of organic materials after filling up of the reservoir. However, since 1998 monitored parameters has been showing the trend of increasing of the atrophic degree, as a consequence of the inflow of nutrients and sediment from a catchments area and uncontrolled introduction of fish of Cyprinidae family (a carp Cyprinus carpio and a prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio ). On the basis of the results of the researches the programme of measures to preserve and improve of water quality of the reservoir as a very important source of drink water has been proposed and accepted. Two types of measures were proposed: mechanical and biological. Among mechanical measures the following ones should be mentioned: resolving the inflow of nutrients and sediment from a catchments area by means of supplying streams, the outflow of lower levels of water at the end of summer and mechanical removal of submerge vegetation. Among biological measures the following was proposed: introducing of planktivorous fish, especially phytoplankton grazing fish (a silver carp Hipophthalmichthys molitrix) and predatory fish species (a pikeperch Stizostedion lucioperca) and elimination previously mentioned undesirable fish species.
120
25-30 May 2002
The recovery and management of Lake Vesijrvi

Juha Keto
Environmental Protection Centre, City of Lahti, Lahti, Finland
The recovery of formerly heavily eutrophicated Lake Vesijrvi, Southern Finland, from noxious cyanobacterial blooms is described in terms of changes in phytoplankton community and water quality. Substantial water protection and restoration measures were introduced since 1975, e.g. the diversion of the sewage load (197576), strict pollution control policy (1975), artificial aeration of the hypolimnion (19791983) and a large-scale biomanipulation (19891993). Two main turning points in the phytoplankton community structure occurred: a shift from Planktothrix agardhii- to Aphanizomenon flos-aquae-dominant blooms in the early 1980s and the total collapse of the cyanobacterial blooms in 1990. Both shifts were closely connected to the decrease in the nutrient concentrations (total N decreased from 800 mg m-3 to 600 mg m-3 and total P from 60 mg m-3 to 30 mg m-3 ), to the increase in water transparency, and to the elimination of extremely high pH values (> 9). In the mid-1990s the water quality as well as the species composition and the biomass of phytoplankton in Lake Vesijrvi resembled the situation in the late 1950s. After the recovery, the good ecological status of the lake has been maintained by management fishing. However, the cyanobacterial biomass increased in the early 2000s and the restoration measures are about to start again.
121
25-30 May 2002
Evidence for invasive carp mediated trophic cascade in shallow lakes of western Victoria, Australia
Tariq A. Khan, Michael E. Wilson, Minal T. Khan
University of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
Lakes of western Victoria are shallow (23 m), slightly saline (38 ppk) and eutrophic (total Phosphorus 0.15 mg/L and total Nitrogen 38 mg/L). These lakes have experienced a decline in water levels, algal blooms and invasion by exotic species. Over a two year study period lakes bloomed in summer (NovMar), with mean algal biomass high (24 mg/m3 ) and was low (10 mg/m3 ) during the rest of the year for lakes Modewarre and Colac. Algal blooms coincided with high numbers of small carp following spring-summer spawning. Exotic carp in Australia have been implicated in the occurrence of algal blooms, but evidence is scant. Since nutrients appear nonlimiting, we explored the role of carp in enhancing algal blooms through top-down effects. Gut analysis of carp larvae (N = 900) revealed that < 2cm larvae fed exclusively on microcrustacea. At 4 cm, carp larvae shifted their diet to include benthic food resources. Microcrustacea remained dominant dietary component for carp up to 15 cm length (6070 %, N = 340). The high level of predation by small carp on large cladocerans was reflected in a decline in their numbers and was low in summer (18/L) compared to the rest of the year (34/L). We are able to show a clear relationship between intense predation of microcrustacea by small carp, low microcrustacea numbers and algal blooms. However, there could be many confounding factors and this relationship alone is not conclusive evidence of a trophic cascade. To overcome these confounding factors we conducted experiments in ponds to determine whether lake zooplankton exert enough grazing pressure to control algal blooms and, also if carp predation can regulate zooplankton communities and increase algal biomass. Algal numbers and biomass (28 mg/m3 ) were uniform in all ponds before zooplankton stocking. When stocked with lake zooplankton, algae were consumed efficiently and after 30 days algal numbers and biomass were significantly lower than those in ponds not stocked with zooplankton (0.4 mg/m3 ) and 34 mg/m3 respectively). Ponds stocked with low zooplankton numbers were intermediate. Complete elimination of cladocera and subsequent increase in algal biomass (from 4 mg/m3 to 29 mg/m3 ) occurred after 5 days in ponds stocked with carp. Zooplankton and algal populations were unaffected when nutrients but no fish were added and also in ponds with no added nutrients or fish. This confirmed that carp can mediate a trophic cascade and we believe this explains the observations in the lakes.
122
25-30 May 2002
Sediment phosphorus in a shallow lake: fractions and potential release

Anu Kisand
Institute of Zoology and Botany at Estonian Agricultural Academy and Institute of the Zoology and Hydrobiology of Tartu University
In present study the phosphorus content, vertical and fractional distribution and potential release were investigated in two shallow (non-stratifying) eutrophic Estonian lakes: Lake Prossa and Lake Kaiavere (surface area 33 and 250 ha, mean depth 2.2 and 2.8 m, respectively). L. Prossa is largely covered by macrophytes, the oxygen depletion in the water body can occur during the ice-covered period. In 25 July, 2001 two sediment cores from both of the lakes were collected (upper 7 cm in L. Prossa and 20 cm in L. Kaiavere) to determine the vertical distribution of the phosphorus fractions. The cores were sliced into layers of 01, 12, 23, 34, 45, 57, 710, 10 15 and 1520 cm (as the depth from sediment surface). Phosphorus fractions were analyzed according to the Hieltjes & Lijklema modified fractionation scheme. Five fractions were distinguished (RP = molybdate reactive phosphorus, NRP = non-reactive phosphorus; the difference between total phosphorus and RP): NH4 Cl-RP(extracted by 1 M ammonium chloride), BD-RP (0.11 M bicarbonate-dithionite), NaOH-RP and NaOH-NRP (0.1 M sodium hydroxide) and HCl-RP (0.5 M hydrochloric acid). NH4 Cl-RP, BD-RP and NaOH-NRP are considered to be the fractions that support phosphorus release. In L. Prossa and L. Kaiavere the content of the phosphorus (g P/g dw) in these fractions was, respectively, as follows: NH4 Cl-RP: 13208 and 148 349; BD-RP: 15237 and 178499; NaOH-RP: 5101 and 79124; NaOH-NRP: 160 356 and 213458; HCl-RP: 88193 and 31124. In 8 Nov. 2001, one sediment core from both of the lakes were collected, and a layer of 03 cm was used for a laboratory release experiment. In order to determine the maximum potential release of phosphorus from different fractions the sediment, entrapped into the dialyze bags, was exposed to the oxic (air-bubbled) and anoxic (enriched with hydrogen sulfide) distilled water. This can provide a useful information while predicting the internal load of phosphorus in these lakes.
123
25-30 May 2002
4Abiotic and biotic factors regulate the dynamics of bacterioplankton in a large shallow lake
Veljo Kisand*, Helen Tammert**, Priit Zingel*, Tiina Nges*
Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University, and Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu
The seasonal dynamic of different bacterioplankton parameters has been studied for several years (since 1993) in a large shallow (270 km2 , mean depth 2.8 m) lake (Lake Vrtsjrv, Estonia). L. Vrtsjrv is a eutrophic and turbid lake (Secchi depth about 0.51 m) with a high nutrient concentration (total nitrogen concentration 12 mgN l-1 , -1 total phosforus about 50 gP l ) and contains a highly productive phytoplankton -1 population (chlorophyll a concentration * 84 g Chl l ). The measured parameters included abundance, productivity and ectoenzyme activities as well as the genetic (PCR-DGGE) and potential metabolic fingerprints (BIOLOG microplates) of the heterotrophic bacteria. The dependence of bacterioplankton on primary producers was hypothesized to be the major driving force in the development of biomass, activity and diversity of the bacterioplankton in this lake. Bottom up regulation of bacterioplankton development was found to be important within seasonal changes, but also top down regulation by ciliate grazing was also significant (but not heterotrophic nanoflagellates). Seasonally biomass and production of bacterioplankton depended on the primary producers while the ciliates grazed the significant part of bacterial biomass (up to 97 % mortality of bacteria). Addition of inorganic nutrients did not enhance the growth parameters of bacteria in enrichment experiments. The importance of physical factors such as wind driven resuspension of the sediment and considerable water level fluctuations are also discussed in respect to the shaping of bacterioplankton seasonal dynamics.
124
25-30 May 2002
The effects of Najas marina on the zooplankton species composition in a small, shallow lake (Fehr-t, Hungary)
Anita Kiss, Kroly Schll
Hungarian Danube Research Station of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Chemical measure and zooplankton sampling were carried out in the open water areas of Fehr-t (area: 4.3 km2 , mean depth: 60 cm) in the Fert-Hansg Biosphere Reserve between 1998 and 2001. The zooplankton composition of the alga dominated turbid state (1998 and 2001) and the macrophyte dominated clear state (1999 and 2000) was compared. 18 Cladocera, 2 Ostracoda, 5 Copepoda and 31 Rotatoria species were recorded in the open water areas of the lake. The most frequent Rotatoria species were Keratella cochlearis and Polyartha longiremis. The turbid state was characterised by Copepod dominance and low abundance and species number zooplankton assemblages. In 1999 and 2000 in the Najas marina beds macrophyte associated taxa (Simocephalus vetulus, Graptoleberis testudinaria, Alona intermedia, Pleuroxus aduncus var. coelatus) were recorded and the most frequent species was Simocephalus vetulus. Significant vertical changes in pH and dissolved oxigen were measured in the extrem shallow water column in the Najas marina beds. Significant differences in the abundance of few Cladoceran species were formed between the Najas marina beds and the above 1020 cm water column. This difference was caused by the mass presence of Simocephalus vetulus in the macrophyte beds. The Ceriodaphnia quadrangula and the Chydorus sphaericus indicated diurnal vertical migration between the water surface and the macrophyte bed. The macrophyte associated species didnt present diurnal vertical migration. This project was supported by the KM/TVH.
125
25-30 May 2002
Small-scale spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of dragonfly (Odonata) and aquatic-semiaquatic bug (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha) assemblages near river Tisza
Mller, Z.*, Szabolcs, L.**, Brdosi, E.***
*Hortobgy National Park Directorate, Debrecen, Hungary **Ecological Co-ordination Office, Ministry of Environment, Debrecen, Hungary ***University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology and Hydrobiology, Debrecen, Hungary
Small-scale spatial heterogeneity determined mainly by macrophytes is one of the primary factors in forming the structure and diversity of aquatic communities. The spatial diversity of aquatic vegetation and its impact on the spatial distribution of the species number, density and diversity of dragonfly larvae and aquatic - semiaquatic bugs were investigated in water bodies located near the River Tisza between 1998 and 2000. Quantitative samples were taken from different vegetation stands of three backwaters and a lowland reservoir in the period of maximum vegetation cover. The quantitative relations of the investigated macroinvertebrate groups were essentially determined by structural differences in the vegetation stands. The greatest species and individual numbers of odonate larvae and bugs were found in the submersed weedvegetation with an extended surface area providing a good hiding-place for both groups. In opposition to this similar characteristics of the investigated taxa represented the lowest values in monodominant, floating-leaved vegetation stands.
126
25-30 May 2002
The water qualification of Lake Velence

Gbor Kiss
Central Transdanubian Environmental Protection Inspectorate, Szkesfehrvr, Hungary
Lake Velencei is Hungarys second biggest natural lake. It has always had a rather extreme waterflow. In the arid period, between 1991 and 1994 part of the missing water quantity was replaced artificially. On the protected western side of the lake a really unique swampy ecosystem can be found where the Bird Reserve still preserves its primordial sulphuric kind. East from the reserve lies a very different kind of holiday resort area. In the 1970s there were 5 mosaic -like water quality areas, whereas nowadays it has been reduced to three. Syntax 2000 computer assessment program package provides help in the evaluation of this transformation process and in the comparison of the sample -taking spots. It would be important to distinguish water quality and water goodness (social water quality). The qualification of the three characteristic periods of Lake Velence (before the arid years-1987, during aridity1993, after stabilization of water level-2000) has been performed at three sample taking places in three different ways: according to the standard, taking into consideration the principals of typology and the methods of multivariable analys is. The static and dynamic attributes within the ecological water qualification show some differences between the 3 chosen years and the 3 sample -taking places. Basically we can rather speak about water areas with different water quality (Bird Reserve, holiday resort). The attributes groups determined by the living (constructivity, destructivity) and non-living (trophity, saprobity) nature form an essential and mutual set of relations in the hydro-metabolism. Out of the multivariable assessments it is mainly the cluster analysis which is most suitable for the comparison of the sample -taking spots. Most of the ordination methods can be made available for data-analysis after some practice time complementing each other. According to the assessment performed by annual average values the water quality of the Bird Reserve in 2000 is similar to the state of the water quality in 1987, thus even if not completely but the Lake has recovered from the shock of the 1993 arid period. We can state that all surface waters (rivers, lakes) should only be compared to themselves. Typology will be the suitable means to apply in water qualification by using the Syntax software. All signs indicate that the water quality of the Lake Velence has been stabilized and we can report good (biological) water quality characteristic for the end of the 1980s.
127
25-30 May 2002
Characteristics of caddis larvae in a shallow lakes North Hungary

Ott Kiss*, Istvn Fehr*, Dnes Schmera**
*Kroly Eszterhzy College of Education Department of Zoology **Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Trichoptera in standing waters mainly inhabit the littoral zone. Vertically, the larvae settle in the upper 4 m range and seldom sink under the depth of 4 10 m (Solem, 1973). The settlement of trichopteran larvae depends on the hydrological conditions and plant associations of the littoral zone (Andrikovics, 1979). Trichoptera in the Central European lakes is basically represented by eight families (Leptoceridae, Psychomiidae, Molannidae, Ecnomidae, Polycentropodidae, Hydroptilidae, Phryganeidae, Limnephilidae). These families only inhabit the zone of breaking surges and the slime of the bottom at an ideal level. Caddis larvae of the littoral zone were collected from the lake that belongs to the rill Disznskt. The rill flows into a pond, its through flow water runs into an other smaller lake and after flowing out of the small lake it runs a short distance before it disappears in a sump. The area of the water surface of the first lake is 800 m2 , its depth is 1.01.5 m, the water surface is open. Its water is supplied by the rill and seepage waters. The study area is the littoral zone of the first lake, where a 4 m wide stripe of Phragmition communis W. Koch and 5 Magnocarion elatae (Br-Bl) W. Koch are found. Farther, the lake is lined with Betula pendula Rth. In some places Petasitetum hybridi Dost and Sphagnetum recurvimagellanicum Sov. grow. The mosaic -like pattern distribution of the collected trichopteran larvae is presented in a sketch drawing of this section. The 17 species of four families (Sericostomatidae, Phryganeidae, Limnephilidae and Leptoceridae) are listed in functional feeding groups and their bioindicator values are also given.
128
25-30 May 2002
Littoral algae and their use in the monitoring of shallow lakes

Miloslav Kitner, Aloisie Poulkov
Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palack University Olomouc, Czech Republic
The littoral zone of shallow water bodies in the Czech Republic has been studied quite consistently at several fishponds. The use of algae, especially diatoms, for the monitoring of the state of lotic freshwater also has a long tradition. The main objective of the presented paper is to validate the feasibility of the use of littoral periphyton communities for the biomonitoring of standing waters. At the investigated sites, littoral algae were studied together with selected physical and chemical parameters (temperature, oxygen, pH, conductivity, nutrients especially total phosphorus) on three types of natural substrates (plants, stones and sediments). The evaluation of the diatom community was performed on the basis of the checklists of algal indicator species published by authors from Austria and the Netherlands. The data were subjected to partial canonical correspondence analysis using the program CANOCO 4. The obtained data reflect a good correlation between the trophic status of the diatom community and the known trophic status of the fishpond, better than in the case of single-shot analysis of nutrients. In practical terms this means that littoral diatoms appear to be good indicators of the fishpond water quality. The selected substrate also plays an important role; stones were found to be the best substrate.
129
25-30 May 2002
The distribution and abundance of P. clarkii in Lake Naivasha (Kenya)

Kivengea, G. M., Kenneth Mavuti
University of Nairobi, Kenya
The distribution and abundance of P. clarkii in Lake Naivasha were studied between January and August 2001. The line transect method was used for the placement of baited traps for a fixed period, to estimate population size. The results show that the western zone supported the highest mean C.P.U.E of 4.54 Nos./trap/hour and 106.86 g/trap/hour. There was observed increase in C.P.U.E for both juveniles and adult P. clarkii within the study period. Recruitment was observed in all months with peaks during the onset of the rainy season. P. clarkii distribution was influenced by availability of suitable habitats that is shallow muddy shores, with dense inshore beds of Eichhornia crassipes as well as extensive mats of Cyperus papyrus. They showed clear avoidance of sandy and rocky substrates. There was no correlation between P. clarkii distribution and physico-chemical parameters. The minimum size at sexual maturity was 3.5 cm carapace length for both males and females. The sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1 in the lake center. However the ratio was significantly different 1:1.46 (F: M), in the zones near the shoreline (chi- squared test). The length weight relationship showed that P. clarkii exhibited an allometric type of growth. The males were slightly longer than the females, indicating sexual dimorphism. The impact of high fishing pressure was noted on the western zone. Hence to provide further protection of the existing stocks, the following recommendations were given. The minimum harvestable size should be above 3.5 cm carapace length. No P. clarkii trapping should be done on the shoreline (breeding areas). All berried females should be returned to the lake.
130
25-30 May 2002
The effects of the long dry periods on the water quality of Lake Velence (Hungary)
Istvn Kbor, Erzsbet Takcs
Central-Transdanubian Water Authority
Lake Velence is a 1012 thousand years old, mosaic -like lake shallow lake in Hungary. The lake area is 24.5 km2 , 10.2 km2 is covered by reed. The upsilting lake was recovered between 1960 and 1987, large open waters (recreational areas) and natural reservation area were created. To stabilize water level, two reservoirs were constructed on the major inflow. Due to this measures the trophic level of the lake has been decreased, became much better for meeting recreational purposes. In the early 90s the water level dramatically decreased according to a long dry period. It also caused a significant water quality change. At the same time toxic blue-green algal blooms occurred in the lake, the dominant species was Microcystis aeruginosa. We investigated the effects of the hydrological, meteorological and other factors and parameters on the water quality, and on the occurrence and bloom formation of Microcystis. Some parameters of the sediment, like phosphorous forms and number of Microcystis colonies were also measured. We found that the water quality changes were mainly associated with the evaporation and increasing salt content. The inflow water quality affected only a relatively small part of the lake. The bloom formation of Microcystis aeruginosa was independent from the water quality, except the nutrient load. The algal biomass and the frequency of bloom did not correlate, only the short term meteorological conditions were relevant.
131
25-30 May 2002
Phytophilous macroinvertebrates inhabiting submerged plant beds as indicator of ecological status of shallow European lakes
Ryszard Kornijw*, Eloy Bcares**, Wouter van de Bund***, Sally Collings****, Francisco Garcia-Criado**, Elvira de Eyto*****, Erik Jeppesen******, Mikael Gyllstrm******, Brian Moss****, Tiina Nges*******, Mirva Nyknen********, Jacek Rechulicz*, Claudia Tesch*********, Henn Timm**********, Deborah Stephen****
*University of Agriculture in Lublin, Poland **University of Leon, Spain ***NIOO, Center for Li mnology, Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands ****University of Liverpool, United Kingdom ***** Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland ******National Environmental Research Institute, Silkeborg, Denmark ******Institute of Ecology/Limnology, Lund, Sweden ******* University of Tartu, Estonia ********University of Helsinki, Finland *********University of Konstanz, Germany **********Estonian Agricultural University, Tartu, Estonia
Invertebrates were collected by means of a sweep net from 43 European lakes (Spanish, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, British, Irish, Dutch, German and Polish), proposed to represent five ecological states, and according to categories distinguished by the EC Water Framework Directive: high, good, moderate, poor, and bad. The following faunal variables (V.) were tested: V.1. total number of taxa, V.2. density, V.3. relative numbers of predators, V.4. ratio Chironomidae/Oligochaeta, V.5. percentage of Orthocladiinae in chironomids, V.6. index of diversity (H). Significant correlations were found between: conductivity and V.1 and V.6 (negative), TP and V.3 (positive), PVI (index of plant infested volume) of elodeids and V.1 and V.2 (positive), and TN and V.5. (positive). Although, the differences in means of variables between the groups of lakes were not significant, there was a tendency for increase in V2 with lake status and of decrease in V.6 from high to bad lake status. Cluster analyses allowed distinction of five groups of lakes but not according to their presumed ecological status but more to their geographical distribution and watercolour. The possible reasons for that are discussed.
132
25-30 May 2002
Changes in zooplankton structure and its consequences in a biomanipulation experiment

Jnos Korponai*, Istv n Ttrai**, Klmn Mtys*, Gbor Paulovits**
*West-Transdanubian Water District Water Authority, Dep. Kis-Balaton, Keszthely, Hungary **Limnological Reseach Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
Biomanipulation experiment has being carried out in the Major pond in Kis-Balaton Reservoir. Before the fish removing the zooplankton community was dominated by small cladocerans (Bosmina longispina, B. coregoni, Ch. sphaericus) and copepod. After fish removing when the fish biomass decreased to 150 kg ha -1 , the proportion of larger filter feeders (Daphnia galeata ) increased significantly. Consequently phytoplankton biomass decreased after the fish removing. In the enclosure experiment, the transparency increased dramatically (more then two fold) after D. magna inoculation in the fishless enclosure, while it was remained in the starting level or slightly increased at the end of experiment. The phytoplankton growth was suppressed efficiently in the inoculated enclosure while it was not in the others. The euphotic depth was not significant different among with fish, zooplanktonless and control enclosures. By the end of experiment phytoplankton got out from grazing pressure of zooplankton, it was dominated by filamentous cyanobacters (Anabaena sp.) and chlorophyll-a increased dramatically. Since the enclosures were open at the bottom, sediment became important role in reestablishment of zooplankton structure in the zooplanktonless enclosures. By the end of experiment, the recovered zooplankton had significant negative effect on the phytoplankton in this enclosure.
133
25-30 May 2002
Akinete abundance of N2 -fixing cyanobacteria in the sedimenet of Lake Balaton

Attila W. Kovcs, Eszter Koncz, Lajos Vrs
Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The progressive eutrophication was perceived in the early seventies in the lake Balaton (Hungary). From 1975 and onwards, the summer mass development of N2 fixing cyanobacteria became regular phenomenon in the western part and sometimes eastern part of the lake. During the latest bloom (1994) the whole water mass of the lake were almost a pure culture of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, this N2 -fixing cyanobacteria species produced 95 % of total phytoplankton biomass. Since 1995 biomass of phytoplankton particularly N2 fixing cyanobacteria decreased dramatically. The question was come up how does the number of akinetes change in the sediment of lake in this period. We determined the abundance and the seasonal dynamic of akinetes of N2fixing cyanobacteria in 1998. We have found that the abundance of akinetes decreased about two order of magnitude after 1994. However our results also suggest that decreasing of akinete number in sediment couldnt cause a disappearing of cyanobacteria.
134
25-30 May 2002
The role of the littoral vegetation in nutrient elimination in Lake Balaton

Margit Kovcs*, Attila Engloner**, Gbor Turcsnyi*
*Institute of Environmental Management, Szent Istvn University, Gdll, Hungary **Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Szent Istvn University, Gdllo, Hungary
The aims of our investigations were to determine the amounts of elements in the plants and sediments of the different littoral zones of Lake Balaton, as well as to estimate the quantity of elements which can be removed from the lake by harvesting the vegetation. Dominant species in the littoral zone were reed (Phragmites australis), cattail (Typha angustifolia ) and great club-rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris). Some submerged species were also investigated. The amount of elements was higher in the leaves than in the stems of the dominant species. Nitrogen content of the reed is 13 %. Nitrogen concentration in littoral sectors loaded with sewage water exceeds in the leaves 1.52 times, whereas in the stems 2.53 times concentrations characteristic of the unloaded sectors. Cattail is capable of accumulating a higher quantity of Na and Cl than reed. Great club-rush also contains a higher amount of Na. C/N ratio is the highest in the stems of the reed and the cattail. During the vegetation period, plants of the littoral zone are capable of reserving a significant amount of elements, thus withdrawing them from biogeochemical circles. If reed and cattail are not harvested during winter, because of the high C/N ratio, decomposition processes will be slowed down significantly and elements released will gradually load the water and the sediment of the lake. By winter harvesting, about 3040 % of the element concentration detected during the vegetation period can be removed. For the winter period about 3040 % of N and 1020 % of P remains in dead read stems. In cattails and great club-rushes only 3 % of the K remains in the stems for winter. The 6 amounts of heavy metals removable from the littoral zone by harvesting of stems is relatively low.
135
25-30 May 2002
Nutrient balance of Lake Mggelsee (Berlin, Germany): possibilities, errors and driving forces
Hans-Peter Kozerski, Michael Hupfer, Jrg Gelbrecht
Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries in the Forschungsverbund Berlin e. V.
The shallow (mean depth 4.9 m, area 7.2 km), polymictic and eutrophic lake Mggelsee is through flown by the River Spree. During the past 23 years, the lake changed its character according to P retention. It switched from a sink of P to a source at the end of the eighties and returns to an indifferent state in the middle of the nineties. The cumulative retention of P from 1979 up to now is very small (about 9 t P within 19 years) and fraught with errors. A rough estimation of the error resulting from the determination of discharge, bank filtration to a waterworks, and chemical components as well as from non continuous sampling shows that the error of the difference between import and export is some times greater than the value calculated for the retained P. Detailed error consideration have been carried out for the relative short phases of intensive P release from the sediment to improve former estimations. A new calculation that includes the data up to 2001 showed that this lake did not reached the state of a P sink, which was characteristic for the centuries before. The existing hypotheses about the causes of this behavior (changes in nitrate import, shortage of macrophytes, input of detergents etc.) are critically reviewed.
136
25-30 May 2002
Is roach herbivory preventing re-colonization of a shallow lake with submerged macrophytes?

Sabine Krner*, Tony Dugdale**
*Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany **National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
Lake Mggelsee (750 ha, 4.9 m mean depth) lost its abundant submerged vegetation following increasing eutrophication in 1970. Re-colonization, mainly with sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus), started in 1990 after reduction of external nutrient loads. Ten years later, plant biomass and maximum colonization depth remained low. As herbivory was found to be a major hampering factor, exclosure experiments were carried out to distinguish between the impact of waterfowl and fish. Fish were found to contribute significantly to the reduction of P. pectinatus biomass in Lake Mggelsee, although rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalamus), a species known to reduce macrophyte biomass, are only present in low numbers. Underwater videos were used to observe plant disturbing activities of fish species present in the littoral. Perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) were found to pluck on the plants and bream (Abramis brama) mechanically stressed the plants by sucking the surrounding sediment approximately once per hour per plant. Laboratory experiments showed that 1+ roach consumed P. pectinatus at a maximum rate of 1.4 mg dw plant g-1 fw fish d-1 when discontinuously (3 times a day) fed or not fed with zooplankton. When continuously (every 1.5 hours) fed with zooplankton, plant biomass was not significantly reduced, independently of the amount fed. The presence of P. pectinatus pieces in the guts showed that roach in the aquaria did not only break leaves of the brittle and stiff P. pectinatus plants but ingested them. Theses findings suggest that a low zooplankton biomass, which occurred in Lake Mggelsee at the end of the clearwater phase in May, may have induced a switch to benthic food. We assume that plucking of young leaves (to feed on them or during the search for benthic invertebrates), mainly by young roach during periods of low zooplankton biomass, prevents P. pectinatus from growing to the surface to survive perio ds with low light availability in summer. The results of this study imply that roach herbivory might significantly contribute to a delay in the re-establishment of submerged macrophytes, at least in combination with shading by periphyton and summer cyanobacteria blooms. In this case, the removal of zooplanktivorous fish during biomanipulation will not only improve conditions for macrophyte re-colonization due to enhancement of grazing zooplankton populations but also due to reduced fish herbivory.
137
25-30 May 2002
The Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Nature Park Kopaki rit (Croatia)
Stjepan Krmar*, Jzsef Mikuska*, Paula Durbei **
*Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, University J. J. Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia **Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Kopaki rit is a floodable region behind the right bank of the Danube in the northeast of Croatia in the corner made by the Drava and the Danube. This is one of the largest fluvial - marshy plains in Europe. Since this habitat has all the characteristics of a wet biotope, it is rich with species that are, at least in one part of their life, bound to water. The horseflies (Tabanidae) live also in that area. They emerge mostly around the end of May and are most abundant during the summer months when during the day and towards the evening they disturb various endothermic animals. Faunal research work on horseflies in the area of Nature Park Kopaki rit was carried out in May, June, July, August and September of 1998, 1999 and 2000. Several specimens were also collected earlier during the 1980s. All together 4033 speci ens were collected. The collected m specimens were classified into 25 species. The genus mostly represented is Tabanus with 7 species, followed by Hybomitra with 6 species, Haematopota with 5 species, Chrysops with 4 species, Atylotus with 2 species and Heptatoma with 1 species. The most abundant species of horseflies in the studied area is Hybomitra ciureai with a share of 26.58 % in the collected sample. It is followed by Tabanus bromius with 21.27 % and Haematopota pluvialis with 17.48 %. A total of 65.33 % of horseflies collected in Nature Park Kopaki rit belongs to these 3 species, while the remaining 22 species take up the rest of 34.67 % of specimens. The determined species have been collected on 12 stations that cover 3 fields on the UTM grid of Croatia.
138
25-30 May 2002
The distribution of rotifers (Rotifera) within a single Myriophyllum bed

Kuczynska-Kippen Natalia
The research on the spatial distribution of rotifers between the central and border part of the Myriophyllum bed (Myriophyllum verticillatum) was carried out between 1997 and 1999 in the shallow part (approx. 1 m depth) of Budzyskie Lake (the Wielkopolski National Park, Poland). The comparison of both species composition and the numbers of individuals between both of the examined zones have not revealed a statistically significant differences. However, the higher number of rotifer species and their higher densities, as well as increased participation of littoral species were observed in the middle of the vegetation bed. The structure of the dominating species also differed between both areas. Seven rotifera species were found to have significantly greater numbers in the central part of the Myriophyllum bed, while only one species was significantly correlated with the border part of the macrophyte stand. These differences in the behavior of particular groups of rotifers may be dependent on the structure of their microhabitat and their position in relation to the open water zone. They may also be related to young fish predation in both habitats and the better refuge conditions inside the thick macrophyte stand, as well as typical adaptation to littoral or limnetic life.
139
25-30 May 2002
The impact of the spatial structure of hydromacrophytes on the similarity of Rotifera communities (Budzyskie Lake, Poland)
Kuczynska-Kippen Natalia, Nagengast Barbara
Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University
The hydrobiological research was carried out on the shallow and macrophytedominated lake Budzynskie (Wielkopolski National Park, Poland). Phytocoenosis parameters such as density, cover and spatial structure of particular plant associations (Charetum tomentosae, Myriophylletum verticillati, Potametum natantis and Typhetum angustifoliae) were analyzed. Additionally, the dry biomass of periphyton derived from the rinsing of each type of plant was estimated in order to compare the content of periphyton equal to 1 litre of water in particular phytocoenosis. Macrophyte beds with Myriophyllum verticillatum and Chara tomentosa were characterised by significantly higher scale values of periphyton contrary to the macrophyte beds represented by Typha angustifolia and Potamogeton natans. These results were connected with the differences in the density and the morphological build of particular plant species. However, the analysis of the mean value of the similarity of rotifer communities between particular stations within the lake revealed that the stands of floating and emerged macrophytes were found to have the closest rotifer relationship. A second group, consisting of both species of submerged macrophytes was distinguished but the level of similarity of the rotifer communities was weaker.
140
25-30 May 2002
Zooplankton grazing on bacteria and phytoplankton in two shallow eutrophic lakes

Helen Knnap*, Tiina Nges**
*Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia **Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University, Tartumaa, Estonia
Metazooplankton grazing on bacteria and phytoplankton of various sizes was estimated from April to October 2000 in shallow eutrophic lakes Kaiavere and Vrtsjrv, Estonia. Community- and species-specific grazing rates were measured by in situ feeding experiments with fluorescent microspheres (diameters 0.5 m for bacteria and 3 m, 6 m and 24 m for phytoplankton). The zooplankton communities in these lakes are characterized by similar composition. The most abundant group is Rotatoria with two main species Keratella cochlearis and K. tecta. Cladocerans are represented by three dominant taxa: Chydorus sphaericus, Daphnia cucullata and Bosmina spp. The zooplankton number and biomass as well as the biomass of total phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, and standing stock of edible phytoplankton (< 30.6 m in size), in L. Kaiavere were substantially higher than in L. Vrtsjrv. Zooplankton community composition and abundance as well as the food density were important factors determining grazing rates on bacteria and various phytoplankton size groups in these lakes. The community (cladocerans and rotifers) filtering rates (ml l-1 d-1 ) and ingestion rates (cells l-1 h-1 ) were several times higher in L. Kaiavere where bacterivorous rotifers and Daphnia contributed more to zooplankton assemblage. In L. Kaiavere rotifers were the most important grazers on bacteria while cladocerans contributed more in L. Vrtsjrv, accounting on average for 64 % and 74 % of daily total zooplankton bacterivory, respectively. Cladocerans were generally the main consumers on phytoplankton, contributing on average 77 % and 94 % of the ingestion of 3 m and 6 m size group in L. Kaiavere and Vrtsjrv, respectively. Our estimates based on consumption of microspheres show that in L. Kaiavere and L. Vrtsjrv on average 0.52 % and 0.1 % of standing stock of bacteria, and 2.6 % and 1.1 % of standing stock of ingestible phytoplankton was grazed daily by metazooplankton, respectively. These values correspond to the 4.1 % of the bacterial production and 1.2 % of the total primary production grazed daily by metazooplankton in L. Kaiavere and 4.3 % and 0.15 % in L. Vrtsjrv, respectively. Funding for this research was provided by Estonian Science Foundation grant 4080, and by the European Union project ECOFRAME (contract EVK1CT199939).
141
25-30 May 2002
Macroinvertebrates and fish population of the Bzsvlgyi Reservoir in the Mtra Mountains
Istvn Kispl, Pter Lanczki, Ott Kiss
Kroly Eszterhzy College of Education, Department of Zoology, Eger, Hungary
The Bzsvlgyi Reservoir is situated at 176 m a. s. l. in the East Mtra, 500 m far from Recsk. Its area is 50 ha, its length is 2.2 km, its width ranges between 60 and 200 m, and its average depth is 1.7 m. The Reservoir plays an important role in fishing and tourism, and its fauna has not been surveyed before. The macroinvertebrates and fishes were collected three times at 40 sampling sites along the Reservoirs edge and 20 sites of the water surface. The fishes were caught using a special live bait net. The evaluation of the biological water quality was based on the macroinvertebrates (Moog, O., 1995). The number of the collected fish species is 28, from which the saprobity valence of 14 species are given here. The maximum occurrence of 12 species is in the B-mesosaprobic category with a value range of 57. The water of the Reservoir can be listed in the third water quality class. The number of the collected fish species is 17. The Scardinius erythropthalmus and the Perca fluviatilis have the largest populations, and the Cyprinus carpio stock is also considerable. The Stizostedion lucioperca also occurs in large numbers. A very rare species is the Leuciscus cephalus. The population of the Rutilus rutilus and the Alburnus alburnus fluctuate annually, and the Rutilus rutilus only seldom occurs. Although the fish stock decreases due to the fishing and should be replaced, the size and weight of the fish caught relieve that the Esox lucius, the Stizostedion lucioperca and the Silurus glanis spawn in the Reservoir. The geographical and geomorphological conditions as well as the macroinvertebrates of the study area seem to be adequate to be utilised to the benefit of the fish population.
142
25-30 May 2002
The ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass as a marker of the trophic state of a large shallow lake
Reet Laugaste, Juta Haberman
Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University
The material was collected from two lakes: Lake Peipsi, the fourth largest lake in -3 -3 Europe, (3558 km2 , mean depth 7.1 m, P 42 mg m , Ntot 768 mg m , average tot content) which consists of three parts each with different trophic state; L. Vrtsjrv (270 km2 , mean depth 2.6 m, P tot 54 mg m-3 , Ntot 1600 mg m-3 ). The ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass (Bzp/Bfp) is commonly larger than 1 for oligotrophic lakes and about 0.5 for eutrophic ones, according to Andronikova (1989). For L. Peipsi, the ratio is the largest in the northern meso-eutrophic part, diminishes southward and is the smallest in the strongly eutrophic southern part, L. Pihkva. The average values of Bzp/Bfp are lower than 0.5 in all parts of the lake (0.49, 0.30 and 0.14 in the northern, middle and southern parts, respectively). Maximum values (about 23) occur commonly for the northern part in June, and slightly lower values (12 in May). Bzp/Bfp has quite strong Spearman correlations with biomass of copepods (r = 0.65), biomass and production of filtrators (r = 0.64 and 0.59, respectively) and average zooplankter weight (r = 0.52), the last parameter being a good indicator of the trophic state All correlations with phytoplankton parameters are negative, the strongest among them (apart from phytoplankton biomass) being with the number of algal species in the counted sample (r = -0.57). There were revealed no significant correlations between Bzp/Bfp and nutrient content; among hydrological and hydrochemical parameters only temperature displayed a weak correlation (r = 0.37) with this ratio. According to Students criteria, significant differences are lacking in the Bzp/Bfp values of the three lake parts. However, a difference was revealed in the comparison of Lakes Peipsi and Vrtsjrv. The Bzp/Bfp values for L. Vrtsjrv fluctuate in the range 0.040.22 with 0.13 as a mean value of the vegetation period. According to long-term data, beginning in 1960s, the average Bzp/Bfp values for L. Peipsi are up to 4 -fold higher than for L. Vrtsjrv. The dynamics of phyto- and zooplankton is determined by different factors, and their relationships are camouflaged by the dynamics of large phytoplankters which are not edible for zooplankters. Thus, the values of Bzp/Bfp fluctuate in a wide range. This ratio is most stable in the summer months (0.60.7 in July-August in L. Peipsi and 0.10.2 in L. Vrtsjrv). The ratio Bzp/Bfp can be used as a marker in the characterization of the ecosystem of lakes.
143
25-30 May 2002
The zooplankton structure and productivity during the summer season in Lake Balaton
Laura Parpala*, Lszl G. Tth**, Victor Zinevici*, Krisztina Szalontai**
*Biological Institute of the Romanian Academy of Sciences, Bucharest, Romania **Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
The taxonomical diversity, numerical density, biomass, productivity and turnover of the metazoan zooplankton in two different area with different trophity of Lake Balaton: Keszthely and Balatonakarattya, were analyzed in present paper. The studies were carried out during the summers of 1998, 1999 and 2000 and referred to the primary and secondary consumer members of the zooplankton, as well as to the total zooplankton. The results pointed out a tendency of decrease of the studied parameters, from Keszthely towards Balatonakarattya. The studied parameter dynamics is directly correlated with the literary nutrient database regarding the trophic state of Lake Balaton.
144
25-30 May 2002
Response of submerged macrophytes following reductions in nutrient loading and in combination with biomanipulation
Torben L. Lauridsen, Erik Jeppesen, Jens Peder Jensen, Martin Sndergaard
National Environmantal Research Institute, Silkeborg, Denmark
Nutrient loading to Danish streams and lakes has been reduced durin g the last two decades in order to improve water quality. However, improvements in lakes are delayed due to internal P-loading. To reduce the recovery period and to accelerate recolonisation of submerged macrophytes, biomanipulation was undertaken in several lakes. Macrophytes were monitored annually since 1993 in 19 lakes. In nonmanipulated lakes macrophyte coverage was almost unchanged in the period following external nutrient reduction, however a small increase in the median macrophyte coverage occurred due to increasing coverage in a few lakes. In the biomanipulated lakes macrophyte coverage varied from 0 to 80 % within 24 years following manipulation. In addition large inter annual variations were observed in the manipulated lakes, where macrophyte coverage varied between 2-80 % among growth seasons. It is concluded that the probability for macrophytes to recolonise after nutrient loading reduction is higher in biomanipulated lakes than in lakes subjected to loading reductions only. However, biomanipulation does not guarantee recolonisation of submerged macrophytes or a stable macrophyte community.
145
25-30 May 2002
The influence of water depth and flow regime on phytoplankton biomass and community structure in a shallow, lowland river
Harry V. Leland
Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO USA
Water depth and velocity are fundamental hydrologic properties contributing to the spatial variation in phytoplankton of rivers and shallow lakes. Taxonomic composition and biomass of the phytoplankton of the San Joaquin River, California (USA) were examined in relation to flow regime, channel morphology, habitat and water chemistry. Agricultural drainage and subsurface flow contribute to a complex gradient of salinity and nutrients in this eutrophic, lowland type river. Without substantial tributary inflow, maintenance demands exceed algal production during summer and autumn due to light-limiting conditions for algal growth. However, downriver of the large, less-turbid tributaries, substantial net gains in algal biomass occur in the summer (but not in the spring or autumn). Absolute abundances of major taxa (order or division) in the phytoplankton indicate differing responses to the longitudinal variation in water depth and flow regime. The principal Bacillariales, Melosirales and Surirellales are most abundant in a shallow, sinuous segment that receives surface drainage from both the Sierra Nevada (relatively clear water) and the San Joaquin Valley (turbid water). The principal Chlorophyta and Cryptophyta also are abundant in this segment due to downriver recruitment; in contrast, the Euglenophyta are locally uncommon. The principal Thalassiosirales, Chlorococcales, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyceae and Cyanophyta are more abundant downriver in a segment that contains an unusually large number of deep reaches (and thus longer time-fordevelopment of algae). Enhanced hydraulic retentiveness due to differences in channel morphology appears to be a significant factor contributing to the distribution of species in the San Joaquin River.
146
25-30 May 2002
Studies on fishes, fish fry and their food composition in Lake Velence
Kroly Gyre*, Andrs Szt*, Pter Lengyel*, Norbert Kovcs**
*Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI), Szarvas, Hungary **Hungarian National Angling Union (MOHOSZ), Budapest, Hungary
Lake Velence, with its surface of 26 km2 ranks the third biggest natural still water of Hungary. However, compared to other water bodies, the study of its fish fauna, and especially of the natural reproduction of its fishes has been generally neglected in the recent decades. Such information, by increasing our knowledge on the fish fauna and on the fish production capacity of the lake, can provide valuable help to the rationalisation of fisheries. The results of our studies performed in 2001 on Lake Velencei are presented in the paper. Fish faunistical sampling, using electrofishing, was done in 81 sampling spots of five bigger areas of the lake. The analysis of the samples showed a relatively poor fish fauna, consisting of only 18 species. However, the presence of some further species cannot be excluded. 54 semi-quantitative samples of fish fry were collected as well, and preserved for laboratory studies. Fry of several species could not be found with the sampling techniques applied, however, a specimen of white bream (Blicca bjoerkna) was found only among the fry. In addition to the determination of the specific composition of the samples, length and weight growth and length-weight relationships of the individual species were calculated, which showed multiple spawning in case of some fish species (e.g. bleak, roach). Food composition of the early life stages of the lakes fishes was studied as well. Sampling of planktonic and benthic organisms was performed simultaneous ly with collecting the fish samples in order to provide background information. Gut content of the fry and juveniles of 14 fish species was examined, results are presented.
147
25-30 May 2002
Eutrophication of a shallow acidic mining lake and effects on the phytoplankton

Dieter Lessmann, Andrew Fyson
Chair of Water Conservation, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany
Koyne ML 113 is an extremely acidic mining la ke within the Lusatian lignite mining district (Brandenburg/Saxony, Germany). The mean pH in the water column is 2.5 and the conductivity is about 3,000 S cm-1 mainly due to high concentrations of sulfate, calcium and iron. Since 1999 organic material has been added to the lake in biobags to remove the acidity through sulfate reduction and the forming of metal sulfides. Up to now, the acidification status of the lake stayed unchanged but a significant increase in nutrient concentrations and primary production has occurred. The effects of these remediation treatments on the water chemistry and the phytoplankton will be discussed with special regard to changes in the species composition, biodiversity, biomass and seasonal succession.
148
25-30 May 2002
Life cycle of a social rotifer from Argentina

Estela C. Lopretto, Gabriela C. Kppers, Marcela A. Blanco
Ctedra Zoologa Invertebrados I, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
Having followed the life cycle of the social rotifer Sinantherina semibullata (Thorpe, 1889) from ponds from Buenos Aires province, Argentina, during the years 2000 2001, it was possible to observe, to measure and to illustrate its colonial morphology and composition, dwarf males, two kinds of eggs (subitaneous and resting eggs) and larvae hatching, in relation to ecological data. Sinantherina semibullata is recorded for the first time in Argentina. Besides, and in association with this species, other social rotifers were registered in the same shallow waters, such as S. socialis (Linnaeus, 1758) and one species of the genus Lacinularia. Having followed its life cycle between years 1999 and 2001, it was possible to observe, to measure and to illustrate its colonial morphology and composition, dwarf males, two kinds of eggs (subitaneous and resting eggs) and, for the first time, larvae hatching. In association to Sinantherina semibullata, other social rotifers were recorded in the same water bodies, such as S. socialis (Linnaeus, 1758) and one species of the genus Lacinularia. This study is accomplished by an ecological analysis that will be known in a second contribution.
149
25-30 May 2002
Inter-annual variation in macroinvertebrate communities in a shallow forest lake in eastern Finland during 19902001
Hannu Luotonen*, Heikki Hmlinen**, Petri Liljaniemi***, Esa Koskenniemi****, Riitta Niinioja*
*North Karelia Regional Environment Centre, Joensuu, Finland **University of Joensuu, Karelian InstituteJoensuu, Finland ***Universty of Jyvskyl, Jyvskyla, Finland ****West Finland Regional Centre, Vaasa, Finland
As part of the Integrated Monitoring (IM) Programme of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems, the inter-annual variation in macroinvertebrate communities of the Lake Iso Hietajrvi has been studied from 1990 to present. Lake Iso Hietajrvi is a pristine, small (83 ha), oligotrophic headwater lake situated in the Patvinsuo National Park, eastern Finland. The mean and maximum depths of the lake are 3.5 m and 8.8 m, respectively. The lake is only weakly stratified during the open water season and the strength of stratification depends on weather conditions. Samples for macroinvertebrates were taken from the littoral zone (depth of 1 m) by a hand net in each year during 19901996. Pelagial benthos was sampled using an Ekman-grab at two depths (4 and 7 m) from 1990 to 2001. Water quality of the lake and meteorological characters in the area were monitored annually. The aim of this paper is to describe the natural inter-annual variation in macroinvertebrate abundance and taxonomic composition in a pristine lake unaffected by human activities. The variation in invertebrate communities will be related with hydrochemical and climatological parameters. The strength and conformity of variability of communities is compared across depth zones. The implications of the results will be discussed in the context of biomonitoring.
150
25-30 May 2002
Linking nitrogen limitation in upland lakes to catchment characteristics

Stephen Maberly*, Lydia King**, Chris Gibson***, Linda May****, Roger Jones**, Mitzi Dent*
*Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Windermere, The Ferry House, Ambleside, UK **Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK ***Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK ****Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh, Penicuik, UK
A survey of 30 upland lakes in the UK in 2000 showed, contrary to expectation, that in a high proportion phytoplankton and periphyton were not limited by phosphorus but were co-limited by phosphorus and nitrogen or limited by nitrogen. Many of the lakes studied were small and, although the mean depth is not known in all of them, relatively shallow. Many also had relatively large catchments so are likely to be relatively rapidly flushed and so closely coupled to the catchment. Relationships were established between land-cover in the catchments and annual water chemistry and nutrient limitation. These type of relationships may allow the sensitivity of upland lakes to nutrient limitation to be predicted from land-cover.
151
25-30 May 2002
Shallow lakes in North-east Germany: Trophic situation and restoration programmes

Jrgen Mathes, Ilona Korczynski, Jrg Mller
Ministry of Environment Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lake-Project M-V
The landscape of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern situated in North-east Germany is strongly influenced by numerous lakes which compose 3 % of the Lands area. .2 Carried out by the Lake-Project Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, since 1995 about 700 of the largest lakes have been investigated and surveyed. The research results, combined with morphometric data deducted from current bathygraphical maps, allow an assessment of the trophic situation of the lakes. About 60 % of the investigated lakes are polymictic, predominantly created in the last glacial epoch. Besides only a few summer-clear macrophytes-dominated lakes, most of this shallow lakes are strongly polluted, more or less strongly eutrophied and characterized by permanent massive phytoplankton-production. Thus the sustained improvement of the water quality is necessary for many shallow lakes in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Based on the research results of the Lake-Project, a Redevelopment and Restoration Programme has been developed. To ensure sustained success, lake-intern measures are only taken when the catchment area has been redeveloped or a redevelopment success becomes visible. The presentation introduces the results of preliminary investigations, planning and some restoration-measures and technologies realized in shallow lakes in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
152
25-30 May 2002
Fish removal and its effects on phytoplankton and zooplankton in a very shallow ecosystem
Klmn Mtys*, Istvn Ttrai**, Jnos Korponai*, Gbor Paulovits**
*West Transdanubian Water Authority, Dept. Kis-Balaton, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary **Balaton Limnological Research Institute, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
A long-term food web manipulation experiment was started in 1999 with monitoring in the eutrophic shallow Major l ke (area 11 ha, mean depth 1.1m). In April 2000 a studies were continued with removal of 204 kg/ha of cyprinids and restocking with 134 kg/ha of omnivorous fish. Following fish reduction, summer mean algal biomass decreased by about 40 and the phytoplankton community changed from being dominated by filamentous blue-greens causing blooms in 1999 to a much more diverse community with e.g. green algae, dinoflagellates and cryptomonads in the year following fish removal. The zooplankton community showed the typical composition of lakes with very high predation pressure of omnivorous cyprinid fish resulting leading to a decrease in both mean body length and fecundity of daphnids. Our results indicate that bottom-up forces are still regulating the production processes in the lake and that there is a potential of the existence of two alternative stable states
153
25-30 May 2002
Limnology and management of the Tana River Dams, in Kenya

Kenneth M Mavuti
Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
Since 1945 to date seven dams and reservoirs have been constructed on the upper (Sasumua, Thika,) and midcourse (Masinga, Kamburu, Gitaru, Kindaruma and Kiambere) regions of the Tana River, The dams have been built primarily either for the provision of urban water supply (Sasumua, Thika) or Hydro-Electric Power (HEP) generation (Masinga, Kamburu, Gitaru, Kindaruma and Kiambere Dams). The limnology, ecological development and management of these dams have been subjects of occasional assessments over the years since their inception. The Tana River dams form a rather unique contiguous aquatic ecosystem whose limnology is similar because one reservoir spills into the next all the way from Sasumua dam (3400 m ASL) Thika dam at Ndakaini (2200 m ASL) through Masinga into Kiambere dam . All the Reservoirs exhibit strong diurnal thermal stratification relatively close to the surface showing classical clinograde curves with hypolimnetic anoxia in the deepest area below 30m. Nitrates were the most limiting nutrients. The dominant phytoplankters in all the Reservoirs are blue green algae particularly Cyclotella spp., Tetraedron sp. Microcystis and Cylindrospermopsis spp. Chlorophyll a concentration ranged between 8.3 g/l in Masinga to 19.2 g/l in. The dominant zooplankton species are Thermocyclops (Copepoda) Diaphonosoma (Cladocera) and Brachionus spp (Rotifera). Eleven fish species are common in the Tana dams and nine of these are predominant: Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias mossambicus, Oreochromis leucostictus, and Barbus spp. The dams have been generally ecologically and economically successful and sound to a large extent, however the dammingconstruction activities have, however, led to various environmenta l concerns, which range from moderate to severe adverse eco-socio-environmental impacts on the riverine ecosystems
154
25-30 May 2002
In the search for buffer mechanisms associated with large freefloating plants in shallow subtropical lakes
Mariana Meerhoff*, Nstor Mazzeo*, Brian Moss**, Lorena Rodrguez-Gallego*
Seccin Limnologa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Repblica, Montevideo, School of Biological Sciences, Derby Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
According to the stable state hypothesis for shallow temperate lakes, over a wide range of nutrient concentrations, these systems may be either turbid or clear with abundant submerged macrophytes. Many mechanisms that prevent switches between states are related to submerged macrophytes. The scope of this study was to determine buffer mechanisms related to large free-floating plants in a shallow hypertrophic, subtropical lake (Lago Rod, 3455S, 5610W). Effects of Eichhornia crassipes and submerged Potamogeton pectinatus on water quality, fish and zooplankton distribution were compared with those in open water and littoral zones without macrophytes as control habitats. Sampling was conducted during summer 2000, after the introduction of free-floating plants to three littoral sites of the lake (initial biomass = 73 gDW m-2 , mean cover = 45 m2 ). Nutrient concentration presented generally no significant differences among microhabitats, while physicochemical characteristics such as dissolved oxygen, conductivity, temperature and alkalinity were modified. Zooplankton community was dominated by rotifers and cyclopoid copepods, the medium-sized herbivores being restricted to a calanoid copepod and cladocerans Moina micrura and Alona sp. Except for the calanoid, with higher abundance within submerged plants, medium-sized zooplankton showed usually higher abundance i n the littoral zones without macrophytes. Zooplankton spatial distribution was significantly explained by density of omnivorous-planktivorous fish size-classes (CCA, Monte Carlo test p < 0.002). Dominant omnivorous-planktivorous Cnesterodon decemmaculatus was found in association with submerged vegetation and next with free-floating plants (0+ and 1+ size classes), while low and intermediate size-classes of omnivorous-piscivorous Cichlasoma facetum were strongly associated with E. crassipes. Small and juvenile fish used macrophytes as preferential habitats, probably as refuge against predation from piscivores, though free-floating plants had minor importance than submerged plants. Physical structure, as well as the slightly different microenvironments, would explain fish distribution pattern and its cascading effects on zooplankton. Eichhornia crassipes contribution to the stability of plant-dominated states could be related to favouring piscivores, and with higher cover, also to limiting light and nutrient availability for phytoplankton.
155
25-30 May 2002
Top-down control and alternative buffer mechanisms promoted by Egeria densa in a subtropical shallow lake
Gissell Lacerot*, Mariana Meerhoff*, Lorena Rodrguez-Gallego*, Javier Gorga*, Carla Kruk*, Federico Quintans*, Nstor Mazzeo*, Marcelo Loureiro**, Diego Larrea*
*Seccin Limnologa, Departamento de Ecologa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Repblica **Departamento Zoologa de Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Repblica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Submerged plants are thought to affect negatively phytoplankton crops by a number of mechanisms, including nutrient and light limitation, enhancement of top-down control by offering diurnal refuge for zooplankton against visual predation and by favouring piscivores. In 1998, Laguna Blanca, a yellow-brownish shallow lake in Uruguay, suffered a severe water level reduction that d etermined a massive fish kill and an extensive colonisation by Egeria densa. Nowadays, a clear water phase is established in the system despite the fish community being restricted to two small omnivorousplanktivorous fish: Jenynsia multidentata and Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. The analysis of sites with and without macrophyte coverage allowed us to propose alternative direct or indirect mechanisms associated to E. densa for the maintenance of clear water. The water column had low to intermediate nutrient concentrations, whereas phytoplankton community was highly diverse with a moderate biomass (mean Chl a = 10.6 g l-1 ). The zooplankton community was dominated by copepods and low algal biomass values were associated to the highest cladoceran abundance in spring (Diaphanosoma birgei and Chydorus spp.). Macrophyte PVI represented 2839 % of the lake volume (annual mean biomass = 174 gDW m-2 ), and fish and mediumsized zooplankton (except for the calanoid copepod Notodiaptomus incompositus) were significantly associated to submerged macrophyte beds. In spite of the high -2 biomass and density of omnivorous-planktivorous fish (11.5 gFW m , 13 fish m-2 ), zooplankton explained most of phytoplankton variation. The medium-sized zooplankton decline coincided with fish reproductive events and the concomitant density increase during summer. The following stronger predation pressure by juvenile omnivorous fish seemed to diminish the macrophyte efficiency as zooplankton refuge. As chrolophyll a was non-detectable in periods when cladocerans had less importance, E. densa bottom-up mechanisms would also be present contributing to the clear water maintenance. Besides the usually described nutrient and light limitation by shade, the internal production of coloured dissolved organic matter could enhance the observed top-down effect.
156
25-30 May 2002
Ruppia cirrhosa decomposition in a shallow coastal lagoon: effect of availability of nutrients

Margarita Menendez*, Domenica Carlucci**, Maurizio Pinna**, Francisco A. Comin*, Alberto Basset**
*Department of Ecology. University of Barcelona. Avgda. Diagonal, 645. 08028 Barcelona. Spain **Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Univesit degli Studi di Lecce, Italia
Submerged aquatic macrophytes detritic pathway is one important source of carbon in coastal lagoons, and processing of this organic matter could varied related to availability of nutrients in the environment. In this study we deal with the pattern of disappearance of R. cirrhosa Petagna (Grande) l tter in the field and evaluate some i variables determining rates of loss of litter: external nitrogen and phosphorus availability and activity of detritivores. The study was made in Cesine coastal lagoon, a shallow (80 cm mean depth) lagoon of the South East of Italy (40 21 05 N 18 20 05 E). Nutrient concentrations in the water column varies from 1.98 to 34.1 mmol l-1 DIN and from 0.06 to 0.24 mmol l-1 SRP. Recent abscised dead plant material of R. cirrhosa was collected at the end of its vegetative cycle in summer and 25 g of fresh weight were put in 100 mm and 1 mm mesh size litter bags. Plastic tubes with a mixture of agar and nitrogen, nitrogen plus phosphorus, phosphorus and agar without added nutrients as controls, were introduced also in each litter bag as a fertilizer. Three litter bags of each size were collected on days 0, 4, 10, 20, 40 and 60. Macroinvertebrates inside the leaf bags were retrieved and dry weight and carbon and nitrogen contents of the remaining detritus were determined. Litter decomposition rates, k, were estimated using a simple exponential model. After 60 days of the beginning of the experiment a 20 % of ash free dry weight of the remaining detritus was collected in the 1 mm control litter bags, whereas in the nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus enriched litter bags only a 3 % of the remaining detritus were retrieved. Differences in detritus processing between the treatments were more evident after 20 days of decomposition, and were faster in the treatments with nitrogen (k = 0.059 day-1 ) and phosphorus (k = 0.060 day-1 ) alone than in control (k = 0.040 day-1) and in nitrogen plus phosphorus (k = 0.039 day-1 ). After 40 days of decomposition only significant differences were obtained between the control and enriched treatments. From this results we can conclude that the effect of availability of nutrients in detritus processing of R. cirrhosa in Cesine lagoon was more important during the initial phases of decomposition
157
25-30 May 2002
Temporal variation of phytoplankton composition before and after dammed up the water in Lake Legowskie
Beata Messyasz
Phytoplankton studies were carried out in shallow (mean depth 1.8 m), hypertrophic Lake Legowskie in order to compare the summer structure of algae before (1993 1995) and after (20002001) dam up of this reservoir. The aim of this research is to present the changes in abundance of phytoplankton in hypertrophic lake and their responses to the physic o - chemical parameters as the nutrient concentrations and level of water. In 19931995 years the most frequent with a large biomass were: green algae (Scenedesmus sp., Tetraedron sp., Crucigenia sp., Ulotrix sp. average 40 % of the total phytoplankton biomass), diatoms (Navicula sp., Diatoma sp. average 30 %) and cyanoprokaryota (Planktothrix agardhii, Aphanizomenon flos aquae, Anabaena flos - aquae, Microcystis sp. the biomass ranged from 8 to 29 %). The presence of abundant populations of these species was directly connected with a high concentrations of orthophosphate (0.703.57 mg/L) and ammonium nitrogen (0.84 5.26 mg/L). The water of Lake Legowskie was characterized by highly anaerobic conditions. After dammed up the lake (0.5 m) in 1998 the changes in the biomass concentration of cyanoprokaryota cells were mostly connected with fluctuations in quantity of Planktothrix agardhi and other blue-greens. The investigation in 2000 2001 years showed low concentrations of oxygen in the 1 m depth of water with simultaneous higher concentrations of nutrients than in 19931995 years in lake. This fact provides possibilities for access to not changes in the quality of water in the future.
158
25-30 May 2002
Long term changes in macroinvertebrate community structure of the shallow Mediterranean lake
Zlatko Mihaljevi , Mladen Kerovec, Aleksandar Popija, Ivanica Ternjej, Vladimira Tavar
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb
From November 2000 to October 2001 the benthic community of the shallow Mediterranean lake Jezero was studie d. Quantitative samples were taken monthly using an Eckman grab. Nine taxonomic groups of invertebrates were found. The lake is largely used for water supply since 1970. Primary production of the lake was decreased with biomanipulation techniques that included reduction of phosphorus. A comparison of the benthic community at four sampling sites with a period of two decade before revealed changes in benthic community structure and decrease in chironomid abundance. The most abundant and common chironomid Tanytarsus gr. lobatifrons in the more recent study was not find at all. Furthermore, the abundance of dipteran larvae Chaoborus sp. has increased.
159
25-30 May 2002
Potential triggers of akinete differentiation in an Australian strain of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
David Moore*, Mark ODonohue**, Glen Shaw*, Christa Chritchley***
*National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Australia and the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment **South East Queensland Water Corporation Ltd., Brisbane, Australia and the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Salisbury, Australia ***Department of Botany, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
In Australia, blooms of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii affect many freshwater bodies each year. In the state of Queensland, this organism has been identified as one of four potentially toxic freshwater species, with past historical events highlighting its hazardous health effects on both humans and livestock. One third of Australias surface waters are found in the tropical / subtropical environments which are favoured by C. raciborskii. Therefore, the invasion of further Australian waterbodies in future years is likely. Limited information exists in the literature on the life history and ecology of C. raciborsk ii, including its specialized reproductive cells termed akinetes. Factors such as nutrient limitation, light and temperature have been identified as potential triggers of akinete differentiation in other cyanobacteria but the effect of these factors on C. raciborskii are not clearly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of phosphorus limitation (060 mg/L) and other potential triggers of akinete differentiation in C. raciborskii. The culture studies involved the determination of akinete and heterocyst concentrations as a percentage of total cell concentrations, the position of akinetes within trichomes and their relationship to heterocysts and monitoring of phosphorus concentrations. The results of the phosphorus limitation experiment along with the results of other potential environmental triggers investigated will be discussed and interpreted in terms of the future direction of bloom management.
160
25-30 May 2002
Stratiotes aloides L. inhibits algal growth

G. Mulderij, A. J. P. Smolders, E. Van Donk
Centre for Wetland Ecology
From biomanipulation studies it has become clear that the presence of macrophytes may be of great importance for the functioning of shallow lakes and streams. In various ways, aquatic macrophytes promote clear water states. One of those strategies may be the excretion of allelopathic substances. This might be a useful defense strategy for macrophytes against other photosynthetic organisms in the aquatic food web. There are several indications for allelopathic activity in macrophytes like Chara, Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum, resulting in changes in phytoplankton biomass and composition. A few studied the allelopathic activity of the water soldier, Stratiotes aloides, however, in these studies, interfering factors like competition for light and nutrients formed a likely explanation for the observed effect of algal growth limitation. We conducted a series of experiments with Stratiotes and some phytoplankton species (Nannochloropsis limnetica, toxic and non-toxic Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus) in a set-up that excluded interference due to light and nutrient competition. Our results show that Stratiotes aloides may inhibit algal growth in laboratory experiments. Furthermore, we studied the allelopathic effect from on the algae under two different light intensities.
161
25-30 May 2002
Colonization of natural substrata implanted into Lake Balaton, Hungary

Ilona B. Musk*, Szilvia Grg**
*Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary **University of Veszprm, Veszprm, Hungary
Natural substrata (10x10x2 cm wood pieces and handful stones) were placed into Lake Balaton at Tihany 100 m from the shore (water depth: 2.5 m) on a stative to which iron frames were attached near the bottom, in the middle and near the water surface. The substrata were hanging from the frames. Similar frames with substrata were hanged into the water also near the shore (water depth: 1.7 m). The experiment started 15th 16th July 1999, we took samples biweekly altogether four times with the help of divers. The dry mass of the encrustation, the Chlorophyll-a content of the encrustation and the Chlorophyll-a content of the algae in the water sampled parallel were determined. We measured the temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and pH near the bottom, in the middle and near the water surface three times in order to check the stratification.50 animal taxa were identified, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the amphipod Corophium curvispinum dominated, the juvenile s of both dominated at the start. The relationships of the dominance differed according to the nature of the substrata, according to the water strata and according to the distance from the shore. However, C. curvispinum was dominant on the stones on the shore sampled parallel as control. The density of colonizing animals reflected the mass of the encrustation (excluding animals) only at the first two weeks of the experiment, later the interspecific relationships determined the specific composition of the animals -2 on the surface of the substrata. The density of all the animals (ind. m substrate surface) changed between 22,300 and 503,400. The density of D. polymorpha ranged between 5,700 and 416,800, that of C. curvispinum ranged between 2,400 and 156,800. The definite dominancy of zebra mussel at first period moderated up to the sixth week while the density of C. curvispinum gradually raised. Our results draw attention to the importance of these two Ponto-Caspian invasive immigrants in the littoral zone of Lake Balaton. This study was financially supported by Hungarian National Science Fund (OTKA T 032165 and T 034813) and Balaton Project of Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
162
25-30 May 2002
Importance of Dreissena polymorpha Pallas in the matterenergy flux of the littoral zone (submerged macrophytes) of Lake Balaton (Hungary)
Ilona B. Musk*, Beta Bak**
*Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary **Szchenyi Istvn University, Gyr, Hungary
Dreissena polymorpha appeared and spread in Lake Balaton in the 1930s. We studied the density, the body length-body mass relationships, the biomass and the respiratory organic carbon loss (with the use of respiration data of Woynrovich 1961) of D. polymorpha living on the submerged macrophytes in the littoral zone of four sampling stations of different trophic status three times from May till October 2000. We sampled the macrophytes with a bag-shaped sampling device which made possible to sample qantitatively the submerged macrophytes and animals larger than 300 m living on the macrophytes. The dominant submerged macrophyte was Potamogeton perfoliatus in May/June and July and Myriophyllum spicatum in October, the fresh biomass of submerged macrophytes ranged between 450.64 and 3,171.51 g m-2 , dry biomass ranged between 61.54 and 381.31 g m-2 depended on the depth of the water. D. polymorpha represented 2.4884.85 % of all animals on submerged macrophytes. The density of zebra mussel ranged between 421 and 749,032 ind m-2 , between 1 and -2 282 ind g-2 macrophyte fresh mass and between 9 and 2,032 ind g macrophyte dry mass, the highest density was found at Tihany, the lowest one at Keszthely. The body length-body mass relationships could be described by power function equations for the fresh body mass with and without shell and dry body mass with and without shell. The average body mass of zebra mussels ranged between 0.68 and 23.97 mg fresh body mass with shell. We publish the first biomass data of zebra mussel in Lake Balaton, it -2 ranged between 0.35 and 1,106.55 g fresh mass with shell m , between 9.23 and -2 50,958.05 mg dry mass with shell m , between 0.09 and 260.39 g fresh mass without shell m-2 and between 1.78 and 6,485.68 mg dry mass without shell m-2 . The estimated respiratory organic carbon loss of D. polymorpha population in the zone of submerged -2 macrophytes ranged between 0.15 and 338.27 mg C m day-1 , which is the 0.04 154 % of planktonic primary production in different parts of the lake. It shows the important role of this Ponto-Caspian invasive mussel in the matter-energy flux of Lake Balaton seventy years after the invasion. This study was financially supported by Hungarian National Science Fund (OTKA T 034813) and Balaton Project of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Dr. Klmn Br placed the sampling device at our disposal.
163
25-30 May 2002
Biomass and community composition of phytoplankton and macrozooplankton in turbid versus clearwater shallow eutrophic lakes
Koenraad Muylaert*, Steven Declerck**, Wim Vyverman*, Luc De Meester**
*University Gent, Dept. Biology, K .L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium **KULeuven, Lab. Aquatic Ecology, Debriotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
Biomass and community composition of phytoplankton and macrozooplankton were monitored in four shallow eutrophic lakes from two wetland reserves in Belgium (Blankaart and De Maten). In each wetland reserve, a clearwater lake with dense submerged macrophyte stands and a turbid lake with low water transparency occurred in close proximity of each other and with similar nutrient loadings. In the turbid lakes, planktivorous fish biomass was higher than in the clearwater lakes. As a result, the macrozooplankton community was dominated by taxa that are capable of minimizing predation losses (Bosmina and cyclopoid copepods) but that are relatively inefficient in suppressing phytoplankton biomass. The phytoplankton was dominated by large coenobial green algae that depend on a turbulent water column to remain in suspension. Phytoplankton biomass in the turbid lakes was significantly higher than in the clearwater lakes, probably because of the limited ability of the macrozooplankton to regulate phytoplankton. Despite higher biomass of planktivorous fish, macrozooplankton biomass was higher (Blankaart reserve) or equal (De Maten reserve) to macrozooplankton biomass in the clearwater lakes, probably as a result of higher food availability and thanks to successful predator avoidance strategies. In the clearwater lakes, efficient grazers that are sensitive to fish predation were relatively more important (Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia ). These grazers controlled the phytoplankton in spring. This spring clear water phase probably allowed for submerged macrophyte stands to develop. The phytoplankton community occurring in summer was dominated by small coccal green algae and nanoflagellates that have low sedimentation rates which makes them well adapted to the stagnant water column created by these macrophytes. This type of phytoplankton, however, is easily grazed by microzooplankton and ciliates probably regulated phytoplankton biomass in the clearwater lakes in summer.
164
25-30 May 2002
Species diversity of macroinvertebrates in floodplain lakes and their patterns in a gradient between the Pripyat River main channel and upland (Belarus)
Liubov Nagorskaya*, Hendrik Moller-Pillot**, Jolande de Jonge***, Tatiana Laenko*, Michael Moroz*, Vasisiy Veznovets*
*Institute of Zoology NAS Belarus, Minsk, Belarus **Ecological Consultants, Tilburg, the Netherlands ***RIZA, Lelystad, the Netherlands
Whereas most of the European riverine floodplains have been changed from their natural characteristics, the Pripyat River floodplain (Polesye region in the South of Belarus) still has a very natural morphology, hydrology and water quality, because of the absence of dikes and an agricultural management which is still extensive. The floodplain itself is a large-scale complex gradient between main channel and upland which comprise mosaics of vegetation types with a variety of water bodies. All floodplain lakes are influenced by the river, but numerous water bodies are also influenced by underground upwelling as well as the run-off from nearby forests and bogs. The floodplain lakes are differ in soil type, vegetation and hydrochemical values (pH, hardness, alkalinity, conductivity, etc.) from inner pools. Most of the floodplain lakes close to the river are eutrophic and are characterized by orthophosphate values from (> 0.431.0 mg.L-1 ) in spring after flooding to (0.150.25 mg.L-1 ) in the end of summer, while orthophosphates in the inner pools changed in a range 0.050.25 mg.L-1. The macroinvertebrate and plankton species list includes 795 species from different taxa of which 4758 % of species are found in the floodpla in lakes with much influence of riverine water. We used various diversity indices to illustrate the patterns of species richness and dominance in the floodplain water bodies gradient. The high species richness, including some new species and many rare species, must be the result of the significant spatial diversity of the floodplain water bodies. The abundance of species inhabiting the floodplain lakes close to the river, particularly plankton species, is less compared to more inland lakes. We suppose a reason for this is the stronger predators pressure in the floodplain lakes. The permanent floodplain lakes adjoined to the riverbed fulfill a very powerful ecological function, such as a refuge and feeding place for juvenile fishes, amphibians, birds and many insects. They play a key role in transformation of organic matter and nutrient supplies regulation of the river basin. As the floodplain lakes keep up the main water supply to the floodplain, integrated studies in the hydrological and ecological links between the main channel, floodplain lakes and the floodplains themselves are the central theme to strengthen the river basin water management in a suitable fashion.
165
25-30 May 2002
Oxygen stratification in shallow water bodies along the River Tisza

Sndor Nagy*, Erika Brdosi*, Istvn Grigorszky**, Gyrgy Dvai*
*Ecological and Hydrobiological Department of Debrecen University **Botanical Department of Debrecen University
Water bodies summarized under the name shallow lakes and several small water bodies are commonly characterized as non-stratified lakes in water typology, differentiating them from great lakes and deep lakes, that are characterized by constant and permanent stratification. The hydrobiological section of our department have extensive experiences in the field of ecological water qualification, and despite the fact that our surveys are mainly conducted in water bodies ranking among shallow ponds along the River Tisza, in the case of most variables measured in the field definite stratification was experienced regularly. Development and permanency of stratification within certain period of time have great importance in aquatic communities, but dissolved oxygen content and oxygen saturation play an even more crucial role. Modifications of oxygen conditions in water bodies are essential for aerobe organisms, especially when these changes result in developing permanent anaerobe layers. This work presents oxygen stratification based on 24-hour measurements in four shallow backwaters along the River Tisza (NE-Hungary). Measurements in the field were carried out by a portable multifunctional probe, always consequently above the deepest point of the bed. Changes in dissolved oxygen content and oxygen saturation were measured in layers every 20 cm. As a result it could be concluded that there was a clear and permanent oxygen stratification in most of the water bodies, which occasionally was coupled with anaerobe water layer exceeding 20 % of the whole water column. No such stratification was experienced in the Apota region of Lake Tisza, where continuous inflow caused permanent flow in the region. On the basis of our results it could be stated that deepness of a given water body is not the main factor in the development of oxygen stratification, thus the term non-stratified lakes cannot be considered as equivalent of shallow lakes. According to our experiences lack of inflows and flows, separated nature of the water body, i s t defence against stirring by the wind, and higher trophic level of the water mass play an essential role in developing oxygen stratification as well as permanent anaerobe water masses.
166
25-30 May 2002
Effects of rhizome age and soil temperature on the decomposition rate of Phragmites australis rhizome
Takashi Asaeda, Le Hung Nam
Department of Environmental Science and Human Technology, Saitama University
The change in weight o dried rhizome samples, left to decompose, was used to f investigate the effects of rhizome age and soil temperatures on the decomposition rate of Phragmites australis. Rhizomes were classified into five age categories before being placed 30 cm below the soils surface of a reed stand. After 230 days of decay, the newly formed (that is, aged less than one year) rhizomes lost more than 65 % of their original dry mass, compared with a loss of 20 % to 40 % for that of older rhizomes mass. The exponential decay rates of older rhizomes were nearly identical to that of aboveground biomass. The rhizomes nitrogen content increased two to three times their original values, but the phosphorus content remained constant after an initial loss by leaching. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) leveled out at 21:1 to 33:1 regardless of the rhizomes age. The carbon to phosphorous ratio (C:P) remained high (around 1500:1) in three- and four-year-olds rhizomes but was lower in new form, one-and two-year-old rhizomes (between 600:1 and 1100:1). Soil temperature had a great effect on the decay of rhizomes and therefore rhizome litter decayed more slowly during winter than from spring to early summer. This process was described by introducing a coefficient for temperature effects.
167
25-30 May 2002
Man-made lakes in Mediterranean semi-arid climate: The strange case of Dr Deep Lake and Mr Shallow Lake
Luigi Naselli-Flores
Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Reservoirs located in Mediterranean semi-arid climate are characterized by two hydrological phases: a winter period with high inflow and low or absent outflow and a summer period with conspicuous loss of water, due both to water usage and to evaporation, not balanced by any water income. The summer dewatering may be so strong as to cause the loss of more than 90 % of stored waters. Thus, water bodies deep enough to be potentially monomictic experience a depth contraction wide enough to cause an anticipated circulation in summer. Such circulation, especially in nutrientrich environments, alters the nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics and, according to local climatic conditions, causes pulsing water blooms. In addition, the structure of phytoplankton assemblages is influenced by the continuous modification of the ratio between mixing depth and euphotic depth. Lake Arancio, an hypertrophic reservoir located in Sicily well illustrates the above depicted limnological features under this particular thermal behavior. Its phytoplankton structure and dynamics were studied during 2001. In this period the reservoir was characterized by a prolonged and particularly intense bloom caused by the alternation of several Microcystis morphotypes. The population dynamics was investigated in relation to the physical constraints which affect the water body. In particular, the reservoir experienced a strong dewatering which led to the break of the thermocline in the middle of July. Successively, the environment showed an atelomictic thermal pattern and, at the end of October, it was filled using water from another water body; again a depth increase was recorded, in a period still warm enough to cause the formation of a new stable thermocline. The anticipated breaking of the thermocline, the summer diurnal stratification and the re-establishment of a more stable thermal stratification in October modulated the trend and the structure of phytoplankton, sustaining very high phytoplankton biomass levels throughout all the summer perio d and making phytoplankton alternate between more S and S (sensu Reynolds) ecotypes. An apparent ecological equilibrium was attained by phytoplankton, dominated for more than five months by Microcystis; nevertheless, the ever changing morphological features of the colonies, which allow a different ecological behavior, seem to confirm that the ecological instability of reservoirs sustains high diversity values.
168
25-30 May 2002
The fish diversity and resource value of Babina inlet, Danube Delta, after ecological reconstruction
Ion Navoadaru, Mircea Staras
Danube Delta National Institute, Tulcea, Romania
The goal of the ecological reconstruction actions in the degraded impounded areas within the Danube River flood plain and its delta is to restore biodiversity, the ecological functions and natural resources. After the 94s re-flooding action, the Babina inlet (S = 2 100 hectares) has quickly passed from the terrestrial status (salted) to an aquatic one, after 10 years of impoundment. Fish diversity and biomass was estimated through electrofishing, multi-mesh gillnetting and De Lury method. The fish has re-colonized the water in a short period (19941998), and diversity has reached up to 29 species, by migrating from the Danube river basin. Fry and fingerlings identified in Babina inlet are the proof for re-gaining its former ecological function of habitat for fish spawning and feeding. The fish has re-installed in two communities, according the water quality: turbid water (with sediments or algae) fish community and clear water fish community. I the inlet canal was estimated a biomass of 318 kg fish/ha. The yield, estimated for the inlet surface, is approximate 34 kg/ha, respectively 71.4 to/year. This study case reveals the ecological and socio-economic value for the restored zone, but, the aesthetic and entertaining values, for touristic activities, must be considered, as well.
169
25-30 May 2002
State of Lake Sysmjrvi, eastern Finland, loaded by mine waters during several decades
Riitta Niinioja*, Hannu Luotonen*, Heikki Hmlinen*, Anna-Liisa Holopainen*, Lauri Heitto**, Paula Mononen**, Anita Rm**
*North Karelia Regional Environment Centre, P.O. Box 69, FIN -80101 Joensuu, Finland; University of Joensuu, Karelian Institute, Section of Ecology, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; **Water Protection Association of Savo-Karjala, Yrittjntie 24, FIN-70150 Kuopio, Finland
Lake Sysmjrvi is a small, shallow lake in eastern Finland. The mean depth of the lake is 1.6 m, it covers an area of 687 hectares, and the theoretical retention time is 75 days. The lake is one of the most valuable bird sanctuaries in Finland. Since 1928 a copper mines waste waters have been discharged to the lake. Due to the metalliferous waste waters, the lake changed from neutral to alkaline in 192838. During 1938 1964 waste waters were acid, and the lake water turned to highly acid with pH around 3.5. Liming of waste waters started in 1964 and after a few years the l ke water a became nearly neutral. A new copper and nickel mine was started in 1973 and soap stone dressing works in 1977. These works caused occasional arsenic and nickel loads. Both copper mines were closed down in the late 1980s. Even today the concentrations of heavy metals might be harmful to biota in Lake Sysmjrvi. The iron content varies from 1000 g l-1 to 2000 g l-1 and nickel concentrations from 20 g l-1 to 80 g l-1 . Sewage waters from the city of Outokumpu are still discharged to the lake. The lake receives also diffuse loading from agriculture and forestry. The water quality and biota of Lake Sysmjrvi have been studied from the early 1930s onwards. Here we discuss the effects of water quality on macrozoobenthos, phytoplankton and fish during the last 70 decades. For example, sphaerid clams (Pisidium) were common in 1930, but they were found only in one littoral station in 1951. In the lake deep only Sialis lutaria occurred both in winter and summer 1951. Presently, the macrozoobenthos consists mainly of the midge Chironomus and in the lake deep there are also Chaoboridaelarvae, but no Pisidium have been found. The number of phytoplankton species decreased drastically from 1930 to 1951. In 1997, the most common species were Melosira granulata, Uroglena and Cryptomonas. However, no blue greens were found despite the high phosphorus content (ca. 40 g l-1 ) in the lake water. Also the role of heavy metals for biota and the accumulation of metals in the sediment are discussed.
170
25-30 May 2002
Response of waterbirds tot ecosystem changes in Lake Veluwe, The Netherlands

Ruurd Noordhuis
Institute for Inland Watermanagement and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA), Lelystad, The Netherlands
Lake Veluwe (3400 ha, shallow) lost its value to waterbirds (up to 130.000) when, due to eutrophication, macrophytes and Zebra Mussels disappeared during the late 1960s. When, due to several measures taken, water quality improved during the 1980s, macrophytes (esp. Chara spp.) and mussels returned, so did herbivorous and benthivorous water birds. The lake regained its international importance to water birds during the 1990s and now resorts under the European Bird Directive. As bird numbers appear to be limited by food availability, their increase strongly corresponds to the increase in Chara biomass and Zebra Mussel densities. Combining data on the distribution of foraging birds with Chara coverage, Zebra Mussel densities and water depth resulted in information on food preference and depth use of several bird species and in relationships that can be used to predict effects of management measures like changes in the depth profile of the lake or in the waterlevel regime. Comparison with similar data from nearby Lake Wolderwijd provided addit ional insight on the role of factors like depth distribution of Chara, food quality and competition between bird species.
171
25-30 May 2002
Hydrochemical regularities found in 66 shallow lakes in Europe

Peeter Nges*, Wouter van de Bund**, Halina Smal***, Slawomir Ligeza***, C. Alvarez-Carrera****, C. Fernandez-Alaez****, Deborah Stephen*****, Brian Moss*****, Sally Collings*****, Jens Peder Jensen******, Elisabeth M. Gross*******, Lars-Anders Hansson********, Mikael Gyllstrm********, Mirva Nyknen*********, Elvira de Eyto**********, Eduardo Vicente***********, Lea Tuvikene*, Tiina Nges************
*Institute of Zol. and Bot. of the Estonian Agricultural Univ., Vrtsjrv Limnol. Station, Rannu, Tartumaa, Estonia; **EC- Joint Res. Centre, Inst. for Environm. and Sustainability, Inland and Marine Waters Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy ; ***Institute of Soil Science and Environment Management, Agricultural University, Lublin, Poland; **** Dpt. Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spai; *****School of Biological Sciences, Derby Building, University of Liverpool, LIVERPOOL; ****** National Environmental Research Institute, Silkeborg, Denmark; *******Limnological Institute, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; ********Institute of Ecology/Limnology, Ecology Building, Lund, Swede; *********University of Helsinki, Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Lahti, Finland; **********Department of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; ***********Departamento de Microbiologia y Ecologia, Edificio de Investigacion - 4 planta, Universidad de Valencia. Campus de Burjasot, Burjasot (Valencia), Spain ; ************Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
66 shallow lakes in Europe were investigated twice in summer 2000. 12 lakes were from Spain and 6 from other countries including Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherland, Poland, and Sweden. Lakes with an area of 0.1 to 27 000 ha (median 31 ha) and mean depth of 0.8 to 5.6 m (median 1.8 m) were distributed within a latitude range from 39 to 68.5 N and in low to high altitudes. The lakes were different by their thermal regimes from non-freezing to lakes with a more than 4 months ice-cover. The conductivity of lake water ranged from 5 to 18 900 S cm-1 but according to the median value (307 S cm-1 ) were mostly freshwater lakes. The basins were classified according to their geology into silicious, silicious/organic, organic/silicious, organic, and calcarious types. All investigators were asked to give an expert opinion of the water quality in a scale of five categories according to the EC Water Framework Directive: high, good, moderate, poor, and bad.
172
25-30 May 2002
We found several clusters of interrelated variables: 1) variables connected with lake basin geology - pH, conductivity (COND), alkalinity (ALK), 2) variables connected with the trophic status - ALK, Chl a, total N and P, and 3) variables connected with water optics - mean depth (MD), Secchi depth (SD), suspended solids (SS), Chl a, light absorbance. The variables of the first group were positively rela ted. Including of saline lakes caused a loss of linearity in the ALK-COND relationship. Several variables like SS, pH, maximum plant infested volume index, and ALK were clearly latitude-dependent decreasing from south to north. Some variable showed clear trends when they were categorized by presumed quality classes. Among them were SD, pH, total N, SS, and Chl a. For our surprise there was no clear pattern in total P concentrations within quality classes. More than 80 % of the variability in the presumed water quality was explained by measured variables using a multiple regression model. Most significant variables in this model were COND and ALK followed by SD and SS. Even the geographic latitude and MD were more significant in this model than the common water quality parameters like total nutrients or Chl a. Comparison of the two samplings made with an interval of 2 to 10 weeks showed no substantial differences between collected data sets. Funding for this research was provided by the EC project ECOFRAME (contract EVK1CT199939).
173
25-30 May 2002
The role of Characeae in initializing clear-water periods in shallow lakes

Peeter Nges*, Tnu Feldmann**, Lea Tuvikene*, Ilmar Tnno**, Tiina Nges***
*Institute of Zoology and Botany of the Estonian Agricultural University, Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Rannu, Tartumaa, Estonia **Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Institute of Zoology and Botany of the Estonian Agricultural University, Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Rannu, Tartumaa, Estonia
The hydrochemical regime and the biota in two lakes of Vooremaa, Central Estonia , were studied in 20002001. L. Prossa is a macrophyte-dominated lake with an area of 33 ha and a mean depth of 2.2 m. Most of the bottom in this lake is carpeted by Characeae. L. Kaiavere located at a distance of 10 km from the former is a much larger (250 ha, mean depth 2.8 m) plankton-dominated lake. Despite the different area and the Chara meadows in L. Prossa, the nutrient dynamics in spring was very similar in both lakes. Bound phosphorus (P tot minus PO4P) formed the major part of Ptot which dynamics followed plankton (phyto-and zooplankton) development. Both Ntot and Ninorg decreased rapidly after the ice break-up while the bound N (Ntot minus Ninorg ) developed a peak coinciding with that of bound P. The first vernal phytoplankton peak was clearly expressed in changing Secchi depth in both lakes. After that peak the water turned clear in L. Prossa but remained turbid in L. Kaia vere. The low transparency (0.81 m) in L. Kaiavere was mainly caused by detritus created by the phytoplankton peak, which could not settle due to continuous mixing. Also the resuspension of older sediments might contribute to the turbidity but this factor was probably of minor importance as did not affect water transparency before the peak (1.62.8 m). Zooplankton grazing has been often shown to be the main cause of creating clear-water periods in lakes while macrophytes serve as a refuge area for zooplankton. In lakes studied by us zooplankton had a similar dynamics and the biomass was even higher in the plankton-dominated lake Kaiavere. The only parameter that showed a clearly different dynamics in these two lakes was the carbonate alkalinity: it was rather stable or even increased during spring in the plankton-dominated L. Kaiavere, but decreased from April to July by nearly 50 % in the Chara-dominated L. Prossa. We suggest the co-precipitation of algae with calcite as the main mechanism responsible for the fast clearing of water above Chara meadows. Highest sedimentation rates of Chl a, suspended solids, Ntot, and Ptot measured by 4-hour trap expositions, coincided with the drop of carbonate alkalinity in L. Prossa. The isolation of bottom sediments by Chara contributed to the persistence of the clear-water state. Funding for this research was provided by Estonian Science Foundation grant 4080, and by the European Union project ECOFRAME (contract EVK1CT199939).
174
25-30 May 2002
Climate-driven phytoplankton changes in a large shallow temperate lake

Tiina Nges*, Peeter Nges**
*Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia **Institute of Zoology and Botany of the Estonian Agricultural University, Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Rannu, Tartumaa, Estonia
In Lake Vrtsjrv (270 km2 , mean depth 2.8 m) cyanobacteria build up 2/3 of the average phytoplankton biomass (B) during the ice-free period (MayOctober). On average 75 % of the cyanophyte biomass is formed by 4 filamentous species: Limnothrix planktonica, L. redekei, Planktolyngbya limnetica and Aphanizomenon skujae. Centric diatoms from the genera Aulacoseira and Cyclotella dominate in the biomass of diatoms. The 35-year database revealed that phytoplankton biomass was quite closely correlated with lake depth (D), and North Atlantic Oscillation index in winter (NAOw) was positive ly correlated with D. Spring B of major phytoplankton groups were positively correlated with NAOw and winter air temperature, and negatively with the end of the ice-cover. The spring B was not related to D. The duration of the ice-cover was crucial for filamentous cyanophytes, but for diatoms the relationship was weak and insignificant as diatom blooms started to develop in sufficient light conditions already under the ice. In summer and autumn, D determined the biomasses of major phytoplankton groups. This can be considered as and indirect effect of NAOw which determined the water level throughout the whole year. The percentage of L. redekei among other filamentous cyanophytes was related with winter temperature, ice-cover duration and NAOw generally in the same way as the biomasses of major phytoplankton groups. However the strong positive correlation with D throughout all seasons was most remarkable. As a dim light species L. redekei is favoured by steep light gradients. In L. Vrtsjrv its biomass increased from year to year since the late 1970s and reached its maximum at high water period at the end of the1980s. In L. Vrtsjrv where the light conditions as well as phosphorus availability get worse in deeper water, filamentous Limnothrix species are most successful in competition for light and phosphorus while the share of nitrogen fixing species (mainly A. skujae) among cyanobacterial filaments decreases together with the increasing D. During low water periods, A. skujae is clearly favoured by improved phosphorus availability (decreased N/P ratio) and better light conditions. Funding for this research was provided by Estonian Science Foundation grants 3689 & 4080, and by the European Union project ECOFRAME (contract EVK1CT199939).
175
25-30 May 2002
Effect of rudd herbivory on submerged macrophytes in a shallow eutrophic lake

Leena Nurminen, Jukka Horppila
Department of Limnology and Environmental Protection, University of Helsinki, Finland
In this paper, we studied the impact of rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) herbivory on the role and distribution of submerged macrophytes in a turbid and shallow lake. Rudd is a littoral cyprinid, found in or near vegetation, and known to utilize aquatic plants in its diet. We investigated the proportion of macrophytes in the rudd diet, and furthermore the composition and consumption of the plant material. The study was conducted between 19992001 in Kirkkojrvi, a shallow and very turbid basin in eutrophicated Lake Hiidenvesi. The dominating submerged species consumed by rudd, consumption increasing by age, were Potamogeton obtusifolius, Ranunculus circinatus, Sparganium emersum, bryophytes and filamentous algae. The consumption of macrophytes was largely determined by the distribution and density of edible species in the lake and to grazing of fish at particular depths, indicating wide consumption amplitude. Nevertheless, as plant consumption was concentrated on suitable -sized and edible species, rudd herbivory may have a consequential effect in governing the submergent speciation in a shallow lake, where turbidity and selective grazing promote tolerant species, such as Ceratophyllum demersum, a pleustophyte forming large mats in Kirkkojrvi basin. In addition to selective grazing, herbivory also mechanically causes uprooting of plants, resuspension of bottom material leading to increase in turbidity and nutrients. This in turn affects the environmental conditions adjusting submergent speciation in a shallow lake.
176
25-30 May 2002
Observations on the occurrence of the parasitic nematode worm Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rudolphi, 1809) in some fresh water lakes and reservoirs in Kenya
Nyingi D. W., Mavuti K. M.
University of Nairobi, Kenya
Contracaecum spiculigerum is an endoparasite of fish and piscivorous birds. In fish, the parasites are found in larval form while the adult form is found in piscivorous birds and mammals. Several fish species from four freshwater bodies in Kenya were investigated. These waterbodies were Lakes Naivasha and Victoria, Kiambere reservoir and Tala ponds. The water quality of the water bodies was also established by the measurement of limnological parameters such as D.O, B.O.D, temperature, turbidity and Chl.a. The prevalence of the parasites, the load within the fish and its effects on the condition and growth of the fish was established. The fish from Lake Victoria and from Tala reservoirs were found to be free from any infection. Of those from Kiambere three species were found to be infected; namely Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis spilurus and Cyprinus carpio , while Barbus sp. and Labeo sp. were found free of infection. The fish studied from L. Naivasha, Oreochromis leucostictus and Talapia zilli were found to be infected. The species that showed the highest prevalence of the parasite was C. gariepinus from Kiambere reservoir and O. leucostictus from Lake Naivasha. The highest parasitic load in L. Naivasha was in O. leucostictus which had 1.55 g/kg of fish. In Kiambere dam, C. gariepinus showed the highest parasitic load of 14.75 g/kg. The effect of parasitism on the growth of the fish was achieved by calculation of the condition factor (Kn) which is a measure of the well being of the fish. The highest Kn achieved was 1.39 for C. gariepinus. This showed that the health of the fish was not affected by the high infestation of the parasite. It was however noted that the noninfected Tilapia were healthier than the infected ones. The relative intensity of infection among the various species may be attributed to the water quality of the lakes and reservoirs and the feeding habits of fish hence greater infection for those such as C. gariepinus which are generalist feeders.
177
25-30 May 2002
Comparative limnology of some shallow freshwater bodies in Kenya

Nyunja A. Judith, Mavuti M. Kenneth
University of Nairobi, Department of Zoology, Nairobi, Kenya
The limnology of Kiambere dam, Lake Naivasha and Tala ponds were investigated from January to July 1998. Zooplankton abundance and species diversity were examined to establish how they were related to some physico-chemical parameters in these shallow water bodies. The concentrations of Chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen, water temperature, conductivity, and Secchi Disc Transparency were also determined. Depth profiles for Chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen and water temperature showed a marked reduction in the readings recorded from the surface to the bottom in Kiambere dam. L. Naivasha and Tala ponds had no distinct reduction since they were shallower than the dam and experienced complete mixing of the water column. There were distinct differences in zooplankton composition and abundance both quantitatively and qualitatively in the different water bodies. All these sites had the three groups of zooplankton namely: Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera with the dominance of different species in different water bodies. Copepoda had the highest percentage composition in all the sites while Rotifera had the least. Rotifers were more abundant in Tala ponds, which were more eutrophied than Kiambere dam and L. Naivasha. Correlation analysis carried out no significant relationship between different limnological parameters in these sites (P > 0.05). However, zooplankton species diversity was highly correlated to the amount of dissolved oxygen in these sites (P < 0.05). There were highly significant differences in all the physical- chemical parameters monitored between the study sites (ANOVA, P < 0.05).
178
25-30 May 2002
Diel use of reed by juvenile roach and perch in a shallow eutrophic lake
Nils Okun, Thomas Mehner
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries
As a result of the decline of submerged macrophytes in shallow eutrophic Lake Mggelsee (Berlin, Germany), reed is the dominant aquatic vegetation in the littoral zone. The aim of this study was to determine the diel distribution of juvenile roach and perch (age-0, age-1) in the reed stands. Therefore, a reed zone and a vegetation-free open water zone situated directly in front of the reed were studied at day, night and twilight. Samples were taken by point-abundance electrofishing (PAS, 30 points) monthly from July to the end of October 2000. Diet resource availability (zooplankton, benthon) was studied concurrently. Benthos availability was higher in the reed stands than in open water, whereas zooplankton density only slightly differed between the habitats. Age -0 roach was the dominant fish group in the littoral zone, followed by age-0 perch. Both age-0 roach and age-0 perch were more frequent in the reed stands than in open water all over the diel cycle, although their density in the open water increased slightly at night. Age-1 roach and age-1 perch showed no clear diel habitat preference. Diet composition of all fish groups was variable, and did not show differences between day and night, or in response to habitat use. However, both age groups of perch fed more benthic diet, whereas roach ingested predominantly zooplankton. In summary, reed stands offer a valuable habitat for age-0 fish in Mggelsee. Strongest niche separation between fish groups was found along the diet axes, whereas diel habitat use patterns were rather similar.
179
25-30 May 2002
Studying fish community with two different methods: gillnet and trawl
Mikko Olin*, Tommi Malinen**
*Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Limnology and Conservation Biology, Helsinki University, Finland **Department of Limnology and Conservation Biology, Helsinki University, Finland
None of the methods in fish community surveys gives non-biased estimates of fish biomass, species composition or population size structure. Gillnet is passive and selective, trawl is less selective but not useful in small, shallow or vegetated waters. Most reliable results are obviously attained by standardizing and by combining different methods. We, however, need to better understand the deficiencies of research methods to improve the accuracy of estimates. The aim of our study is to compare fish community data collected with two different methods: gillnets and trawl, and to consider the reasons of possible differences in the results. Study area was a basin (area 2.6 km2 , maximum depth 4.5 m) of a eutrophic lake Hiidenvesi in southern Finland. Fish samplin g was done in August 2001 during one night and one day. Both gillnetting and trawling were done in four hour periods: 2024, 0004, 0408, 0812, 1216 and 1620 h. Study area was divided into four different depth zones: surface and bottom layer in water depth of 1.53 m or 34.5 m. Gillnet places and trawling lines were randomly selected. NORDIC multimesh gillnets with 12 mesh sizes (5 to 55 mm, from knot to knot) were used. Trawling was conducted with a small pelagic pair-trawl with theoretical opening of 1.5 m x 4 m, and cod-end of 3 mm. The length of the hauls ranged from 500 to 800 m. Fishing effort was 72 gillnets (12 gillnets per 4 h period), and 19 trawl hauls (34 hauls per 4 h period). The catch of every gillnet and ca. 30 kg sub-sample of every trawl haul was assorted to species, and then counted and weighed. At least 50 individuals of each species in one gillnet or haul were measured (1 mm accuracy). In the gillnet weight catch (136 kg), the most abundant species were blue bream (Abramis ballerus) and bleak (Alburnus alburnus). In the trawl catch (690 kg), the species were blue bream and bream (Abramis brama). The most numerous species were bleak and white bream (Abramis bjoerkna) in gillnet catch, but smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) and bleak in trawl catch. In trawl catch compared to gillnet catch, the medium size of fish was much smaller due to high numbers of 0+ smelt and small bleak. The main reason for the differences above is likely gillnet selectivity over fish size and activity.
180
25-30 May 2002
On the limnology of Lake Baringo (Kenya): I. Temporal physico-chemical dynamics

Steve Omondi Oduor*, Michael Schagerl**, Jude Mathooko*
*Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya **Institute of Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
Temporal and diel study of the physico-chemical variables for Lake Baringo (Kenya) were studied between the months of May and August 2000. Lake Baringo is a shallow, highly turbid tropical freshwater lake found towards the Northern Kenya. It is situated in the Eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley approximately 60 km north of the Equator at an altitude of 975 m a.s.l. Its surface area fluctuates widely as a consequence of climatic changes in this arid region but averages 130 km. Its depth averages about 3 m with the deepest point being only about 7 m at high water level. The results showed Lake Baringo to be a very turbid lake thus leading to bad light conditions even close to the lakes surface. Thermal stratification was observed during daytime while isothermal conditions occurred throughout the night. Within the lake only low nitratenitrogen contents around170 g l-1 could be analyzed, but due to clay particles total phosphorus concentrations reached 480 g l-1 . Temporal variations were observed in most of the variables analyzed and could be related to the hydrological regime and climate conditions. However, no signific ant diurnal patterns were be detected in these variables except for temperature and dissolved oxygen.
181
25-30 May 2002
The extreme flood of 1999 at Lake Constance: starting point of a new reed die-back?
W. Ostendorp*, M. Diens t**, K. Schmieder**
*Limnologisches Institut, Universitt Konstanz **Institut fr Landschafts- u. Pflanzenkologie, Universitt Hohenheim
In May and June 1999 strong precipitations in the catchment area of Lake Constance caused an extreme flood in the lake. It was the third highest flood since the beginning of regular water mark records in 1816/17. Lake Constance is the only large lake in the Northern Alps whose water le vel regime is not significantly modified by man. Hence, extreme flood events are natural features in this lake, which the littoral vegetation has to cope with. In this contribution the effects of the 1999 extreme flood on lakeside Phragmites australis (Poaceae) reeds are discussed reporting the first results from a three years monitoring project which documents the initial damage of the reeds and the regeneration process, using aerial photo interpretations combined with GISanalyses, and field investigations on stand structure, biomass production, belowground carbohydrate storage, sediment quality, and stressor abundance. Since the flood rose five weeks earlier then under normal circumstances, the reed belts were affected in their very early growth period. The lakeside reed belt exhibited a high patchiness of stand structure types ranging from nearly unaffected stands to complete die -back sites. Five gradual degrees of damage were separated on the basis of CIR air-photos, the corresponding plots were digitised and the total areas of the different classes were calculated using GIS. Permanent quadrates were established at 50 locations, covering all degrees of damage and a wide range of environmental conditions. Many aspects of culm morphology, shoot density, bio mass production, nutrient economy, and carbohydrate storage in the rhizomes were affected in the first season after the flood. The water level curve in 1999 can be compared with the extreme flood in 1965 when ca. 74 % of the reed belt area below the mean low water line was lost. A good part of this loss did not rehabilitate till 1998. Similar effects may be expected following the 1999 flood, and the effects on the littoral ecosystem in Lake Constance is presently a matter of speculation. The findings are discussed in context with clonal strategies of rehabilitation and re-occupation of the former stand area.
182
25-30 May 2002
Shallow lakes: the absolute, the relative, the functional and the pragmatic
Judit Padisk, Colin S. Reynolds
Department of Limnology, University of Veszprm, Veszprm, Hungary CEH Algal Modelling Unit, The Ferry House, AMBLESIDE, Cumbria, UK
The scientific, economic and social importance of shallow lakes has been acknowledged and catalogued in numerous publications, as well as in previous symposia in this series. This short essay will give a brief overview of the role of depth in the ecosystemic function of inland waters and the properties that make them shallow or deep. In accord with the title, we will consider absolute and relative measures but because neither always succeeds in predicting the properties of shallow lakes, we venture a slightly more pragmatic appreciation of ecological function in shallow lakes. From an anthropocentric viewpoint, it matters greatly to us whether we can put a foot down in the swimming pool without serious risk of drowning or to be able to dive into the water without a painful collision with the bottom. To the aquatic biota, shallow or deep may mean the opportunity for partial immersion (Hippopotamus), the extent of maximal petiolar elongation of a water-lily (Nymphaea) leaf, etc. In more physical terms, the lack of density segregation is probably the closest criterion of shallowness of a water body that is non-stratifying. The depth of the mixed layer can be estimated as a point where the opposing kinetic and buoyancy forces are balanced described as the Monin-Obukhov length. According to calculations, any combination of factors in the above equation other than high solar irradiance and minimal wind stress will mix down rather more than 3 m. Important consequences are that unless the mixed depth is substantially less than the full depth of the water body (H), it has little prospect of stratifying at all, moreover that shallow lakes are not non-stratifying so much as frequently or repeatedly mixed. The impact of wind fetch on the depth of the mixed layer can be expressed by a dimensionless quotient, the Wedderburn Number. The larger is the numerical value of the Wedderburn, the more stable is the structure, and however, results of calculations are sometimes counter intuitive.
183
25-30 May 2002
Spatial and temporal changes of phytoplankton of Lake Balaton, Hungary, in the period 19952001
Judit Padisk
Department of Limnology, University of Veszprm, Hungary
Spatial and temporal changes of Lake Balaton, Hungary, in the period 19952001 Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, underwent rapid eutrophication during the 1960s1970s, during which a west-east gradient of trophic state developed. Measures to reverse the eutrophication and to restore the lake to its historic quality were initiated in the mid-1980s but, during the first 15 y of restoration the responses of the phytoplankton have been slight and sometimes counterintuitive. During the last 6 years, however: i) the phytoplankton biomass decreased all over the lake; ii) the trophic gradient has weakened and in one case an inverted gradient was observed; iii) the eukaryotic plankton flora has altered little but floristic changes in the dominant cyanoprokaryota are consistent with environmental changes attributable to the eutrophication and subsequent restoration; iv) biomass share of potentially mixotrophic flagellates increased in the western basin which, from the wetland area of the protecting reservoir, receives higher DOC loadings; v) the annual number of days when phytoplankton biomass is > 10 mg/l decreased; vi) the basically monomodal (late summer maximum) phytoplankton succession has changed to bimodal (spring diatom peak and late summer peak dominated by cyanoprokaryota). The paper discusses spatial and temporal phytoplankton changes in the period 19952001.
184
25-30 May 2002
Effect of ultraviolet radiation on phytoplankton photosynthesis in Lake Balaton

Kroly Plffy*, Lajos Vrs**
*University of West Hungary, Mosonmagyarvr, Hungary **Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
The aim of our study was to assess the effect of ultraviolet radiation on phytoplankton primary production in Lake Balaton, a shallow lake with the largest surface area in Central Europe possessing unique optical properties. The experiments were performed in the western and the eastern basin of the lake in summer 1999, which differ both in light climate and primary production. Primary production was measured using 14 Ctechnique, samples collected on-site were incubated at different depths for four hours centered around noon. The incubation was carried out in three treatments, two of which was formed to exclude either UV-B or the whole of UV radiation. Each experiment was supplemented with the underwater measurement of photosynthetically active radiation and chlorophyll-a determination. The differences in light extinction and primary production within the lake were similar to those ascertained in former studies. In respect of UV radiation the impact on photosynthesis was unambiguously revealed, on average 7278 % of surface photoinhibition was caused by UV. However, a real primary production, as compared to the control without UV, showed only an 814 % decrease in the presence of UV radiation. Comparison of the treatments pointed out that it was UV-A, and not UV-B that significantly inhibited photosynthesis. Despite the fact that the use of fixed bottles during incubation may lead to the overestimation of inhibition, when a so-called microstratification takes place, phytoplankton cells are trapped near the surface, which can end in a dramatic decrease in photosynthesis.
185
25-30 May 2002
Effects of biomanipulation on nutrient budget and plankton of a shallow lake in Central Finland
Arja Palomki, Juhani Hynynen, Hannu Salo, Heikki Veijola
University of Jyvskyl, Institute for Environmental Research
Lake Pieksjrvi is a shallow lake in Central Finland with 21 km2 surface area and 2.2 m mean depth. The lake suffered from heavy loading of domestic sewage for several decades. The lake did not recover as expected although the loading was decreased considerably, and environmental authorities ordered the nearby town to conduct the biomanipulation of the lake. The biomanipulation was put into practice by removing planktivorous and benthivorous fish altogether over 310 000 kg during the years 19952000. Approx. 1260 kg phosphorus was removed from the lake with the fish catch. An extensive monitoring programme was carried out at pelagial and littoral monitoring stations in 19952000, including survey of diffuse loading, water quality analyses, sedimentation measurements, monitor ing of phyto- and zooplankton and macrophyte studies. The biomanipulation brought about many consequences. The -3 mean phosphorus concentration of growing season decreased from 20 mg m to 16 -3 -3 mg m . The mean phytoplankton biomass decreased from about 2100 mg m to 1300 mg m-3 and primary productivity from 250 mg C m-3 d-1 to 170 mg C m-3 , which made the water more transparent with Secchi depth increasing from approx. 1.7 m to 2.6 m. The mean size of phytoplankton counting units decreased by 40 %, and the proportion of especially diatoms diminished markedly. The mean biomass of Cladocera and their mean size increased. As the light conditions improved, submerged macrophytes extended over larger bottom areas and apparently part of the nutrients that were previously used by phytoplankton were bound to submerged macrophytes. According to the nitrogen budget the denitrification processes became more effective and the status of phosphorus as the algal growth limiting nutrient grew stronger. The results of the study showed once again the importance of the effectiveness of the removal of fish, as no effect of the restoration was detected until the total annual catch was raised high enough, in this case up to 60 kg ha -1 .
186
25-30 May 2002
Seasonality of chlorophyll and nutrients in Lake Erken effects of weather conditions

Kurt Pettersson, Karin Grust, Gesa Weyhenmeyer, Thorsten Blenckner
Erken Laboratory, Dept of Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
The seasonality of nutrients and chlorophyll a in Lake Erken (Sweden) was monitored during 1994 to 1998 and compared to the time period 1975 to 1979. The coupling to weather conditions and potentially influencing factors such as water temperature, light conditions and stratification were studied. During the 1990s the ice-cover period was considerably shorter and the ice-breakup about one month earlier than in the 1970s. The decrease in thickness and duration of snow cover resulted in considerably better light conditions during winter favoring phytoplankton growth under the ice. The nitrate concentrations were much lower in late winter during the 1990s. There were elevated phosphate and ammonium concentrations in the hypolimnion during August. Significantly higher phosphate and chlorophyll a levels were noticed in October compared to the 1970s.
187
25-30 May 2002
Biocenotical structure of phytoplankton communities in two Mediterranean shallow lakes

Anelka Plenkovi -Moraj, Mladen Kerovec, Marija Gligora
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Long-term phytoplankton study was carried out in two Mediterranean shallow lakes Ponikve (surface area 70 km2 , max. depth 6 m, mean depth 2.4 m, casement 35 km2 ) and Njivice (surface area 35 km2 , max. depth 9 m, mean depth 4 m, casement 20 km2 ) on island Krk. The lakes are usable for inhabitants of the island. Biocenotical structure of phytoplankton communities was investigated be-monthly during 1994/95, 1997/98 and 2000/01. Chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton biovolumes and species compositions are used for trophic level and water quality. Phytoplankton was sampled on tree vertical profiles in Ponikve and two vertical profiles in Njivice. Water was filtered through a 25 m plantonic net and samples for chemical analyses were taken simultaneously. The number of phytoplankton cells was estimated by using algae chambers. The species composition revealed 72 taxa with Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae as best represented. Dinophyceae and Cyanobacteria were moderately represented. Seasonal and vertical distribution of the total phytoplankton abundance and biomass were significantly different between seasons and lakes, and were highly influenced by hydrological parameters. On the basis of indicator species, both lakes characterizes the water of first to second class levels of water purity, but indicates that Ponikve has already become a mesotrophic stagnant water while Njivice slowly altered from a mesotrophic to a eutrophic character.
188
25-30 May 2002
Sedimentation process in submersed macrophyte stands: field observations and flume studies
Thomas Pluntke, Hans-Peter Kozerski
LeibnizInstitute of Freshwater Ecology and Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
Two of the processes that influence the bi-stability of shallow lakes are sedimentation and resuspension of fine particulate matter. It is well known that water plants reduce current velocity and alter turbulence structure and, therefore, effect settling of particles and resuspension. Measurements in the past concentrated on material that accumulated over longer periods in submersed macrophyte stands. Very little is known about short term sedimentation and settling of particles onto plant leaves. Measurements were carried out in the littoral of Lake Mggelsee (Germany) and in a flume, where lake conditions were simulated. Artificial plants were used due to the lack of natural plant stands of sufficient size in Lake Mggelsee. Plate traps, that simulate the bottom shear stress conditions, were used for measurements of sedimentation. As an innovation in sedimentation research, the particles settled onto plant leaves were quantified. To determine current velocities and turbulences we used a three dimensional velocity meter. Other factors that influence sedimentation such us settling velocity and concentration of particles were determined as well. Several measurements in the lake littoral under different hydraulic conditions showed that there is no simple relationship between sedimentation and hydrodynamic parameters or particle concentration. Rates of sedimentation on leaf surfaces and the bottom of the stand were sometimes higher and sometimes lower than in the uncolonised littoral. On average there was a reduction of the current velocity, an increase in turbulent kinetic energy and a doubling of particle retention within the macrophyte stands. In the flume, with a mean current velocity of 2.5 cm/s outside of the stand (no waves) and the same shoot density as used in the lake, we found that the influence of the plants on hydrodynamics and sedimentation was similar to that in the lake. The concentration of fast settling particles decreased as the water passed through the stand resulting in a reduced sedimentation at the end of the stand and beyond. In Lake Mggelsee, where waves often dominate the hydraulic regime, as well as in the flume, with little turbulence, considerably higher particle retention within the macrophyte stands was found in comparison with the unvegetated areas. Our measurements showed that plant leaves act as additional sedimentation area and must not be neglected when investigating sedimentation in macrophyte stands.
189
25-30 May 2002
Changes in macrovegetation in the Second Stage of the KisBalaton Water Protection System, with a special regard to the partial operation of the Ingi-berek area
Piroska Pomogyi*, Zsolt Dmtrfy**
*West-Transdanubian District Water Authority Dept. Kis-Balaton & Implementation, Keszthely, Hungary **Szriusz Stdi Kft., Pilisborosjen, Hungary
The Kis-Balaton Water Protection System is located at the mouth of the Zala River. The main goal of its construction is the retention of nutrients from Lake Balaton. Its first part, the Hdvgi-Pond (24 km2 ) is operating since 1985. Construction works of the second part, the Fenki-Pond (57 km2 ) started in 1985, and are ongoing. Partial operating a part of it with an area of 16 km2 (so-called Ingi-Berek) started in autumn 1992. The vegetation mapping is based on colour infrared aerial (CIR) photos, carried out annually. The vegetation maps have been preparing in the last 3 years by GIS methods based on the digital CIR orthophotos. The larger part of the original vegetation of the Hdvgi-Pond was covered by Carex-, Deschampsia - and Solidago dominated communities. The ditches were covered only by aquatic macrophytes. Before the implementation approximately 40 % of the Fenki-Pond was covered by different Phragmition, 30 % by Magnocaricion, and 4 % by Lemno-Potamea associations, respectively, while 90 % of the Ingi-Berek was covered by aquatic and marshy vegetation. Subassociations of Scirpo-Phragmitetum typhetosum, caricetosum, and thelypteridetosum were the most dominant. These show that the reedcharacterised stands were already in a late phase of succession, indicating the presence of drier conditions. After the flooding the Ingi-Berek changes in the macrovegetation occurred rapidly. In its upper part the Carex dominated stands decreased during 2 3 years; their area was covered later by Sparganio-Glycerietum Lemno-Utricularietum Ceratophylletum submersi associations and at present followed by either Polygonetum amphibii or Ceratophylletum submersi polygonetosum. At the same time in the middle and the lower part of this area, the reed dominated stands have also changed: the Scirpo-Phragmitetum caricetosum changed to hydrocharetosum subassotiations (with different subdominance of aquatic plants), while the vegetation structure of the so-called floating-marshes has not changed. Knowledge of the earlier vegetation allows us to influence the direction of the changes. At the Fenki-Pond the objective is to maximise the area of wetland vegetation. To achieve this it is proposed to gradually raise the water level, by 1520 cm per year. It can be concluded that the vegetation mapping together with the study of the geographical and historical past of the region are necessary to plan any rehabilitation works, especially with a purpose to retain nutrients from Lake Balaton.
190
25-30 May 2002
Response of the groundwater invertebrate fauna to trophic processes in Mediterranean shallow karstic reservoir Ponikve (Island of Krk, Croatia)
Sanja Go ttstein Matoec, Aleksandar Popija, Zlatko Mihaljevi , Ivanica Ternjej, Kreimir ganec, Mladen Kerovec
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Shallow karstic reservoir Ponikve is an important source of d rinking water for the Island of Krk, extremely valuable during the tourist season. It was formed 1987 in the karstic polje with several karstic springs and with catchment area of 35 km2 . The depth of the reservoir fluctuates during the year, with mean depth of 2.5 m and maximum of 7 m near the dam. It is vital to determine and monitor the trophic level of this water supplier because of economic importance and possible consequences on human health. Some underground freshwater invertebrates are very sensitive to pollution, and could be significant bioindicators for groundwater quality. Research of the reservoirs various physicochemical factors, phyto- and macrozoobenthos, bacterio-, phyto- and zooplankton was undertaken every two years from 1994 to 2001 for assessment of their importance in determining the reservoirs trophic level. During 2000 and 2001 research on impact of trophic changes on the groundwater fauna composition (diversity, abundance and dominance) and distribution was undertaken too. Special attention was paid concerning the crustacean taxa in epigean and hypogean waters. Groundwater invertebrates and bacteriological samples were collected from the interstitial compartment(at depths of -8 to -66 m) at nine sites (piezometers) along the reservoir. Physical and chemical factors were measured too. With increase of reservoirs trophic level groundwater quality decreases during summer months and the influence on groundwater fauna composition was noted.
191
25-30 May 2002
Algological studies in the Kis-Balaton Wetland System

Gabriella Pr, Judit Padisk
Department of Limnology, University of Veszprm, Veszprm, Hungary
Kis-Balaton Wetland System has started to operate in 1983 as one of the main measure of P-loading reduction of Lake Balaton. The water quality protection reservoir consists of 2 functionally different parts: one of them is an open water reservoir characterized by intensive algal blooms. The subsequent wetland part was partly flooded in 1992 and intensive fragmentation and deterioration of reed-belt has taken place. Another part of the wetland system has not been flooded yet. The whole water quality protection system is a part of the Balaton Upland National park and has been under the protection of international agreements (Ramsar Convention), because of its characteristic features, diverse bird fauna and high biodiversity. The aim of the recent study was to investigate the differences of algal florae and biomass of the flooded and not-flooded areas of the wetland parts. Between June and October 2001 13 sampling sites (8 flooded and 5 not-flooded) were selected. Planktonic (for quantitative biomass assessments) and metaphytic (for qualitative diatomological research) samples were taken. In the flooded area species number of decreased in the direction of the waterflow. Altogether 146 diatom species were found, 134 of them on the flooded area and 113 on the not-flooded area. Indicator species of the flooded area are Caloneis molaris, Navicula clementis, Navicula elginensis and Nitzschia recta. Indicator species of the not-flooded area are Achnanthes minutissima, Caloneis macedonica and Surirella tenera. Surirella genus could have a potentially indicator value. Algal biomass is decreasing from the direction of Kis-Balaton I. section; hypertrophic water from the open-water system gradually changes to dystrophic marsh-water. On the not-flooded area there is a west-east gradient detectable. Lake Zalavri and Lake Vrsi, two original open water bodies of Kis-Balaton wetland have rather common features. In Lake Zalavri there is no real planktonic community developement, and Lake Vrsi has been anaerobic stagnant waterbody in the summer months.
192
25-30 May 2002
Preliminary studies on the periphytic diatom communities of some Hungarian saline lakes
Gabriella Pr*, Zoltn Sra**
* Department of Limnology, University of Veszprm, Veszprm, Hungary **Trans-Danubian Regional Waterworks, balatonfred, Hungary
The Kiskunsg National Park includes an area with several small inland saline lakes (dominant salt: potassium hydrogen carbonate). Water budget of these lakes highly depends on precipitation and ground-water exchange therefore their water level may considerably decrease during summers paralleled by increase in conductivity. In consecutive dry years their basin may remain dry for longer periods. The aim of this investigation to study species composition, dominance relationship and seasonal dynamics of the periphytic diatom communities in some saline lakes near Flpszlls (Zabszk, Kelemenszk, Fehrszk). Altogether 41 diatom species were identified. In the Zabszk Nitzschia pusilla was the most dominant species throughout the year. In August Navicula menisculus appeared in relatively high amount of. Besides, Surirella hoefleri was the only one above 10 % relative abundance and other species occurred only sporadically. Species number decreased from April until August, and then it increased again in autumn, which can be attributed to seasonal change of salinity. In the Fehrszk Navicula menisculus is the dominant species, Nitzschia pusilla was not very frequent in this lake but Amphora veneta occurred in higher numbers is. The highest species number was found in this lake; however, their seasonal dynamics of the species was rather stochastic. Species number during the year was relatively constant with a slight decrease in August and October. In the samples from the Kelemenszk the dominance of Nitzschia pusilla was significant, except the samples in August and October. In August altogether 6 individuals had been found, each belonging to Navicula cari. Practically there were no diatoms in the sample. In October the members of the genus Surirella (S. brebissonii, S. hoefleri, and S. ovalis) were the dominant species. The species number was highest in May, and lowest in August. On the whole it can be stated, that Kelemenszk and Zabszk have much in common than Fehrszk, regarding the species composition and dominance relationships. This could be a result of reconstruction of the Fehrszk. Monitoring of the periphytic diatom flora of Hungarian saline lakes is highly important, because diatoms could be excellent indicators of the water quality changes of saline lakes.
193
25-30 May 2002
Catchment impacts and external load in Lower Danube River System

Postolache C., Cristofor C., Adamescu M., Cazacu C., Iordache V., Vadineanu A.
Department of Systems Ecology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Wetland zones, and particularly shallow lakes, have a specific significance for catchment management, as they are both effects and causes of events and processes occurred at regional scale. The study included the system of wetland zones of the Lower Danube River between Calarasi (km 365) and Black Sea cost. Data were obtained from intensive/extensive research programs performed in coastal and inner Danube Delta (between 1980 and 2000), and few survey trips along the entire system. Changes in structural and functiona l features of lake ecosystems have been analyzed in relationship with the changes in the metabolism of the socio-economic system associated to the Lower Danube Catchment (mainly the decline of a high energy consuming economy). The most evident effects were the disturbances of the balance between erosion and accretion and deterioration of water quality as a consequence of pollutant loads increase. Different trends observed in the last three decades in nutrient dynamics were discussed in relationship with trophic state of shallow lakes. Decreases of total reactive phosphorous and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations in lake waters with about 2585 % and 6075 % respectively, as compared to river water entering the Danube Delta, were analyzed in respect to the in-lake processes and hydrological regime. Shift towards high trophic state has been more evident in the shallow lakes, where the nutrient supply from river loading interfered with nutrient release from sediments. Although a decrease of nutrient loads and change of N:P ratios were recorded in the last five years in the river water, a recovering tendency did not become clear. Changes in the hydrology, hydrochemistry and structure of the hydrogeomorfological units of selected ecosystems have been accompanied by alteration of the majority of their functions, especially the retention function and the quality of habitats for nesting, feeding and spawning of many fish and bird species. The paper brings arguments to support the statement that current status of shallow lakes from Lower Danube River System integrates the long - term and cumulative effects of many driving forces acting at catchment level.
194
25-30 May 2002
Shallow stagnant waters in the Czech Republic - evolution and present state
Aloisie Poulkov, Miloslav Kitner, Petr Haler
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palack University Olomouc
The Czech Republic has a long tradition of phytoplankton studies carried out in shallow standing waters, especially fishponds. Fishponds represent the most common type of the stagnant water biotopes in the country, replacing a large proportion of former wetlands. During the past few decades, the original oligotrophic or mesotrophic character of the fishponds has changed to eutrophic or even hypertrophic state. This is a result of intensified management for fish-production, changes in agricultural practices in respective catchment areas, and the use of fishponds as wastewater recipients. Species composition of phytoplankton is subject to long-term variations. In particular, these changes are apparent in dominant species during mass development of some groups of algae. In recent years, there has been a shift in dominance from the species of genus Cyclotella and Aulacoseira to genus Stephanodiscus in the case of seasonal maxima in centric diatoms. Similarly, water blooms of blue-green algae are most often represented by the species of genus Planktothrix and Limnothrix contrary to the formerly widespread cyanobacterial species, e.g. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Microcystis.
195
25-30 May 2002
Nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton vs. ammonium regeneration in Lake Balaton

Mtys Prsing*, Tom Preston**, Pter Sprber*, Attila Kovcs*
*Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary **Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East-Kilbride, Glasgow, UK
The trend of increasing trophic status of Lake Balaton has been reversed, but occasionally nitrogen fixing cyanobacterial blooms can be observed endangering water quality in the tourist season. It has been thought that the collapse of the diatom peak in early spring is caused by exhaustion of nitrate in the water column. The nitrogen source for phytoplankton growth and its uptake was therefore studied in the eastern or Sifok basin and in the westernmost or Keszthely basin of the lake. Measurements of ammonium and nitrate uptake and ammonium regeneration in the water column and in the upper 5 cm layer of sediment were made using the 15 N technique. Ammonium was processed by an improved microdiffusion assay. In summer the ammonium regeneration in the water column varied from 50 % to 90 % in the eastern and from 10 %-to 110 % in the western basin of that of uptake velocities. Ammonium regeneration rates in the sediment were similar in the two basins. It was relatively low in winter (0.13 and 0.16 g N/cm3 /day, respectively), slowly increased in the spring (0.38 and 0.45 g N/cm3 /day) and reached its peak in late summer (0.82 and 1.29 g N/cm3 /day). When increasing the temperature by 10 oC, the regeneration rate generally doubled in the sediment. The uptake parameters showed highest affinity of ammonium uptake in spring in the eastern basin and in summer at the time of cyanobacterial bloom in the western basin. Experiments have shown that phytoplankton nitrogen demand could potentially be entirely supported by the internal nitrogen load via ammonium regeneration in the water column and sediment. But the amount of nitrogen from ammonium regeneration in the upper layer of sediment (some 100 mg N/m2 /day) and from regeneration processes in the water column could hardly supply sufficient ammonium and nitrate to maintain the standing crop in spring in both basin and in late summer in western basin, especially at the time of sudden increase of algal biomass.
196
25-30 May 2002
Biomass-size spectra in aquatic communities in shallow fluctuating Mediterranean salt marshes (Empord Wetlands, NE Spain)
Xavier D. Quintana*, Francisco A. Comn**, Ramon Moreno-Amich*
*Institute of Aquatic Ecology and Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Girona. Campus de Montilivi, Girona, Spain **Department of Ecology. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
The distribution of biomass among phytoplankton and free-living invertebrates was analysed in a shallow Mediterranean salt marsh submitted to fluctuating water level. Among phytoplankton, biomass accumulates in sizes dominated by mixotrophic species, indicating a competitive advantage for these species, which also prey on other smaller primary producers. Among invertebrates, biomass accumulates in the larger sizes, corresponding to species that partially exploit other nearby systems, such as the aerial environment (insects), or to those able to exploit particulated organic matter in marsh-bed sediment (amphipods). Biomass distribution models developed for pelagic systems are discussed in relation to fluctuating temporary waters. The integrated spectrum approximated (r2 = 0.96) a Pareto distribution with a slope of c = 1.38. Intense disturbance caused a decrease in r2 and an increase in c. Under stable conditions, two different tendencies were observed, depending on the degree of eutrophy of the basins: higher values of c were measured in the more eutrophic basins, and lower values in the less eutrophic ones. We hypothesize that highly irregular nutrient input could explain these differences.
197
25-30 May 2002
Ecological factors affecting copepod distribution in lentic ecosystems in the Empord Wetlands (NE Spain)
Xavier D. Quintana, Sandra Brucet, Stephanie Gascn, Ricard de la Barrera, Jaume Gifre, Mnica Martinoy, Eduard Marqus, Ernest Pous
Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Girona, Spain
Species composition of copepods and the ecological preferences of the most abundant species were studied in lentic ecosystems in the Empord Wetlands (NW Spain). Physically and chemically the water here varies greatly because of differences in hydrology and the influence of the sea. We present the mean and range values for temperature, conductivity, pH, alkalinity and nutrient composition (nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter and chlorophyll) of the water where each of the 28 species of copepods is found. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to illuminate the ecological preferences of the most abundant species. Water turnover rate (water circulation or confinement) and their effect on nutrient availability appear to be the principal factors affecting copepod distribution in the Empord Wetlands.
198
25-30 May 2002
Responses of plankton and fish communities to mass removal of planktivorous fish in a two basin lake in southern Finland
Martti Rask*, Mikko Olin**, Jorma Keskitalo**, Anja Lehtovaara**, Jukka Ruuhijrvi*, Sami Vesala*
*Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Evo Fisheries Research Station, Finland **University of Helsinki, Lammi Biological Station, Lammi, Finland
Responses in plankton and fish communities to mass removal of cyprinid fishes were studied in a two-basin lake, imjrvi, in southern Finland during 19972001. The northern basin (BI, 370 ha, mean depth 2 m) is more eutrophic (TP usually at levels 40 g l-1 , temporarily 80120 g l-1 due to internal loading) than the southern basin (BII, 480 ha, mean depth 3 m, TP levels at 20 g l-1 , temporarily 40 to 60 g l-1 ). No obvious trend was recorded in nutrient concentrations of either basin of the lake during the study period. In order to improve the water quality and fish status of the lake, mass removal of planktivorous cyprinid fish was started in 1997 with fyke nets and seining. In spring 2000 the cumulative catches were 276 kg ha -1 in BI and 226 kg ha-1 in BII. Roach (Rutilus rutilus) dominated the catches of both basins, especially in BII, whereas in BI also bleak (Alburnus alburnus), bream (Abramis brama), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) were temporarily abundant. From 1997 to 2000 the total biomass of phytoplankton showed a decreasing trend in both basins. In May-September 1997, the values in BI were 830 mg l-1 and those in BII 219 mg l-1 . In 2000 the phytoplankton biomass ranges were 417 and 24 mg l-1 , respectively. Relatively, the biomass of bluegreen algae decreased steeper than the other algal groups. The mean biomass of cladoceran crustaceans in late summer (JulyAugust) showed a slightly increasing trend from 100 to 150 g C l1 in BII during 19972000, whereas more irregular fluctuation between 115220 g C l-1 took place in BI. A slight increase was recorded in the mean length of Daphnia sp. in BI and in the mean length of Bosmina sp. in BII. Generally the catches of multi-mesh gill nets were about two times higher in BI than in BII. In BI the mean CPUE of roach decreased from 2.0 to 1.5 kg in 19972000 but increased again to 1.9 kg in 2001. In BII the mean CPUE of roach decreased from 1.3 to 0.8 kg. Slight decrease took place also in the catches of bleak, bream and white bream. Altogether, phytoplankton biomass in both basins of the study lake decreased clearly, but the responses of zooplankton and fish communities to intensive fishing remained slight.
199
25-30 May 2002
Lake restoration by aluminum addition a full scale experiment

Kasper Reitzel, Jonas Hansen, Henning S. Jensen, Frede . Andersen
Following preliminary studies (see the abstract Lake restoration by aluminum addition an experimental study), 26 m3 aluminum chloride (Chemira, PAX-XL60) was applied to the lake. The application was performed in 2 steps: 13 m3 was applied to the Lake on October 26th and the remaining 13 m3 was applied on November 14th . The soluble aluminum chloride was pumped from a land based 15 m3 tank to the lake through a 400 m long PVC hose ( = 32mm) attached to a boat. The aluminum chloride was thoroughly mixed into the surface water to ensure optimal formation of aluminum flocks. During the first aluminum chloride application, the o-P concentration declined from 1.2 mg/l to 0.8 mg/l within hours followed by a slow decline to 0.4 mg/l after 2 days. The Secchi depth increased from 1.50 m to 2.65 m during the first application. pH declined from 7.9 to 7.5 just after the application but returned to pretreatment levels after 6 days. During the second application, the o-P concentration declined from 0.26 mg/l to 0.007 mg/l within 4 hours. After two days, the concentration of o-P was 0.003 mg/l. The Secchi depth increased from 2.65 to 5m (bottom). pH declined from 8.1 to 7.5 and back to pH 8 after one day. The fast recovery of pH was probably due to mixing with untreated lake water because only 1/3 of the lake was treated during the second application. The Lake is monitored continuously for the following parameters: secchi depth, soluble aluminum, total-P, o-P and pH. Sediment P-pools were quantified in February 2001, and a similar measurement will be carried out in February 2002.
200
25-30 May 2002
Long-term monitoring on the bacterial communities participating in the sulphur cycle in Lake Velencei, Hungary
Mria N. Reskn**, Andrea K. Borsodi*
*Central Transdanubian Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, Szkesfehrvr, Hungary **Department of Microbiology, Etvs Lornd University, Budapest, Hungary
Lake Velencei is a natural eutrophic shallow lake with a small catchment area. The water quality is very variable due to the effect of the earlier basin recreation and the external factors such as the weather or the organic matter load on the western and eastern part of the lake. The ecological state of the lake can also easily change in consequence of the nutrient content of the sediment. Microbial activities contribute to the sulfur cycle have been monitored since 1993 in order to interpret the long term changes. The established water and sediment monitoring programme included MPN technique based bacteriological investigations and measurements of the water chemical parameters. Spatial and in time distributions of the quantities of aerobic heterotrophic and sulfur oxidising as well as dissimilatory sulfate reducing b acteria were examined in different depths of the water and sediment. The comparison of the bacteriological results obtained from the water and the sediment regions and the chemical characteristics pointed out that the western part of Lake Velencei is a sulfuretum type lake. The quantitative changes of the microbiota in the water-sediment system revealed that the sediment of the lake is rich in organic material and can be characterised with a powerful aerobic and anaerobic bacterial degradation. The quantitative distributions of bacterial communities participating in the transformation of different sulfur forms showed spatial and in time variations. In the first part of the studied low-water period the borderline of the sulfuretum type water regions was slurred, the quantity of the anaerobic bacteria contribute to the sulfur cycle decreased in the water column but slightly changed in the sediment. After the water level of the lake raised the distribution of microbes participating in the sulfur cycle became homogeneous indicating their presence both in the sediment and the water. However, the different water and sediment regions of the lake can be characterised with diverse distribution of different bacterial communities, therefore the investigation of the quantitative changes of the typical sulphur based microbial communities proved to be a suitable method for the long term monitoring of the ecological state of the lake.
201
25-30 May 2002
Long term functional changes within the oligochaeta communities in the Danube Delta lakes
Geta Risnoveanu, Angheluta Vadineanu
University of Bucharest
Understanding the mechanisms of productivity in shallow lakes can make a significant contribution to the scientif ic base of the decision making process for sustainable management. This is of crucial importance in the case of the Danube Delta that represents an important buffer system between the Danube River and the NW Black Sea. In the Danube Delta lakes the importance of the oligochaeta communities in energy flow at the ecosystem level changed in relation to the fast trophic transition of all shallow lakes to the hypertrophic state. The parameters of the energy budget of the dominant oligochaeta populations, the efficiency of utilization of the assimilated energy for growth (K2), the coefficient of utilization of consumed energy for growth (K1) and the turnover rate of biomass (P/B) were assessed during 19761994 intervals. The productive potential of benthivorous fishes based on food supplied by the dominant oligochaeta populations in different lakes was also estimated. The dynamics of the P/B ratio, K1 and K2 coefficients for Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (a species which dominate the structure of the oligocheta communit ies during the early phases of eutrophication) and Potamothrix hammoniensis (which dominate the oligocheta communities during the hypertrophic state) revealed different adaptive mechanisms. The values of these parameters assessed for the 19761980 interval are significantly lower (P < 0.001) then those assessed for 19911994 interval in the case of P. hammoniensis and significantly higher (P < 0.001) for L. hoffmeisteri. For P. hammoniensis the P/B ratio changed from 2.5 to 3.14 and K2 coefficient from 54 % to 59 %. For L. hoffmeisteri the P/B ratio decreased from 5.5 to 1.77, K1 coefficient from 25 % to 15 % and K2 coefficient from 60 % to 45 %. Changes in communities structure, size of the constituent populations and their age distribution, as well as in the quantity and quality of food supply and the level of hypoxia at the sediment/ water interface had effects upon the role of these populations as energy carrier from the huge energy pool represented by the sedimented organic carbon to benthivorous fish species. In 1992 the potential production of the benthivorous fishes supported by the oligochaeta biomass represents only 11 % in the Lake Puiu and 5 % in the Lakes Matita and Merhei of the potential production assessed for the respective lakes in 19771980 interval.
202
25-30 May 2002
The role of periphyton during the re-colonization of a shallow lake with submerged macrophytes
Ellen Roberts, Jens Kroker, Sabine Krner, Andreas Nicklisch
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
Lake Mggelsee (750 ha, 4.9 m mean depth) lost its submerged vegetation following increasing eutrophication in 1970. Re-colonization started in 1990 after reduction of external nutrient loads. Plant biomass and maximum colonization depth of the dominant species, Potamogeton pectinatus, however, remained low and the vegetation period was short. Light is considered to be the most important abiotic factor regulating the distribution and production of submerged macrophytes in eutrophic lakes. As periphyton is assumed to contribute considerably to the shading of submerged macrophytes, its development on artificial substrate exposed for one, two or 2 20 weeks was followed during two subsequent vegetation periods (2000 and 2001) in Lake Mggelsee. Mean periphyton biomass was found to be higher than in 1962 when submerged plants were abundant. Periphyton development differed considerably between 2000 and 2001, with up to 60 % higher biomass values in 2000. Seasonal biomass minima occurred at different times in the two years due to phosphorus, silica and nitrogen limitation. Grazing was assumed to play a role as well. Differences in chlorophyll-a contents of the biomass were explained by decreasing nutrient limitations. Periphyton was generally dominated by diatoms, whereas green algae became abundant with increasing water temperature in summer. One-week periphyton absorbed on average 21 % PAR, two-week periphyton 61 % PAR, and 2 20-week periphyton 78 % PAR. In comparison, a 0.5 m water column absorbed on average 50 % PAR in 2000. One-week periphyton contributed between 3 and 42 % to the total absorption in 0.5 m water depth, with highest values in spring and early summer. Therefore, it was concluded that shading by periphyton shortens the clear-water phase with optimum growth conditions for the submerged plants. In combination with herbivorous activities of waterfowl and fish, periphyton shading prevents P. pectinatus plants from growing to the water surface to survive periods with low light availability during summer cyanobacteria blooms.
203
25-30 May 2002
Planktonic diversity in a landscape of shallow water bodies (Mediterranean coast, Spain)

Mara A. Rodrigo, Carmen Rojo, Xavier Armengol, Marta Ma
Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology. University of Valencia
A large spatial heterogeneity was detected in Marjal de La Safor, a coastal area with different kinds of small and shallow water bodies, located in the south of Valencia (Spain). The area exhibits a sharp gradient in eutrophication (0.00414.5 mgP/l; 0.6 650 gChl.a/l) besides a salinity gradient (6825179 S/cm). These vectors, together with the diverse morphology of the water bodies: artificial ponds, marsh areas, springs, irrigation and wastewater channels, etc., result in a high diversity of aquatic habitats within the area, each one of them with a limited extension and liable to large seasonal changes, both natural (different hydrological periods) and artificial (anthropoid control of water fluxes for agricultural purposes). 85 species of phytoplankton were identified in the 31 sampling stations studied: 29 taxa were identified as Chlorophytes, 16 Cyanophytes, 14 Bacillariophyceans, 11 Euglenophytes, 7 Cryptophytes, 5 Chrysophyceans and 3 were Dinophyceans. However, the maximum richness in an individual site amounted to only 23 species. The richest and most stable site had an annual average of 13 species (variation coefficient 0.09). The autotrophic picoplankton fraction was composed mainly by picocyanobacteria and its contribution to total phytoplankton accounted for 40 % in some water bodies, being lower than 0.5 % in other sites. Among zooplankton groups, rotifers presented the highest specific richness, followed by cladocerans and copepods. These groups also showed pronounced differences in diversity, between the sampling sites, closely related to the high environmental heterogeneity found in this system. Some planktonic species are considered indicators of different trophic and salinity conditions.
204
25-30 May 2002
Shift from clear to turbid phase in Chozas Lake (NW Spain) due to red crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) introduction
Carlos F. Rodriguez-Villafae*, Eloy Bcares**, Margarita Fernndez-Alez**
*Instituto de Medio Ambiente, University of Len, La Serna 56, 24007, Len, Spain **Dept. Ecology. Faculty of Biology, University of Len, 24071 Len, Spain
In 1997 the lake Chozas (Leon, NW of Spain) which has been monitored since 1985 as a well developed macrophyte coverage lake, lost all the submerged macrophytes (7 different genera). In that year, an allochtonous crayfish (Red Loussiana Swamps crayfish Procambarus clarkii) was detected for first time. Since that the lake presents turbid phase with any macrophytes nor waterfowl l (had one of the larger breeding area for Vanellus vanellus in Spain) and algae blooms (cyanobacteria) in summer. In 2001, after a strong rainy period, some restricted areas shown 100 % coverage of plant species such as Litorella litorella (amphibious) and Myriophyllum alterniflorum (which is able to survive even as cut shoots if they remain wet). In the lake there was germination of Potamogeton natans seeds. In summer all the submerged vegetation had disappeared or was in terrestrial phase. In order to asses the role of Procambarus clarkii in the destruction of submerged macrophytes two series of exclusions and enclosements were set up in the vegetated areas. In the areas without vegetation 12 crayfish exclusion mesocosm were set up with different densities and species of fishes present in the lake with the aim of isolate the crayfish effect. From the vegetated areas come two different results: from exclusions we observed that biomass in the lake was 70 % lower% than that were recorded in the cages; the enclosements with a known density of crayfish shown that in 15 days P. clarkii is able to destroy (most of the damages were non consumptive) more than 40 % of the biomass in the cages. In the crayfish exclusion mesocosms series could be observed that in spite of good conditions in the early spring for macrophytes development (mainly Potamogeton) in the whole lake, in summer the only submerged vegetation present were under exclusion conditions. In most of the mesocosms (11 of 12) Potamogeton had well developed shoots with flower buds and not related with the treatment of fishes used. All the evidences point to Procambarus clarkii as the main factor affecting distribution densities and species composition of submerged vegetation in Chozas Lake.
205
25-30 May 2002
Fish communities and food web interactions in six shallow Mediterranean lakes
Sal Blanco, Susana Romo, Mara-Jos Villena
rea de Ecologa. Facultad de Biologa. Universidad de Valencia. Campus de Burjasot, Valencia
Fish communities and stomach content were analyzed in six shallow lakes during summer 2000 and 2001. The lakes had a mean depth of less than 3 m and ranged from 0.12 to 2300 ha. The trophic state varied from a mesotrophic to a hypertrophic state. Some of the lakes were covered at the bottom by submerged macrophytes. Shallow Mediterranean lakes are scarcely studied and we found out that some general hypothesis on food web accepted for temperate northern lakes, need further investigation in warmer areas. We report in this work structure of fish communities and their interactions with food web in six shallow Mediterranean lakes, located in East Spain. We aim to characterize the trophic state of lakes and diversity of their food web in relation to their fish composition and structure.
206
25-30 May 2002
Nutrient and chlorophyll a temporal patterns in eutrophic mountain ponds with contrasting macrophyte coverage
Antonio Ruggiero, Angelo Giuseppe Solimini, Gianmaria Carchini
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
In shallow lakes, macrophytes have important effects on food webs, community structure and nutrient dynamics. For this reason they can play significant role in the restoration of degraded systems. Particularly when present with large coverage, they establish mechanisms favoring low phytoplankton biomass and decrease of nutrient concentration of water column. Even if these effects are reported from a large number of systems, few evidences come from mountain shallow lakes. In this study, we report temporal patterns of phytoplanktonic chlorophyll a and nutrient concentration in 6 eutrophic mountain ponds showing contrasting macrophyte coverage. Six ponds, situated in Italian Apennines at altitudes ranging from 1164 m to 1604 m, were regularly monitored from April to November 1997. Four subsurface water samples were collected in each date at each pond and analyzed for chlorophyll a and nutrients following standard methods. Ponds were divided into 2 groups: vegetated (VP) and unvegetated (UP) according to their summer macrophyte coverage (respectively > 30 % and < 30 % of pond area). A nested ANOVA was used to detect macrophyte coverage, season and dates within season effects on phytoplanktonic chlorophyll a, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Chlorophyll a was affected by coverage (P < 0.01) and by season (P < 0.05). In both groups chlorophyll a concentration increased from spring to summer, but differences were higher in UP than in VP. DIN was affected by coverage and season but temporal pattern was not consistent among UP and VP (interaction among coverage and season was significant, P < 0.01). SRP was not affected by coverage (P = 0.158) and season (P = 0.169). Our results on mountain ponds are consistent with these of lowland similar systems. We conclude that managing presence of macrophytes can be an effective tool for the restoration of eutrophic shallow lakes also in mountain areas.
207
25-30 May 2002
Temporal pattern of macroinvertebrate diversity and production in a new man made shallow lake
Angelo G. Solimini, Antonio Ruggiero, Valeria Bernardini, Gianmaria Carchini
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
The construction of an aquatic system to recycle water coming from an experimental aquaculture plant provided the opportunity to follow the evolution of structural and functional properties of community in an eutrophic shallow lake. Specific aims of this study were to describe the temporal patterns of diversity and production of the macroinvertebrate assemblage in different habitats. This study was conducted in a new 2000 m2 artificial pond located in the outskirts of the city of Rome at the experimental station of University Tor Vergata. The pond presented high concentrations of nutrients because it was connected to the outflow of several tanks where some fish species were raised and stocked. The benthic assemblage was sampled monthly starting May 1995 (2 months after pond filling) till March 1998. Each month, replicate samples of invertebrates were collected with quantitative methods from substrates present in 3 habitats: bottom, aquatic vegetation and riparian zone. Density, diversity (as richness and as rank-abundance curves) were calculated for each habitat and date. Production was estimated with empirical models from taxon density, average body size and water temperature. We collected a total of 48 macroinvertebrate taxa belonging to 17 orders and 33 families. Total density varied within and between years in all habitats, however the pattern through time was not consistent among habitats (regression analysis, habitat x year term, N = 652, p < 0.01). Cumulate curves showed that addition of new taxa was negligible starting from January 1997. Temporal pattern of rank-abundance slopes was also different among habitats (regression analysis, habitats X year term, N = 84, p < 0.05). All habitats showed a trend towards the increase of the relative dominance of few taxa (e.g. diminishing of slopes) from 1995 to 1998 with evident within year variation. Whole lake macroinvertebrate production went diminishing through years but was higher on aquatic vegetation than the littoral and the bottom in all years.
208
25-30 May 2002
Development of perch and pikeperch populations during mass removal of cyprinid fish in eutrophicated lakes in southern Finland
Jukka Ruuhijrvi, Mikko Olin, Pasi Ala-Opas
Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Evo Fisheries Research Station
Mass removal of cyprinid fish is a widespread method in management of water quality in eutrophicated lakes in southern Finland. The fish community of these lakes is typically dominated by cyprinid species, roach (Rutilus rutilus [L.]), bream (Abramis brama [L.]), white bream (Blicca bjrkna [L.]) and bleak (Alburnus alburnus [L.]). However, percid species perch (Perca fluviatilis [L.]) and pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca [L.]), are the main targets of recreational fishing and form the majority of fish catches of these lakes. One goal of biomanipulation is to enhance the stocks of predatory fish, like perch and pikeperch, so that they could keep the abundance of planktivorous fish on a lower level. The mass removal is not targeted on perch and pikeperch, but the young age-groups of these species are commonly caught as a bycatch. The recreational fishermen are often concerned, that the mass removal of cyprinids will deteriorate the stocks of pikeperch and perch also. The effects of mass removal of cyprinids on fish abundance and community structure were studied by multimesh gillnets in ten eutrophicated lakes in southern Finland in 19972001. The gillnetting was done in July-August with Nordic multimesh gillnets. The sampling procedure was stratified and random. The CPUE of perch in these lakes was 0.151.3 kg and the proportion of the total CPUE varied from 5 % to 57 %. The perch catches were highest in the least eutrophic lakes. The mass removal had no clear effects on the abundance of perch. Pikeperch exists in seven of these lakes. The CPUE of pikeperch was 0.050.5 kg and the proportion of the total CPUE was 0.219 % respectively. Pikeperch catches were highest in the most eutrophic lakes. Neither pikeperch populations showed any clear response to mass removal. The recruitment of both perch and pikeperch was in most lakes good, especially in warm summers in 1997 and 1999. The mass removal of cyprinids had no negative effects on perch and pikeperch populations. On the other hand, neither increase of the abundance of percids was observed. To be more abundant as a result of biomanipulation, perch would need increased water transparency followed by an expansion of submerged vegetation. The reason limiting the abundance of pikeperch is most probably heavy fishing pressure. Observations from some other eutrophicated lakes confirm, that the pikeperch CPUE in Nordic multimesh gillnets can be threefold compared to these seven lakes studied.
209
25-30 May 2002
Distribution of nutrient species in Lake Qarun, a closed Egyptian basin

Massoud A. H. Saad, E. I. Hemeda
Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
Lake Qarun, a closed basin lying in the Western Desert of Egypt, has area and average water depth of 240 k 2 and 4 m. The lake water level is controlled by the huge m drainage water discharges and evaporation. Accordingly, Lake Qarun is facing the problem of salt accumulation. Nutrients showed remarkable local and monthly variations. The higher concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, silicate, dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus recorded in the surface lake water coincided mainly with spreading of the nutrient enriched drainage waters over the dense lake bottom water. However, the increase in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) values in the bottom water reflects its release from the sediments. The eastern lake region, directly influenced by drainage water discharges, showed higher averages of nitrate, nitrite, particulate phosphorus, dissolved organic and inorganic phosphorus. This is supported by the significant inverse correlation between each of these variables and salinity. However, the lower DON averages in the eastern region resulted from the decrease in DON content in the drainage waters. The decrease in nitrate, nitrite and silicate in the warm months coincided with the increase in uptake by phytoplankton abundance those months.
210
25-30 May 2002
Limnological characteristic and zooplankton of shallow lakes of the Pechora Delta

Vladimir Sadyrin
Laboratory of Aqutic Organisms Ecology, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Division, RAS
Material was obtained under support of grant: Structure and dynamics of the Pechora Delta ecosystems during 22.067.07.1997. 41 samples were taken on 33 lakes, on three different sites: site 4 beginnin g of the Pechora Delta, site 5 hills of the eastern coast, site 6 coastline lowland. Most lakes have small area 0.12.5 ha. Only three lakes have area 30150 ha. During our investigation average temperature of lake water in sites 4 and 5 was 13.1 o C, on site 66.8 o C. Some lakes on site 5 have depth 1015 m, pebble bottom, glacial origin, high conductivity 8889 ?S/cm. Prevailing depths of lakes site 4 0.51.75, site 5 0.513.0, site 6 0.654.0 meters. Highest species diversity is registered in lakes of site 4 (43 species0, lowest in la kes of site 6 (34 species). In all 3 sites representatives of boreal and arctic fauna are found. In water bodies connected to the sea (site 6) brackish species are found. Lakes of site 4 are characterized by abundance of Cladocera species (17), arctic species Eurycercus glacialis Lilljeborg, Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas), north-oriented species Holopedium gibberum Zaddach, Pristicephalus josephinae (Grube), Arthroplea congener Bengtsson. For water bodies of site 5 overgrowth with macrophytes is typical and high species diversity of Rotatoria (15 species). Arctic species are few Caenestheria salbergi Simon was known only from Asian water bodies. Dikerogammarus sp. is a main food of pikes in some lakes of site 5. In water bodies of site 6 Copepoda are abundant. Expansion of species composition owes to brackish species of Harpacticoida Tachidius littoralis (Puppe), T. discipes Gies., Mesochra rapiens (Schmeil) and to arctic brackish Phyllopoda C. salbergi, Brachinecta paludosa (O.F. Mull), Polyarthemia forcipata Fischer. In water bodies of site 6 arctic L. arcticus and boreal specie Apus cancriformis Bosc. co-habitate simultaneously. Average number and biomass do not differ in all lakes of all sites: site 4 N = 72.98+34.0 thous. inds/m3 , B = 0.8+0.43 g/m3 , site 5 N = 30.9+10.5 thous. inds/m3 , B = 0.73+0.39 g/m3 , site 6 N = 22.1+6.5 thous. inds/m3 , B = 0.68+0.3 g/m3 . Average mass of 1 individual zooplankton increases from south northwards (mg) site 4 m = 0.01+0.001; site 5 m = 0.02+0.001; site 6 m = 0.04+0.002. After analysis of obtained data, zooplankton of the studied shallow lakes of the Pechora Delta can be characterized not as pelagic but as phytophilic.
211
25-30 May 2002
Clear water phases in a Mediterranean lagoon (Albufera of Valencia, Spain)

M. Sahuquillo, M. J. Villena, S. Romo, M. R. Miracle
Universidad de Valencia (Spain)
The Albufera lagoon of Valencia (Spain) is a Mediterranean hypertrophic shallow lagoon that shows a slight improvement of water quality in the recent years as consequence of a partial remove of wastewaters. The hydrological cycle of the lagoon is man regulated for rice cultivation in the surrounding area. One of the evidence of this improvement since 1996 is the more frequent and longer periods of clear water phases. In this work we will present the changes in the phyto and zooplankton communities and their relationships in the lake during the periods of clear water phases. Special emphasis is focused on the growth and decline related to phytoplankton composition, and factors affecting Daphnia magna population dynamics. Other factors, such as climate and meteorology may also play a relevant role in the maintenance of the clear water phases in the lake.
212
25-30 May 2002
Interrelation and temporal and spatial variation of the parameters affecting catch efficiency and selectivity in a successful mass removal of cyprinids
Ilkka Sammalkorpi
Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
A mass removal of cyprinids was carried out in the successful biomanipulation of Lake Tuusulanjrvi (592 ha, mean depth 3.2 m, initial TP > 100 g/l). The total catch in 19972001 amounted to 303*103 kg, 513 kg/ha, 80 % of which was caught between September 1997 and November 1999. Pelagic seining (307 hauls) yielded 81 % and fykenets from the shoreline (1960 fykenet days) 19 % of the catch, respectively. The average seine CPUE varied by an order of magnitude being highest (2526 kg/haul) in autumn 1997 and lowest in spring 1999 (260 kg/haul). The CPUE remained at > 600 kg/haul in autumn 20002001 since new strong year classes of roach recruited during the fish removal. Pelagic seining was effective on roach Rutilus rutilus and bleak Alburnus alburnus juveniles of which shifted from the shores to pelagic shoaling in autumn. Particularly white bream, which seldom aggregated, was not removed effectively. Seine catches were positively correlated with transparency and reflected with short delay the changes in turbidity. Pelagic shoaling of juvenile cyprinids was not determined by temperature. It took place on a temperature range from 1 to 17 C. Fykenet catches were highest in warm springs. Predator avoidance was considered as the most important reason to the pelagic shoaling. The numbers of piscivores were low in areas with high catches of juvenile cyprinids. Large numbers (> 20 000 fish/ha) of even 0+ cyprinids were removed annually. The shoaling areas represented < 10 % of the surface area of the lake and their area was reduced by increasing transparency. Seining of shoaling cyprinids was very selective and numbers of the zander Stizostedion lucioperca and other piscivorous species in the catch were low. Improvement of water quality was observed, but a permanent reduction in fish density was not achie ved by the implemented fishing.
213
25-30 May 2002
Application of the habitat evaluation procedure for ecological impact assessment of Laguna de Bay, Philippines
Ireneo G. Bongco, Adelina C. Santos-Borja, Tjitte A. Nauta
Laguna Lake Development Authority, Philippines WL / Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands
Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines with a surface area f some 900 km2 is relatively shallow with an average depth of 2.5 meters. The lake is generally turbid due to wind-induced re-suspension of sediments. It has a watershed area of some 3820 km2 with a human population of approximately 6,000,000. Laguna de Bay is connected to Manila Bay through the Pasig River. During the dry season, the lake water level may fall to minimum elevation of 10.5 m (corresponding to mean sea level), leading to the intrusion of seawater. With this flow reversal, highly polluted water from the Metro Manila area is also carried to the lake. Among the three distinct bays, the West Bay, adjacent to the Metro Manila area, is the most polluted but also the most productive in terms of aquaculture production. An assessment of the ecological status of the lake is needed to address the growing concern on its suitability to the various user functions and future demands (drinking water). The approach followed in the ecological assessment is based upon a combination of the habitat evaluation procedure (HEP), ArcView-GIS-mapping and Delft3D water quality and ecological modelling. Together, they provide the means to analyze the effect of management strategies from emissions to downstream ecological effects. The ecological assessment was applied to study the impact of various scenarios on the compliance with applicable criteria for relevant users functions (fisheries, recreation, drinking water, etc.). These scenarios described among others: wasteload inputs, saltwater intrusion, deepening of the Pasig River, sea level rise and the impact of a special case study on the development of large polder islands in the lake.
214
25-30 May 2002
Salinity induced primary productivity dynamics in Laguna de Bay, Philippines

Adelina C. Santos-Borja, Ernel S. Filipinas, Tjitte A. Nauta, Erniel B. Barrios
Laguna Lake Development Authority, Philippines WL / Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands School of Statistics, University of the Philippines
Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines with a total surface area of 900 km2 and an average depth of 2.5 meters, resulting to an average volume of 2.25 billion cubic meters. This high surface area to volume ratio makes the la ke turbid. More than 100 streams drain into the lake, but the only outlet is the Pasig River, which connects Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. Whenever the lake level becomes lower than Manila Bay, the Pasig River becomes an inlet of the lake, thus saline water enters the lake. During prolonged backflow, which normally occurs during the dry months of April to June, the immediate effect is a decrease in the lakes turbidity. The high primary productivity of Laguna de Bay was the basis for the introduction of aquaculture in fish pens and fish cages in the late 1960s, initially with Chanos chanos (milkfish) and later with different species of tilapia and carp. The increase in the number of aquaculture structures prompted the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) to zone the lake and limit the area that could be utilized for aquaculture (presently 15,000 ha.), using again as basis, the primary production of the lake. Due to its significance, both as an ecological parameter and as basis for regulation to properly manage and develop Laguna de Bay as a multiple use resource, a closer investigation of the factors that control the rate of primary production was carried out as part of the Sustainable Development of the Laguna de Bay Environment Project funded by the Royal Dutch Government. The Delft3D model developed by WL/Delft Hydraulics of the Netherlands, including the multi-species optimization module BLOOM 11, was used to predict primary productivity considering different sets of environmental boundary conditions. The model distinguishes the following groups of algae: diatoms, greens, N-fixing blue-greens and other blue-greens. Net bi-monthly primary productivity data and phytoplankton density measured by the LLDA over a period of 15 years (i.e. from 19841999), including relevant physico-chemical parameters for some 10 stations within the lake, were used for calibration and validation.
215
25-30 May 2002
On the limnology of Lake Baringo (Kenya): II. primary production and algal composition of Lake Baringo, Kenya
Michael Schagerl*, Omondi Oduor Steve**
*Institute of Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Austria **Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
Primary production and algal composition were studied in the shallow, highly turbid tropical freshwater Lake Baringo between the months of May and August 2000. The lakes primary productivity was found to be very low when compared to other neighbouring Rift Valley lakes as reported by other investigators. The mean value of daily gross primary production was 0.56 g O2 m-1 d-1 with a range of 0.22 g to 0.7 g O2 m-1 d-1 . The study showed that this lakes primary production is strongly influenced by the inorganic turbidity but not the self-shading of algae as observed in the neighbouring soda and alkaline lakes. Lake Baringos algal biomass as given by chlorophyll-a concentration of 55.2+2.4 (SE) g Chl-a l-1 shows that it is eutrophic/hypertrophic according to the OECD (1982) categorization of lakes trophic status. A uniform chl-a concentration observed at night and a gradient with higher values near the water surface observed during day time suggests that the algal taxa in this lake are capable of vertical movements along the water column. Lake Baringo is characterized by only low diversity of algae and Cyanobacteria, the later being the major group of phytoplankton in this lake. Some species of Microcystis and Aphanocapsa were mostly frequent. Additionally, few green algae and diatoms were recorded during this study, growing for the most part in gelatinous sheaths of the bluegreens (strategy to get some light). The low diversity of cyanobacteria and algae observed here is ascribed to the lakes unique features and especially its high inorganic turbidity. This requires that organisms found here must be well adapted (e.g. bouancy) to withstand the abrasive force of the sediments in the water column as well as the low light availability for photosynthesis.
216
25-30 May 2002
Micropaleontological observations on a Sphagnum moss in East Carpathian region

Csaba Schnitchen*, Enik Magyari**, Istvan Grigorszky*
*Botanical Department of Debrecen Univesity **Matra Museum
The objectives of this paper are to reconstruct the past history of an East Carpathian Sphagnum moss by Testacea and some physico-chemical parameters. The sampling was made by the so-called Russian-corer that gives undisturbed core. By the means of the Russian corer we have got a 400 cm long core in 40 cm long portions. In the sediment that fills up the basin, the depth of the peat is 380 cm, under which there is additional 20 cm of clayey lake sediment above the bed of andesite. Radiocarbon dating, sediment description, measurement of humification and organic content, as well as the identification of testate amoebae (Rhizopoda: Testacea) were performed. 1 cm3 of sample in every 4 cm was used to the investigations. 33 testate amoebae taxons were found. Most of them are well-known widely spread organisms ( Amphitrema flavum, Amphitrema wrightianum, Assulina muscorum, Difflugia pulex, Hyalosphenia, papilio, Nebela militaris, Nebela tincta). Some rare taxons were found also like Bullinularia indica, Difflugia lanceolata, Difflugia rubescens, Pontigulasia bigibbosa, Pontigulasia elisa. By the quantitative and qualitative relations of testate amoebae, as well as the radiocarbon dating, sediment description, measurement of humification and organic content the macro- and microclimatic changes in the studied Sphagnum moss were reconstructed.
217
25-30 May 2002
The structure of the biocenosis in some shallow lakes of different trophy

Stanisaw Radwan*, Joanna Sender*, Danuta Kowalczyk**, Wodzmierz Zwolski*, Andrzej Paeolog*
*Department of Hydrobiology and Ichthyobiology. University of Agriculture in Lublin **Department of Zoology. University of Agriculture in Lublin
The investigations were carried out in the years 19992001 in three shallow lakes in Polesye Region (Eastern Poland). These were: the eutrophic Lake Rotcze (surface area: 45.8 ha, maximum depth: 4.3 m), the slightly eutrophic Lake Uciwierz (256.3 ha, 6.6) and the dystrophic Lake Moszne (17 ha, 1 m). The studies concerned the .1 structure of: macrophytes, zooplankton (Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda) and zoobenthos. The quantitative and qualitative structure of biocenosis differed between the lakes. The largest number of plant communities was found in Lake Uciwierz 20, and the lowest one in Lake Rotcze 8. Among emergent macrophytes the highest number of species occurred in Lake Uciwierz 5 species, and lowest one in dystrophic Lake Mosze 2 species. The biomass of submerged macrophytes was the highest in Lake Uciwierz, the lowest one in Lake Moszne. Fitolittoral occupied the largest surface in Lake Rotcze 63 %, the smallest one in Lake Uciwierz 41.3 %. Zooplankton and zoobenthos the highest diversity achieved in lakes Rotcze and Uciwierz (15 species and 21 species respectively) and lowest in lake Moszne (10 species, 7 species respectively). The highest density of zooplankton and zoobenthos was found in Lake Moszne and Uciwierz (511.5 ind./m2 , 1074 ind./m2 ), and the lowest in lakes Rotcze and Moszne (138.3 ind./m2 , 419 ind/m2 ). The richness for differences found between those lakes deferring in trophic status are discussed.
218
25-30 May 2002
Morphological characteristics of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii isolated from a shallow lake (Lake Balaton, Hungary) and grew in laboratory cultures
Hesham Mohamed Shafik*, Lajos Vrs**, Pter Sprber**, Mtys Prsing**
*Balaton Limnological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sceinces, Tihany, Hungary and Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt **Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Tihany, Hungary
The freshwater cyanoprokaryote Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii has become increasingly prevalent in tropical and temperate water bodies worldwide. The morphological characteristics of this species were investigated in batch (phosphorus starved cultures) and in continuous cultures (at steady state) under two growth rates with different inorganic nitrogen forms. The species displayed an enormous morphological variability under controlled condition. Very short and extreme morphology trichomes were characteristic for the P -starvation. Under sufficient P supply extreme long twisted filaments was found near the maximum growth rate. Rarely the heterocytes of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii arose intercalary between two neighboring cells. The results showed that the morphological features were highly affected by environmental conditions and nutrient availability. The specifications of C. africana and C. cuspis and C. raciborskii overlapped, therefore there are not sufficient features to distinguish these species. The continuous cultures for pure prokaryotic or eukaryotic algal culture improved to be a good technique giving suitable overview on all morphological variability of the tested organism.
219
25-30 May 2002
Pelagic community and nutrient dynamics in the humic crater lake Windsborn (Eifel, Germany)
Ulrich Sinsch, Heike Kappes, Dorothe Karger
University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute of Biology, Koblenz, Germany
The volcanic lake Windsborn (Eifel, district: Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany) is a humic polymictic lake of 13,000m surface area with < 2m maximum depth. Until the late fifties nutrient concentration were in the mesotrophic range, but repeated liming events between 1960 and the early nineties turned hydrochemical features upside down. Phosphate concentration increased to hypertrophic level, cyanobacteria blooms were frequently observed, and pH augmented from originally ca. 5.5 to about 7.5 (max. 11). The last ten years (without further liming) indicated a slow recovery by phosphate fixation in the sediment. Since 1990 we monitor key parameters of hydrochemistry (pH, conductivity, total phosphate, N-fractions, chlorophyll a, electrolyte concentrations) twice per month and analyze community structure of six plankton groups: Bacillariophyceae, Zygnemaphyceae, Chlorophyceae, Rotatoria, Cladocera and Copepoda. Lake trophy gradually decreased to a meso-eutrophic level and conductivity, pH and electrolyte concentrations slowly return to characteristic levels of humic lakes. The N/P-ratio showed a tendency to increase from 1990 to 2001: yearly minimum from 0.02 to 1.9, yearly maximum from 27 to 66. Seasonal fluctuations of N-availability seemed to be the limiting factor of algal biomass. Conductivity decreased from 42 S/cm (1990) to presently 25 S/cm summarizing the overall tendency of electrolyte concentrations to decline. The present phytoplankton community comprises 12 species of Bacillariophyceae, 63 of Zygnemaphyceae, and another 30 of Chlorophyceae. The species causing the algal blooms of 19971999 were Gomphosphaeria, Botryococcus and Anabaena, i.e. a mixture of green algae and cyanobacteria. Zooplankton is less diverse with 26 rotifer species, 12 cladocerans and 7 copepods. Despite the considerable changes in water chemistry during the study period, species composition of the six monitored plankton groups remained unchanged. However, abundance of several species considerably varied from year to year. The planktonic occurrence of the usually littoral cladoceran Alonella nana was related to the lake trophy and pH. Parallel to the decreasing nutrient load its maximum abundance fell from about 40 individuals per litre to 25.
220
25-30 May 2002
The food of 0+ pike in a small eutrophic lake: implication for lake restoration
Christian Skov*, Ole Lausdal**, Sren Berg*, Per H. Johansen**
*Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Department of Inland Fisheries, Silkeborg, Denmark **University of Aarhus, rhus, Denmark
Stocking 0+ pike as tool to reduce the density of 0+ zooplanktivorous fish (mainly cyprinids) has been used in a range of lake restoration projects, especially in Denmark. However, the success of these stockings seems to differ between studies. Poor impact of the stocked 0+ pike could be due to a high poststocking mortality and/or lack of piscivory among the stocked pike. This presentation focus on the latter and present data on food and feeding habits of 936 0+ pike (218 cm) sampled in a small eutrophic lake during 5 years of biomanipulation. Pike was sampled from time of stocking (each year in May/June) to end of August and at any sampling occasion the distribution and abundance of 0+ roach, (the target fish group for the stockings) was registered. The importance of five food groups (Entomostraca, Insecta, Malocostraca, Preyfish and Miscellaneous) in the food of pike was analysed using frequency of occurrence methodology and subsequently related to pike size, prey fish abundance and distribution. Despite a high abundance of 0+ roach, the degree of piscivory among pike < 10 cm was low, and instead the food of these pike was dominated by Insecta and Malocostraca. The most plausible explanation for this is linked to a high abundance and availability of non-fish prey. When 0+ pike reached approximately 11 cm they feed mostly on 0+ roach, but simultaneously with this increase in piscivory, some evidence was found that the 0+ roach actively avoided the pike. E.g. the 0+ roach distributed inversely of the 0+ pike in the margin area and moreover, increased their use of the open water area. In summary, the lack of piscivory as well as antipredator tactics by the prey fish could be drawbacks for the usefulness of 0+ pike stockings in lake restoration projects and should be considered when poor impacts of 0+ pike stockings are found.
221
25-30 May 2002
Relationships between littoral meiobenthos communities and limnic parameters in shallow lakes
Vladimir Skvortsov
Institute of Limnology RAS
The community of littoral meiobenthos is a complex system, which features are determined by a great number of external parameters. It is natural to presume that meiobenthos abundance and biomass depend on an entire complex of limnic parameters such as shape of lake basin, characteristics of hydrodynamic processes, chemical composition of lake water, biomass and production of phytoplankton and macrophytes and others. On this basis relationships of values of littoral meiobenthos biomass with limnic parameters were analyzed. Results of longstanding investigations of littoral meiobenthos of 13 shallow lakes have been served as a material of this work. The lakes studied are located in two regions of Eastern Europe Karelian Isthmus (Russia) and Latgalian Elevation (Latvia). Each lake was sampled during one, two or three ice-free periods as a rule twice or three times a month between 1975 and 1985. Factor analysis, reducing the dimension of environmental variables space, was used to reveal relationships between meiobenthos and abiotic and biotic parameters of limnic ecosystems. Four factors, which explain 80 % of variation of limnic parameters, were revealed. The first factor is closely connected to values of phytoplankton biomass and P min concentration. The second factor has a strong correlation to the lake depth, shape of a lake basin and retention time. The third factor positively correlates to N tot concentration and transparency, and negatively with lake area and P tot concentration. The fourth factor is connected with the ratio of lake area to catchment area surface, the shape of lake basin and macrophyte occupied area. Further, some empirical models connecting both average biomass of total meiobenthos and biomass of separate taxonomic groups with the revealed factors were constructed using multiple regression analysis. These models proved that the biomasses of different groups are controlled by four factors: factor 1 (Chironomidae, Ostracoda, Nematoda, Harpacticoida, and Oligochaeta and total meiobenthos), factor 2 (Harpacticoida), factor 3 (Cladocera, Ostracoda and total meiobenthos) and factor 4 (Chironomidae).
222
25-30 May 2002
Chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of biocide induced stress in Charophytes

Smith, D. C., Davy. A. J.
University of East Anglia. UK
Chlorophyll fluorescence has been widely used to examine stress in land plants. This method examines the response of photo system II to a short burst of light at a high level to saturate the system. We have been using an instrument specifically designed for use in aquatic environments to examine the stress in Charophytes. The work was based at Hickling Broad, which is the largest shallow lake in Norfolk, England. It is within a National Park, and the area is designated a site of special scientific interest. This is partially due to the presence of Chara baltica, C. connivens and Nitellopsis obtusa, which are all endangered species. The dominant stonewort is C. intermedia, which is designated as a near threatened species. Initially chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were taken to determine whether wave disturbance and sediment cohesion were influencing charophyte viability. Sites were chosen to represent a range of fetches and sediment types. We found no significant relationship with fetch or sediment cohesion, in C. intermedia, C. aspera and N. obtusa, but position relative to the main boat channel correlated with stress. C. intermedia , is the dominant Charophyte species in the lake, and the only one present near the boat channel. When readings from only C. intermedia were considered a positive relationship between plant stress and the proximity of the boat channel was confirmed. Both disturbance and action of biocides were possible causes of this relationship. Previous findings in our research group indicated a high presence of an anti-fouling biocide in the lake. Biocides are added to copper based paints but are difficult and expensive to detect. We hypothesised that determination of residual copper in the sediments might be used as a surrogate for the presence of booster biocide. There was a strong relationship between copper content in the upper sediment, and stress levels in C. intermedia . Boats are the main source of copper in the area. Use of copper-based anti-fouling paint on them is likely to be having a significant negative effect on the near threatened and endangered species in this ecosystem.
223
25-30 May 2002
Limnology of high arctic ponds: A 20 year synthesis

John P. Smol*, Marianne S. V. Douglas**
*Dept. Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada **Dept. Geology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
Shallow ponds often represent the dominant source of freshwater in arctic environments, yet relatively little has been published on these ecosystems. For about 20 years, we have been studying the limnology of these sites throughout the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, as well as Siberia and other arctic locations. Many of these sites have strikingly different limnological characteristics that can be explained, at least partially, based on local climate, elevation, geology, proximity to the ocean, local vegetation and soil development, as well as other factors related to human influences (e.g. draining old Inuit whaling sites, more recent human interactions, etc.). Some sites, due to their shallow natures and extremely clear waters (e.g. very low Dissolved Organic Carbon levels), are especially sensitive to the effects of ultra-violet radiation. With further greenhouse warming, many sites are also susceptible to drying up completely during the very short summer. This paper will synthesize about 20 years of our research on shallow arctic ponds, emphasizing their diverse limnological and biological characteristics, and illustrating how they are especially sensitive bellwethers to environmental change.
224
25-30 May 2002
The paleolimnological record from high arctic ponds: sensitive archives of environmental changes
Marianne S. V. Douglas*, John P. Smol**
*Dept. Geology, Univ. Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada **Dept. Biology, Queens Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada
The sedimentary records from the shallow lakes and ponds found throughout the Arctic provide rich and sensitive records of paleoenvironmental changes. For most of the year (e.g. 10 months) they are frozen. Due to their relativel small volumes and y large surface area:volume ratios, ponds are sensitive to climate change because slight changes in the open-water period will affect the volume and chemical and biological composition within the ponds. As climate warms, waters become more concentrated as evaporation increases. Furthermore, as the growing season is extended, more complex biological communities develop. The existence of such ponds is closely tied to the hydrological cycle. Given their shallow nature (often less than 50 cm d eep), should net precipitation minus evaporation values become negative, as might occur under a warming scenario, it is conceivable that the ponds would eventually dry out. We have used a number of different proxy indicators to track environmental changes over the course of several thousand years using paleolimnological techniques. By examining the fossil remains of algae, such as diatoms and chrysophytes, we have shown that shallow ponds in many instances are more sensitive to climate change than deeper la kes, which have a greater thermal inertia. As climate warms, aquatic vegetation and mosses are more common, providing a greater diversity of microhabitats available for algal growth. Other limnological changes also occur, which can be tracked by paleolimnological indicators. Our paleolimnological analyses from shallow ponds on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic revealed unprecedented environmental change occurring in diatom assemblages ca. 1850 AD. Subsequent analyses throughout the Arctic have confirmed similar changes, suggesting regional shifts in environmental conditions.
225
25-30 May 2002
A multiple stress hypothesis for the decline of Stratiotes aloides from shallow surface waters in the Netherlands
Smolders A. J. P., L. P. M. Lamers, C. den Hartog, J. G. M. Roelofs
Department of Aqautic Ecology and Environmental Biology, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
In the last century Stratiotes aloides (Water Soldier) has declined considerably in the Netherlands. The species has disappeared almost completely from the littoral zones of the shallow peaty lakes it once occupied, and at present it is still abundant in ditches in nature reserves and in some agricultural areas. Originally Stratiotes aloides is a species from moderately nutrient rich and moderately alkaline waters. In large parts of the Netherlands hydrological conditions have changed considerably. In most peaty lowlands, water quality has been influenced not only by direct eutrophication but also by the inlet of water from the river Rhine and Meuse, which is characterized by a high alkalinity and relatively high sulfate levels. Additionally seepage of groundwater has strongly declined, resulting in decreased iron inputs in these aquatic systems. Increased sulfate reduction rates result in the immobilisation of iron as iron sulfide and the generation of alkalinity. As a result phosphate is liberated from iron phosphate complexes and the decomposition of organic matter is accelerated (internal eutrophication). Next, dissolved iron levels decrease strongly while toxic sulfide accumulates in sediment pore water. As a result, iron deficiency, sulfide toxicity, ammonium toxicity and increased competition by non-rooting species have al been observed to affect Stratiotes aloides vegetation. We conclude that the decline of Stratiotes aloides from shallow surface waters in the Netherlands can be attributed to a multiple stress syndrome in which these stresses act simultaneously.
226
25-30 May 2002
Retention and internal loading of phosphorus in shallow, eutrophic lakes

Martin Sondergaard, Peder Jens Jensen, Erik Jeppesen
National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Freshwater Ecology, Silkeborg, Denmark
This paper gives a general overview of the nature and important mechanisms behind internal loading of phosphorus (P), which is a phenomenon appearing frequently in shallow, eutrophic lakes upon a reduction of the external loading. Lake water quality is therefore not improved as expected. In particular summer concentrations rise and P retention may be negative during most of the summer. The P release originates from a pool accumulated in the sediment when the external loading was high. In most lake sediments, P bound to redox-sensitive iron compounds or P fixed in more or less labile organic forms constitute major fractions -forms that are potentially mobile and eventually may be released to the lake water. The duration of the recovery period following P loading reduction depends on the loading history, b it may last for ut decades in lakes with a high sediment P accumulation. During the phase of recovery, both the duration and net P release rates from the sediment seem to decline progressively. Internal P loading is highly influenced by the biological structure as illustrated by lakes shifting from the turbid to the clearwater state as a result of, for example, biomanipulation. In these lakes P concentrations may be reduced to 50 % of the pre-biomanipulation level and the period with negative retention during summer can thus be reduced considerably. The duration of internal loading can be reduced significantly by different restoration methods such as dredging to remove accumulated P or addition of iron or alum to elevate the sorption capacity of sediments. However, an important prerequisite for achieving long-term benefits to water quality is a sufficient reduction of the external P loading
227
25-30 May 2002
Growth, feeding strategy and ontogenetic diet shift of Volga pikeperch, Stizostedion volgensis (Pisces, Percidae), in Lake Balaton
Andrs Speczir, Pter Br
Despite its widespread distribution in rivers and large lakes of Central and Eastern Europe Volga pikeperch is one of the barely studied fish species. Growth, population structure, abundance, production, and feeding of Volga pikeperch were studied in Lake Balaton. The population is mainly comprised of age-groups 0+ (59 %) and 1+ (18 %), while the total share of age-groups 6+ and older is less than 1 % based on the cold water samples. Mean standard lengths for age-groups 0+-9+ were 67, 123, 144, 196, 233, 256, 283, 316, 350, and 369 mm, respectively. The growth pattern of Volga pikeperch was well described by the Bertalanffys model as Lt = 617*{1-exp[0.088*(t+0.278)]}, where Lt is the standard length (mm) at age t (yr). The instantaneous rate of growth was lower at age 2+ than it was at age 3+ and 4+, suggesting an unfavourable conditions for Volga pikeperch at about 120160 mm size in Lake Balaton. Biomass of Volga pikeperch was assessed according to the estimated size distribution of the population and to the electric trawl CPUE values obtained for age-groups 0+-4+ in late autumn in the SW-basin of Lake Balaton. According to these estimates the average abundance proved to be 34 ind. ha -1 , the biomass 1.04 kg ha -1 , and the production 0.76 kg ha -1 . The diet of Volga pikeperch was analysed seasonally in seven size groups. Based on the diet three phase can be distinguished during the ontogeny. Zooplanktivory is characteristic for the early juvenile stage up to 50 mm length. At size of 50150 mm the diet becomes heterogeneous, consisting of zooplankters and benthic invertebrates. The third phase is the piscivory which becomes characteristic over 150 mm size. The main foods in the first phase were Cyclopidae, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Daphnia spp., Bosmina spp. and Alona spp. Larvae of chironomid Procladius choreus were also consumed occasionally. The diet in the second phase composed of larvae of P. choreus, of crustaceans Limnomysis benedeni, Leptodora kindtii, Corophium curvispinum and Dicerogammarus spp. However, the share of copepods was also high in the diet of some specimens. In the third, predatory phase fishes, ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus 36 %) and monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis 35 %) dominated in the diet. Cyprinids were rarely consumed. In this phase the cannibalism (20 %) was also significant. The high cannibalism may have a strong effect on the population structure and density.
228
25-30 May 2002
Nitrogen uptake and fixation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cyanobacterium depending on nutrition supply
Pter Sprber, Hesham M. Shafik, Mtys Prsing, Sndor Herodek
Balaton Limnological Research Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Ammonium and nitrate uptake and nitrogen fixation of heterocystous cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was examined at different concentrations and dilution rates in continuous cultures using a modified BG-11 medium. Ammonium or nitrate was added in close to 100 % 15 N. The cultures were checked by measuring the following characteristics daily: dilution rate, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, dry weight, and pH. During steady states nitrogen and carbon content, 15 N/14N ratio in the cyanobacterium, NH4 N, NO3 N and PO4P concentration in the cultures were also measured. The uptake of ammonium or nitrate and the N2 fixation were determined directly from cyanobacterium with stable isotope mass spectrometer. In the first experiment the cultures were supplied with ammonium or nitrate at different dilution rates. The chlorophyll-a and nitrogen content decreased with increasing dilution rate as the residence time of cell in chemostat decreased. The added ammonium or nitrate was fully taken up by the cyanobacterium and the missing amount of their nitrogen demand was fixed from atmospheric nitrogen. The nitrogen fixation calculated from total nitrogen content and 15 N % of cyanobacterium decreased as the dilution rate increased in both cultures. In the second experiments the inflowing medium of cultures contained ammonium in different concentrations (300, 750, 1500 and 3000 g/l 15 NNH4 ) at a dilution rate of 0 d-1 . The algal biomass was similar in the .5 cultures. The 15 N/14 N ratio in cyanobacterium increased with the concentration of inflowing ammonium. The amount of added ammonium influenced only the contribution of fixed nitrogen. In the third experiment the cultures were supplied by pulsed ammonium. Nitrogen fixation was measurable only before ammonium addition. After ammonium pulse the fixation continued for a while then decreased and stopped. Meanwhile the added ammonium was fully taken up by the algae. The fixation rate reached its previous level after 8 24 hours, depending on the dilution rates. Consequently the ammonium didnt block the nitrogen fixation, but likely the fixation was stopped and activated again depending on nitrogen content of the cells.
229
25-30 May 2002
Algae of periphyton in lakes of different types

Elena Stanislavskaja
Institute of Limnology RAS
The structure of phytoperiphyton biomass was investigated in different lakes during several years. Observations were carried out on 14 lakes located in two large regions in the North-West of Russia. The trophic state and type of the lakes varied in the wide range: from oligotrophic to eutrophic and from macrophyte-dominated lakes to lakes with extraordinary environmental conditions. In all lakes diatoms, green and bluegreen algae mainly determined the structure of periphyton biomass. The similar biomass structure was found for the same types of lakes in the different regions. Green algae from genera Spirogyra, Geminella, Mougeotia dominated in all macrophytedominated lakes. Green, blue-green and red algae from genera Mougeotia, Microspora, Hapalosiphon, Tolypothrix, Batrahospermum dominated in acidic lakes. Periphyton complexes in forestry colored lakes were mainly represented by green, diatoms and Euglenophyta from genera Zygnema, Coleochaete, Eunotia, Epithemia, Trachelomonas, Phacus. Small cells diatom and green algae from genera Achnanthes, Fragilaria, Navicula, Sphaerocystis, Dyctiosphaerium, Desmidium, Cosmarium dominated in periphyton of oligotrophic lakes. Phytoperiphyton of mesotrophic lakes was largely composed of diatoms Tabellaria, Fragilaria, Melosira with minor contribution of green and blue-green algae. The closest structure of periphyton biomass was obtained in eutrophic lakes of both regions. The periphyton complexes consisted of diatom and green algae from genera Fragilaria, Cymbella, Epithemia, Gomphonema, Oedogonium, Bulbochaete, Stigeoclonium. Blue-green and Dynophyta algae from genera Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Rivularia, Calothrix, Euglena, Peridinium, Ceratium also demonstrated high development in the eutrophic lakes.
230
25-30 May 2002
Przedecz Lake - littoral vegetation and water trophy

Ryszard Staniszewski, Jzef Szoszkiewicz
Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University, Poznan
Przedecz Lake is situated in Kujawskie Lakeland (Poland) and is very susceptible for degradation. It is due to the lake area of 94.7 ha, small average depth of 0.9 m and land use patterns in watershed. About 20 % of watershed is covered by arable lands and forests are not present in studied area. Additionally, water of main tributaries has poor quality. These factors affect water trophy and structure of plant communities of littoral zone. Studies on littoral vegetation were carried out in the years 19972000 using Braun-Blanquet method and transects. After botanical studies as many as six plant associations were identified and most of them confirmed high trophic level of lake water. The Phragmitetum covered significant part of the littoral. Other identified associations were: Typhetum angustifoliae, Typhetum latifoliae, Caricetum ripariae, Potamogetonetum pectinati and Lemno-Spirodeletum. Transects are potentially very useful tool in monitoring of vegetation changes of lakes. Description of the method was given by Staniszewski and Szoszkiewicz (2000).
231
25-30 May 2002
Physiological effects of cylindrospermopsin and microcystin-LR on plant metabolism

Gyula Surnyi, Gbor Vasas, Mrta M-Hamvas, Csaba Mth, Istvn Grigorszky, George Borbly
Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Sciences,
Bloom-forming cyanobacteria are common organisms in eutrophic surface waters. Toxic cyanobacteria occurred in polluted fresh waters are known to produce toxic secondary metabolites, cyanotoxins. The cyanotoxins can be dangerous and harmful for other species, wild animals, birds, mammals, etc. The antibiosis of cyanobacteria is well studied considering the mammals (mouse is used in the most common bioassay for acute toxicity) but there are a few studies on inhibitory effects of higher plants. This study describes the physiological effects of cylindrospermopsin (tricyclic guanidinyl hydroxymethyluracyl, CYN) and microcystin-LR (cyclic heptapeptide, MIC) on etiolated Sinapis alba seedlings, a model system. In former studies we proved, that mustard plant growth is inhibited by purified cyanotoxins, cylindrospermopsin and microcystin-LR. In those CYN and MIC treated mustard plants, the fresh mass of seedlings is decreased and the macromolecular synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins are blocked. Beside these, we obtained specific tissue changes (necrosis) in the hypocotyls and roots of cyanotoxins treated plants. To show the consequences of cyanotoxin interference with plant regulatory processes (both morphological changes and enzyme alterations) we used the TUNEL technique (common method for in situ detecting DNA content and fragmentation). A treatment of mustard seedlings with increasing CYN and MIC concentration resulted in DNA fragmentation. With help of an in vitro transcription/translation system it was proved that CYN and MIC inhibit RNA- and protein synthesis. Based on that we conclude, that CYN and MIC interfere with plant metabolism in the case of, etiolated mustard (Sinapis alba) seedlings.
232
25-30 May 2002
Developmental (Industrial) impacts on the Lake Pulicat ecosystems

V. Madha Suresh
Faculty, Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
The Ill-conceived and hastily implemented projects has jeopardised the operations of the whole industrial complex, as well as cause irreversible damage to the Pulicat Lake ecosystem, at a great cost. The import of coal for the North and the South Thermal Power Stations, located on the Ennore creek on its ecological niche is rather precarious. The Ennore mega port which is said to be about 1.25 km long and with a breakwater of about 3.5 km, projecting into the inshore waters, far more than the old Madras Port, has a tremendous and unanticipated impact on the coastal dynamics, including the wave actions, currents and drifting of sand towards Pulicat Lake mouth. About three centuries ago, Pulicat Lake had luxurious mangrove vegetation but today most of it is totally lost, excepting for a few patches of the most resistant species, Avecennia marina. Since there is no exchange of water between the sea and lake, the lake ecosystems evolved with history may come to a stand still, jeopardizing the ecoindustrial relations which has stated in main paper along with the recommendations to restore the Pulicat Lake ecosystems.
233
25-30 May 2002
The developmental impact on Pulicat Lake, India

V. Madha Suresh
Faculty, Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
The Pulicat Lake with an average water spread are of about 462 sq.km is the second largest lagoon in India. At its southern end, it opens into the Bay of Bengal, through a narrow (200 m) mouth, about three kilometers northeast of the Pulicat Town. The Inshore (Coastal Waters) of the Bay of Bengal on this stretch of coastal zone are shallow and area connected to the inland waters at two points, through the Ennore and the Pulicat mouth. Thus, all these water bodies are interconnected, so that pollution at anyone point will spread to all these vulnerable water bodies, on the shores of which, several thousands of poor people are living. The Pulicat Lake is accesses to waterways, the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Buckingham Canal at the west and north, and the Ennore Creek in the south. The aquifers near the lake are uniquely superficial, and they are the source of abundant clean drinking water, bubbling up as water springs during monsoon rains. The lake ecosystem is flourish with rich in biodiversity of vegetation types like mangroves near the coast, halophytic tropical dry evergreen, psammophytic, aquatic and cultivated vegetation. Of this vegetation, sedge flora is dominant, with rare and endemic species. The Olive Ridley (turtle) nestingsites are found be on the lake-beach mouth region.
234
25-30 May 2002
Changes in sediment and sediment interstitial water characteristics at Lake Fert/ Neusiedler See
Edit Szab, Mria Dinka
Hungarian Danube Research Station of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Seasonal and spatial changes in the nutrient concentrations of the sediment, in the activity of microorganisms transforming nutrients and in the sediment interstitial water characteristics were studied in the Hungarian part of Lake-Fert /Neusie dler See. Sediment samples were collected in healthy and die -back reed stands and in the open water area from the 05 cm sediment layers. The pH, conductivity, redoxipotential and temperature of the water were measured in situ with a Hydrolog 2100 field equipment. Activity of microorganisms was examined by measuring terminal electron transport system activity (ETS). The C, S, N concentrations of the sediment samples were determined by Fison NA 1500 NCS analyzator, the P concentration by photometry, with molibden blue reaction. The NO2 -, NO3 -, PO43- SO4 2-, NH4+, concentrations of water and sediment intersitial water were determined with a Dionex DX-120 ionchromatograph. Comparison between four sampling sites (Site 2 are continuous, shallow water reeds, Site 5 is a healthy, deep water, thinning reed area, Site 3 is a shallow water, thinned reed area, with sediments rich in organic matter, Site 42 is an inner lake surrounded by reed) with different type of sediment and water depth showed even greater variability. Changes in the sediment and in the nutrient concentrations of interstitial water were related to water level fluctuation, meteorological conditions and the amounts of accumulated organic matter. The highest ETS-activity and highest nutrient concentration at Site 5 and Site 3 was due to highest content of sediment organic matter (3060 % respectively 1520 %). This work was supported by AKP and OKT (KP).
235
25-30 May 2002
Study on the ETS-activity of periphyton samples in the KisBalaton Reservoir

Marianne Szab, Magdolna K. Kiss, Gyula Lakatos
University of Debrecen, Department of Applied Ecology Debrecen, Hungary
The quantitative electron transport system (ETS)-assay based on tetrazolium reduction has been adapted for determining the terminal ETS activity of periphyton samples collected in the different water quality areas of Kis- Balaton Reservoir. When the cytochrome system pumps electron s on the internal side of the mitochondrial inner membrane facing the matrix, collaterally it pumps protons on the external side of the intramembrane. The energy liberated by the discharge of this electrochemical potential is used for the ATP synthesis. On the periphyton in the Kis-Balaton wetland, ETStests were performed to indicate the degree of intensive metabolism. Determining the terminal electron transport system is to specify the biological oxygen capacity of living organisms. This procedure is widely applied to measure the metabolic processes of aquatic organisms, while oxygen consumption can be calculated with the use of an experimental conversion factor. This simple method shows the respiration capacity of living organisms, and thus establishes a piece of information universal in the entire anaerobic living world. The occurrence of any material inducing or inhibiting the cytochrome system can be detected by the ETS-test.
236
25-30 May 2002
Oxygen consumption of Limnomysis benedeni Czerniavsky, 1882 (Crustacea: Mysidacea), a Pontocaspian species in Lake Balaton, Hungary
K. Szalontai, L. G.- Tth, I. B. Musk
Limnomysis benedeni Czern. was artificially introduced into Lake Balaton in 1950 in order to increase the food source of young (1+, 2+) pike perch (Stizostedion lucioperca L.). L. benedeni successfully adapted to the alkaline water (pH = 8.48.8) of the lake and recently that is a frequent crustacean of the littoral zone. We determined the body size- dry body mass relationship and measured the oxygen consumption of L. benedeni at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 23 C, and at different pH (5.4 and 8.4). We obtained a significant relationship between the body length and dry body mass of y = 0.0061 x2.4977. The specific oxygen consumption of the animals decreased with the body length according to power function. Treatment with low pH generated significant increase of the oxygen consumption of the animals at 23 C, which reflects some acid-stress and increased energy request. At lower temperatures than 23 C only animals smaller than 5 mm consumed more oxygen at pH 5.4 than 8.4. The oxygen consumption of the animals ranged from 1 to 30 g O2 mg-1 dry mass hour -1 depended on the body length and the temperature. In possession of these data we can establish matter and energy flux of L. benedeni in an ecosystem if we know the biomass of population and the temperature.
237
25-30 May 2002
Phytoplankton communities structure in non-stratified lakes of the Pomerania (North-West Poland)

Elzbieta Szelag-Wasielewska
Department of Water Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna, Poland
Water resources of shallow lakes of the Pomeranian Lake District, in comparison with deep lakes, are quite small but their importance in landscape and conservation of nature is worth of our attention. In Pomerania this shallow, non-stratified lakes are very numerous. Large differences occurred in this group of lakes respecting to their surface area and trophic status. During last decade of XX. century (1993 to 1999) taxonomic composition and size structure of phytoplankton about 30 lakes were investigated. Water samples were taken during summer (July or August) at the deepest part of lake pelagial from surface to bottom, every metre. The species composition, abundance and biomass of population size of autotrophic picoplankton, nanoplankton, microplankton and larger phytoplanktonic organisms were analyzed by means of epifluorescence and inverted microscopes. It was found that the composition and structure of phytoplankton were different among the lakes. In many cases phytoplankton was dominated by green algae, cyanobacteria, chrysophytes and dinoflagellates. The numerous were the organisms from the smallest size fraction i.e. autotrophic picoplankton, but often, despite of high abundance, their biomass, in comparison to larger phytoplankton organisms, was small. In terms of total phytoplankton biomass, organisms from one of the other fraction i.e. nanoplankton or microplankton were usually more important. The results showed relationships between the trophic level of the water body and biomass of phytoplankton or contribution of autotrophic picoplankton to the total phytoplankton biomass. Because the community structure of phytoplankton showed clear differences among lakes, the special consideration was paid to the variations in the relative abundance of same species or group of species, as indicators of trophic condition.
238
25-30 May 2002
Planctonic and benthic invertebrate fauna related to ecological state of Lake Velence
Andrs Szt*, Jen Ponyi**, Mria Reskn, Nagy***
*Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation, Szarvas, Hungary, **Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary, ***Central-Trans-Danubian Environmental Protection Inspectorate, Szkesfehrvr, Hungary
The planctonic and benthic invertebrates have been monitored since 1997 to interpret the ecological changes. The water and the sediment are rich in invertebrates, but the anaerobic conditions of the water or sediment are harmful for them when the sediment releases SH2 and S2. This usually happens at heavy storms and instant release of water from the reservoirs that can be observed in the western part of the lake in the nature conservation area. The bigger part of the lake is a recreational area where the water quality is very similar according to the zooplankton, meiobenthos and macrozoobenthos. The density and the species richness showed a homogenic tendency between the different areas. Using the rates Copepoda/Cladocera, and Nematoda/ Copepoda served to identify the water quality and to detect the environmental changes. The water quality was better in Agrd-Grdony-Kajakplya cross-section by the Nematod/Copepod rate than in Nmet-tiszts and Frdet areas. Ceriodapnia quadrangula was the dominant in the zooplankton communities, which fed the Microcystis aeruginosa, reproducing the highest mass during algal blooms. The number of meiobenthos and macrozoobenthos taxons indicated the change the quality of environment. The Nematod/Copepod rate showed the same tendency. The macrozoobenthos adapted to the extreme environmental factors indicated that the quality of ecological state declined in Frdet and Nmet-tiszts but it was more suitable for the most species to be present in the ecosystem in area of Agrd and Grdony.
239
25-30 May 2002
Stratification analysis of the halsz ox-bow of the river Tisza

Mariann Nagy Teszrn*, Kroly Mrialigeti**, Pter Vgvri*, Edurd Cspes*, Istvn Ba ncsi*
*Middle-Tisza Water Authority, Szolnok, Hungary **Etvs Lornd University Department of Microbiology, Budapest, Hungary
The splitting of the Kiskre reservoir into different basins is an important characteristic, as well as the development of the areas having physiognomicaly different features. In the year of 1994, 5677 ha became nature-protected area in the range of the Kiskre reservoir. This involves the halszi ox-bow observed by us. The ox-bow is very important from the point of nature protection, as only a narrow channel links it to the reservoir, so the water level is more or less permanent from spring to autumn. The stratum-sampling of the halsz ox-bow of the river Tisza was carrying out 5 times between the years of 2000 and 2002 from different depths of the waterbody above the deepest point of the bed. From them we particularly review the reasons of two summer samples. The local measurements were gained from the water samples sucked up to the surface by 10 cm-s, in the case of chemical and microbiological laboratory analyses by 50 cm-s, and nearby the metalimnion by 25 cm-s. During our work we tried the analysis of the summer-formed metalimnion, as well as the quantitative surveying of the aggregation of microorganisms assisting in the transformation of inorganic and organic materials. The valued analyses of the halszi ox-bow of the river Tisza generated very interesting results. Although the greatest depth is only 5 m, the summer stratification was well representable both by the local measurements and by the laboratory analyses. According to the reasons of our measurements the fraction of anaerobe waterbody for the total is significant during the summer period. The abrupt decrease of redox-potential appeared about at 300 cm depth shows that the relation of oxidation-reduction is significantly changing in the stratum. There are intensive degradation processes going on in the anaerobe layer and in consequence of that the concentration of free CO2 and diluted sulfides is growing towards the bottom while the quantity of the sulfate decreases to the minimum. The activity of the heterotroph bacteria growing on 22 o C, the desulphurating and the sulfite-reductive Clostridia is the highest in the anaerobe waterbody (between 300500 cm). We observed an interesting anomaly. In summer from 3.5 to 5 m depth the concentration of nitrate was very high. In spite of the concentration the dissolved oxygen (it was 0.0 mg/l at 2 m) indicates anaerobic environment. The reason of this anomaly was the high concentration of Fe 2+. This occurrence disturbs the measurement of nitrate.
240
25-30 May 2002
The biomass and compositional changes of phytoplankton in Zala Mouth between 19982001
Erzsbet Takcs, Istvn Kbor
Central-Transdanubian Water Authority
The one third of the external nutrient is carried directly into the westernmost basin of Lake Balaton, Keszthely bay by the main tributary, Zala River. The inflow water rich in nutrients and humic acid, has few algae, poor in dissolved oxygen, and drains the fenny-like water from the area of Kis-Balaton reservoir. Several studies were carried out from 1998 to 2001 to show the effects of Zala water on the lake water. We dealt with the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in Zala Mouth. Numerous samples were taken in Zala Mouth and on its surroundings, and some samples along the longitudinal axis of the lake every year. We compared the changes of water quality, above all the trophic state in Zala Mouth, including the mixing area to the Balaton water. We observed the compositional changes in phytoplankton, and determinated which groups or species of algae are in Zala water, near the mouth, or which of them can be found with highest frequency in the areas less influenced by the water quality of Zala River. For example, while the large-sized Ceratiums appeared only in Balaton water, the smaller-sized Cryptomonas species were present with higher frequency in the nearest area to the mouth. Similarly to above mentioned, the Diatoms species ( Cocconeis placentula, Amphora ovalis) occurred in Zala water to all probability. The special emphasis was laid on the heterocistic blue-green algae, because, they can develop algal bloom in summer or on early autumn, endangering the recreational use of the lake. The number of the blue-green algae, classed among Hormogonales order, decreased approaching to the Zala Mouth, and increased outside the mixing area. To sum it all up we can say, that the effect of the main tributary of Lake Balaton caused changes in the structure and biomass of the phytoplankton.
241
25-30 May 2002
Dead or alive aquatic bacteria? Comparison of the different staining methods

Helen Tammert*,**, Veljo Kisand**
*Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia **Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University, Tartumaa, Estonia
Quantification of bacterial numbers is a basic and essentia l task in several areas of microbiology. Whether a cell is living or nonliving, active or inactive, is fundamental to our understanding of the role and importance of bacteria in aquatic ecosystems. The detection of these sub-communities is often problematic because no single analytical method identifies all physiological types of bacteria. The standard direct count methods based on acridine orange and DAPI staining of aquatic bacteria was shown to be non-specific for DNA and tending to overestimate the actual number of active bacteria. An important achievement of research has been the development of other stains that are capable of distinguishing metabolically active from inactive cells. In this study we compare different fluorescent dyes for enumeration metabolically active, inactive and dead bacteria: total number of bacteria by DAPI and SYBR Green I, cells with compromised membrane by SYTOX Green and Live/Dead Viability Kit, electron transport system (ETS) active bacteria by CTC, nucleoid containing cells by DAPI staining-destining method. Dilution cultures of the natural lake bacteria from shallow eutrophic Lake Vrtsjrv were used to follow the growth curve. Tritiated thymidine incorporation method was used to measure metabolic activity of bacteria. The number of colony forming units was determined on a ZoBell and a SMA agar. Growth rates and generation times were calculated for the different sub-communities. Growth rates based on the total number of bacteria were substantially longer and generation time higher than based on viable or respiring bacteria. These results suggest previous observations that DAPI staining of aquatic bacteria includes also metabolically nonactive and/or dead bacteria. Growth rates based on ETS-active sub-community were higher than growth rates based on nucleoid containing bacteria and non-compromised membrane cells. The results suggest that nucleoid containing cells and cells with intact membranes represent the maximum number of living cells, not only active bacteria. Funding for this research was provided by Estonian Science Foundation grant 4080, and by the European Union project ECOFRAME (contract EVK1CT199939).
242
25-30 May 2002
Restoration of Lake Eymir, Turkey by biomanipulation and water level draw-down

Meryem Beklioglu, Can Ozan Tan
Middle East Technical University, Biology Department
Over 25 years of raw sewage effluent discharge shifted Lake Eymir from a lake that had formerly submerged plants, dominated largely by Charophytes with 67m of outer depth of colonization, to turbid water state. Partial sewage effluent diversion undertaken in 1995 led to some reduction in the in-lake concentration of nutrients, -1 which remained still very high (324 mg TP l and 0.1 mg DIN l-1 ), and the water clarity expressed as Secchi depth was poor (111 cm). The surface coverage of submerged plants was limited (2.5 %). Domination of the fish stock by benthiplanktivorous tench and common carp and their top-down effect appeared to have been the reason for low water clarity and low vegetation cover. The removal of 57 % of the fish, which was accomplished within 1.5 years, led to 2.5 fold increase in the Secchi disk transparency. This was probably induced by the 4.5 fold decrease in inorganic suspended matter, as well as a significant reduction in the phytoplankton crop. However, a delay was recorded in the redevelopment of the submerged plants, whose coverage increased only to 6.2 % of the total surface area of the lake, probably due to the high coot biomass and their grazing effect (244 ind. ha -1 ). Nevertheless, in 2000, the coverage of submerged plants increased to about 48 % of the lake surface area with 8622 % PVI, and this led to a major decrease in the in-lake concentrations of TP and DIN as recorded elsewhere. The Secchi depth also trebled. The density of large-bodied Daphnia pulex & Arctodiaptomus bacillifer increased 5 to 10-fold following the fish removal. In 2001, the signs of deterioration in the concentration of TP and DIN, and water clarity were experienced. Despite this, the submerged plants coverage increased to 90 % of the lake surface area though the PVI decreased to 4729 % This can be attributed to 80 cm drop in the water level. The signs of instability appeared to be combated through water level draw-down.
243
25-30 May 2002
Experiences in biomanipulation of shallow ecosystems of different scale in Hungary

Istvn Ttrai, Klmn Mtys, Jnos Korponai, Gbor Paulovits, Ferenc Pekr
Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
The increased nutrient loading has resulted in changes in trophic structure and significant alterations have occurred at the top of the food web in Hungarian natural waters. Long-term (19862000) fish manipulation experiments of different scales have proved the expectations that phytoplankton biomass increases linearly with the biomass of cyprinid fish and that this process is reversible. To influence eutrophication processes, reduction of external nutrient load and controlling trophic relationships were the most effective tools in small ponds and in large shallow lake (Lake Balaton) as well. In shallow waters dominated by omnivorous cyprinid fish with intense inter-and interspecific competition, bottom-up forces were more important than top-down effects due to the impact of internal nutrient load from biota. We present an example of the possibility of changing water quality through controlling fish stocks even under extreme hypertrophic conditions at high internal total phosphorus concentration. But a clear water state achieved at such abiotic conditions proved to be unstable and do not exist for a long time. Our results indicate that bottom-up forces are mostly regulating the production processes and that there is a potential of the existence of two alternative stable state. Significant water quality improvement can be achieved by decreasing the overall fish stock below 100 kg/ha. Stabilization of good water quality requires continuous manipulation of fish community even though the clear-water phase could be stabilized temporary by macrophytes. Maintenance of the water quality seems to be possible by high predation pressure of piscivore fish on wide range of different species and age classes of cyprinids by stocking of multispecies communities of piscivores mainly pike-perch and pike at the biomass ratio exceeding 25 %.
244
25-30 May 2002
Long term changes in the crustacean plankton of the shallow mediterranean lake
Ivanica Ternjej, Mladen Kerovec, Zlatko Mihaljevi , Anelka Plenkovi -Moraj, Kreimir ganec
Dep. of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Univ. of Zagreb
Shallow mediterranean lake Jezero has been affected by eutrophication in last four decade. In 1970 the lake has been a subject of phosphorus reduction program with biomanipulation techniques to decrease lake primary production. In the 1974 and 1976 herbivorous and planktivorous fish (silver carp, grass carp) were introduced in the lake. We measured the abundance and biomass of filter-feeding microcrustacean zooplankton, their grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass, and compared it with the results of prebiomanipulation state. Although the species composition remained the same, we observed a shift in the portion of certain taxa in total abundance of crustacean plankton. Large daphnias and calanoid copepods became dominant, while cyclopoid copepods and Bosmina became scarce. Phosphorus reduction lowered phytoplankton biomass, but submerged vegetation was also limited by the lack of phosphorus. Our results indicate that the importance of zooplankton grazing may have minor importance for the maintenance of the clear water state in the lake.
245
25-30 May 2002
Phosphorus accumulation by the pelagic community at reduced phosphorus in a shallow lake

Katrin Teubner*, Karl Donabaum**, Willi Kabas**, Alexander Kirschner***, Gerald Pfister****, Monika Salbrechter*****, Martin Dokulil*
*Institute for Limnology AAS, Mondseestr. 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria **Donabaum & Wolfram AG, Zentagasse 47, A-1050 Wien, Austria ***Institut fr Medizinische Biologoy, ENVIRO, Wehringer Str. 10, A-1090 Wien, Austria ****Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, AAS, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria *****Biologische Station Illmitz, A-7142 Illmitz, Austria
The effect of experimentally reduced phosphorus concentrations on different levels of the plankton community was studied in an shallow seepage lake. In the course of experimental phosphorus stripping we have tested how plankton communities can accumulate phosphorus from the TP pool and how these affects the relative proportions of the P-fractions. Enhanced accumulation-efficiency by organismic assemblages was driven from both the nutrient-producer and the producer-consumer interface, which was associated with higher specific alkaline phosphatase activity (APA/Cb+p) and with a tighter coupling between producers and consumers (e.g. Cz/Cb+p) respectively. The absolute DIP concentration was not a good predictor for bacteria and algae in a transition from nutrient rich to low supply, however the portion of DIP among the P-pool (% DIP of TP) is significantly correlated to the decreased biomass of most organism groups.
246
25-30 May 2002
Light climate and the distribution of submerged macrophytes in Lake Balaton

Viktor Tth**, Sndor Herodek***
Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science
Potamogeton perfoliatus and Myriophyllum spicatum are the most significant rooted, submerged macrophytes in Lake Balaton. Their stands varied from time to time in the last century. Detailed maps demonstrate, several km2 large Potamogeton perfoliatus stands in the western bays of the lake in 19691971. In the mesotrophic Balaton water transparency was determined by the sediment, resuspended by the waves. The extinction coefficient varied much, but on the average it was 1.69 ln m-1 . Macrophytes penetrated the lake to a depth of 2.2 m. For 1973 the phytoplankton increased the extinction coefficient to 3.3, and macrophytes retired to a narrow belt not deeper than 1 m. We measured the light dependency of photosynthesis both by the 14 C and O2 , the -2 respiration by the O2 technique. Photosynthesis mol m-2 sec-1 light (mol m sec-1 and 24) compensated respiratory loss at 16 intensities in cases of P. perfoliatus and M. spicatum respectively. Taking into account the average surface irradiance and the 1.69 ln m-1 light extinction coefficient the compensation depths are 2.1 m for P. perfoliatus and 1.8 m for Myriophyllum spicatum. The results seem to explain the 2.2 m depth limit under mesotrophic conditions and the retreat of the submerged macrophytes during eutrophication. The reversal of eutrophication with improvement of the light condition since 1995 however did not resulted until now in a new expansion of the P. perfoliatus and M. spicatum stands. Studies into the effect of the swan invasion on the aquatic plants are needed.
247
25-30 May 2002
Phytoplankton and zooplankton interactions in a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake

Ilmar Tnno*, Helen Knnap*, Tiina Nges**
* University of Tartu, Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology and Estonian Agricultural University, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Rannu, Tartu County, Estonia ** University of Tartu, Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology
Lake Prossa is small (32.9 ha) and shallow (average depth 2.2 m) lake in EastEstonia. In spring phytoplankton biomass (PBM) is quite high (1.556.92 gWW m-3 ), but during the summer L. Prossa is a typical clear-water macrophyte dominated lake, with very low PBM (0.5010.826 gWW m-3 ). Dominating phytoplankton groups are Chrysophyceae and Cryptophyta. Phytoplankton cell size varied mainly between 2.0 15.0 mm, which made them attractive for metazooplankton grazing. The biomass of metazooplankton is relatively high in spring and summer (till to July), but low in AugustSeptember (0.889 and 0.882 g m-3 ). In zooplankton Rotatoria dominated through the vegetation period while Cladocera and Copepoda were important only in summer. Zooplankton grazing experiments were performed in 02.05.0119.09.01. From May to June metazooplankton (> 100 mm) grazing activity (GA) increased -1 slowly and spring-summer maximum was achieved i 13.06.01 (12.7 ml l h-1 ). The n biomass of Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotatoria (> 100 mm) was the highest in -1 29.05.01, but this didnt express in GA. In July GA decreased (8.0 ml l h-1 ) and in -1 -1 September it was the highest for the vegetation period (18.9 ml l h ). The negative correlation occurred between GA and Chl a, and between metazooplankton biomass and PBM. These relations indicate that top down control of phytoplankton by metazooplankton is important in forming of clear-water period in L. Prossa. Funding for this research was provided by Estonian Science Foundation grant 4080, and by the European Union project ECOFRAME (contract EVK1CT199939).
248
25-30 May 2002
Characterization of dissolved organic matter in a large shallow lake (Lake Balaton)

Katalin V.-Balogh
Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is quantitatively the most important pool of organic matter in lakes, and the pool of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is dominated (50 80 %) by humic substances (HS). The aim of the present study was to determine the composition of organic fractions of the total organic carbon (TOC) pool in Lake Balaton, and to characterize the fractions by different analytical methods. Dissolved organic matter was separated from particulate organic matter (POM) by filtration (0.45 m), and humic substances were isolated by XAD method. Humic substances have been fractionated into fulvic (FA) and humic acids (HA) by precipitation at pH < 2 and by filtration. Water colour (Pt units) was determined with Shimadzu UV 160A spectrophotometer, and the fluorescence properties with Hitachi F-4500 fluorescence spectrophotometer. Molecular weight distribution of DOM was measured using frontal ultrafiltration (Amicon) technique from < 500 Dalton to > 30000 Dalton. Organic carbon concentration of different carbon fractions (TOC, DOC, POC, HS, HA, FA) were measured with Elementar High TOC organic carbon analyzer. Studies were performed in 1999 on six sampling stations along the longitudinal axis of Lake Balaton from the mouth of River Zala (main inflow) to the eastern part (single outflow) of the lake. Our results demonstrated that in the total organic carbon pool of the lake DOC was the dominating fraction (8296 %). The humic substances gave 75 % of DOC at the mouth of River Zala, and the proportion of HS decreased to 55 % toward the eastern part of the lake, while the contribution of FA to the HS pool increased from 75 % to 99 %. Along the longitudinal axis of the lake not only the contribution of humic substances to the total DOC pool decreased, but also the Ptcolour and the fluorescence intensity, while the proportion of the higher molecular weight fractions increased suggesting that the organic substances became more refractory.
249
25-30 May 2002
The benthic connection: integrated food webs in lakes

Yvonne Vadeboncoeur, Joseph Rasmussen, Jacob Kalff
McGill University
The ability of fish to exert strong top-down control on their pelagic prey is central to biomanipulation as a eutrophication management tool. However, successful top-down control can easily le ad to instability or cyclical predator-prey population dynamics precisely because predators successfully deplete their prey base. Trophic cascades will be more stable if predators are subsidized by alternate prey that allows predators to persist during periods when pelagic prey (e.g. zooplankton or zooplanktivorous fish) is depressed. I use a combination of diet and stable isotope data to show that benthic primary production is the energetic base that fuels production of many littoral fishes. Most notable among the fish dependent on this littoral energy subsidy are perch and bass, two fish commonly used to induce trophic cascades. I compare fish populations in littoral habitats dominated by different species of macrophytes to demonstrate that a reduction of this littoral subsidy, and a consequent high reliance on zooplankton, is correlated with lower growth rates and a delayed shift to piscivory in yellow perch. Finally, I argue that eutrophication progressively erodes the benthic energy pathway in lakes.
250
25-30 May 2002
Changes of food webs in shallow eutrophic lakes of the Lower Danube Wetland System (LDWS)
Angheluta Vadineanu, Sergiu Cristofor, Gheorghe Ignat, Nicolae Botanariuc
Department of Systems Ecology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
During the last three decades the lentic ecosystems from LDWS have been extensively and intensively investigated in terms of the dynamics of structure and quality of hydrogeomorphological units (UHGMS) as well as the changes in the spatio-temporal organization of the communities, energy flow, nutrient cycling and productivity in connection with the dynamics of inner and catchment based driving forces. The paper has been designed and is developing based on: i) long term series of field measurements and sampling programme, carried out at large space scale; ii) huge bulk of data produced by samples analysis and experiments and iii) the appropriate data processing. Comparing with the reference food web structure described for late 60s and beginning of 70s last century, deep quantitative and qualitative changes in terms of species composition, species richness, life history of dominant species as well as in terms of food web structure (e.g. number of trophodynamic modules, type of food chains and energy density flow) occurred in the last decades. The identified changes are specific for phytoplankton or macrophyte based food webs established in shallow (23.5 meters depth) and very shallow lakes (depth bellow 1.5 meter) as a result of rapid nutrient enrichment. The paper brings arguments for stating that since late 80s the food webs established in the shallow lakes from LDWS, were oversupplied with concentrated energy provided mainly by dead end blue green algae or macrophytes and became much less efficient in providing harvestable resources and habitats for many plant and animal species.
251
25-30 May 2002
Are plankton communities suppressed by Elodea-beds?

Kirsi Vakkilainen*, Timo Kairesalo*, Ryszard Kornijow**
*Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland **Department of Hydrobiology and Ichthyobiology, University of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland
The role of a submerged macrophyte, Elodea canadensis Michx, in structuring the littoral plankton community was studied experimentally in Lake Vesijrvi, southern Finland. Fish-free 5 m2 field mesocosms were planted with either 0, 250 or 750 g WW m-2 of Elodea and were sampled over a 6 week period for phyto- and zooplankton and water chemistry. The zooplankton biomass was suppressed by the densest Elodeabeds, while the highest numbers of euplanktonic cladocerans and calanoid copepods were found in macrophyte-free treatments. Plant-associated cladocerans increased in Elodea-treatments but the biomass of this group contributed little to the total biomass of zooplankton. During the whole study period the birth rate and the mean individual body size of Daphnia longispina O. F. Mller and Ceriodaphnia pulchella Sars were lowest in dense Elodea treatments, while no such differences between the treatments were found for the two other dominating cladocerans Bosmina longispina Leydig and Diaphanosoma brachyurum Liven. Substantial blooms of a cyanobacterium Anabaena lemmermanni P. Richter were observed in some of the treatments but never in those with the densest Elodea-beds, where phytoplankton biomass remained low during the whole experiment. Cyanobacterial blooms occurred also in the presence of a substantial population of large-bodied daphnids. Concentrations of nutrients could not explain the observed differences in planktonic algal abundances. The relative roles of planktonic grazers and Elodea in controlling the phytoplankton will be discussed.
252
25-30 May 2002
Effects of manipulation with fish and nutrient on zooplankton in mesocosm experiments in a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake
Mara Valentn, Margarita Fernndez-Alez, Camino Fernndez-Alez, Eloy Bcares
Department of Ecology, University of Len, Len, Spain
A mesocosm experiment was carried out during summer 1998 in a mesotrophic macrophyte-dominated lake (Sentiz Lake, NW Spain) to study the effect of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and fish (Chondrostoma arcasii) addition on the zooplankton community. The experiment was carried out along ten weeks and the macrophytes were removed from the mesocosms in the 6th week Twelve experimental conditions were tested combining four nutrient concentrations (N-P in mg/L: 00, 1 0.1, 50.5 and 1 01) and three fish densities (no fish, 4g/m2 and 20 g/m2 ). Three replicates of each treatment were used. Initially, the cyclopoid copepods (Macrocyclops albidus) and rotifers (Anuraeopsis fissa, Keratella quadrata ) were the dominant groups in the enclosures. Total zooplankton biomass significantly increased (p < 0.01) in response to nutrient load, mainly due to the positive effect of loads on copepodid biomass (p < 0.05). Fish addition reduced (p < 0.01) the biomass of large Cladocera (> 500 mm length). Predation on large Cladocera lead to increases in the density of copepods, small Cladocera (< 500 mm length) and rotifers. After removing the macrophytes, the total biomass of zooplankton increased, and the biomass of copepods, large Cladocera and small Cladocera increased in response to nutrient loads. Fishes had no significant effect on the total biomass. However, an interaction effect between both treatments on the zooplankton assemblage was evident because fishes only controlled zooplankton at low nutrient concentrations. It is possible loadings generated deleterious conditions to fishes, thereby reducing their activity and/or increasing their mortality. The biomass values of the taxonomical groups (rotifers, copepods, nauplii, small Cladocera and large Cladocera) were analysed by CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis). The samples were ordinated along the first axis according to two factors: nutrient concentrations and dominance of Daphnia cf. longispina within the assemblage.
253
25-30 May 2002
Nuisance for navigation caused by macrophytes in Veluwemeer: a study highlighting ecological characteristics of problem species and options for vegetation management
H. Coops*, G. Butijn**, M. S. Van den Berg***
*RIZA **RDIJ, PO Box 600, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands ***RIZA, PO box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
The objective of many water managers is to have a clear, macrophyte dominated waters with a high biodiversity. However, in Veluwemeer (The Netherlands, 3000 ha, 1.6 m), the submerged macrophytes Potamogeton perfoliatus and in less extent Chara spp. interferes with recreational navigation. Cutting schemes were considered to reduce the nuisance. Cutting of plants was carried out by three different methods: by hand, by a machine with mowing equipment, and by adapted fish nets. The efficiency and costs of these methods were compared. To optimise the date of cutting growth of individual shoots of P. perf oliatus was monitored in 18 plots of 0.25 square m in the field during one season of growth. Most P. perfoliatus shoots emerged in early May, but maximum density was reached in June with 40 shoots per square meter. After half July no new shoots have emerged. The averaged maximum growth was reached in June with 0.04 m per day and was highest for plants with an age between 4 and 6 weeks. The modal age of plants was 0 to 4 weeks and maximum age was 12 weeks. Plants which were cut showed no apical re-growth. Based on the results a management scheme was set up in which the shoots should be cut after 1 June to reduce the risk of repeated cutting. Experimental trials with Potamogeton shoots, which were cut at three different dates, largely confirmed these results. Cutting of Chara vegetation in June resulted in fast recovery to 50 to 80 % cover in October, whereas the reference situation remained 100 %.
254
25-30 May 2002
Vegetation abundance in lowland floodplain lakes: importance of surface area, age and connectivity
G. J. Van Geest*, F. C. J. M. Roozen*, H. Coops**, A. D. Buijse**, R. R. Roijackers*, M. Scheffer*
*Wageningen University, dep. Aquatic Ecology and Waterquality Management **RIZA, Lelystad
We analyzed the vegetation structure of 215 lakes in the floodplain of the lower river Rhine in relation to environmental variables related to hydrological connectivity, lake morphometry, lake age and land use on adjacent land. The frequency distribution of the cover of submerged macrophytes deviated significantly from the normal distribution, implying that submerged macrophytes were either almost absent or quite abundant in lakes. Multiple logistic regression indicated that the probability of submerged macrophyte dominance decreased markedly with the surface area, depth and age of the lakes. The surface area effect occurred independently of the depth. Also, a negative relationship to long-term inundation duration by the river was found. Nymphaeid cover showed a distinct optimum with respect to mean lake depth. Nymphaeids are almost absent in lakes shallower than 0.5 meter. In contrast to what was found for submerged plants, the probability of occurrence of nymphaeids increased with lake age. Nymphaeids were also positively related to the proportion of lake area drawn down in summer, and negatively related to cattle grazing and the presence of trees on adjacent land. Helophytes showed largely the same pattern as nymphaeids. The probability of helophyte occurrence increased with lake age, and decreased with presence of trees, cattle grazing, surface area, use of manure and mean lake depth. In all cases the critical level of one factor (e.g. mean lake depth) depended on other factors (e.g. surface area or age of lake). Thus, in the present study, small lakes tend to remain dominated by submerged macrophytes till a greater depth than large lakes, and helophytes colonize smaller lakes at an earlier phase. The effect of river dynamics is only modest in our data-set. This may be due to the fact that, unlike in most other floodplain systems described in the literature, most of our lakes are rarely inundated during the growing season and experience only moderate current velocities during inundation periods.
255
25-30 May 2002
Using resting egg banks to determine zooplankton diversity in shallow lakes

Vandekerkhove, J., Declerck, S., Brendonck, L., De Meester, L.
Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, C. De Briotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven
In the framework of the EU project BIOMAN the morphological and taxonomic diversity in the zooplankton resting egg banks of 96 shallow European lakes will be explored. The main objectives of this large scale study are (1) to investigate whether resting egg banks provide more reliable information on the zooplankton diversity in shallow lakes than active communities and (2) to quantify the effect of a large number of ecologic ally relevant variables on the zooplankton diversity. Since it is still impossible to identify resting eggs to species level through examination of their morphological characteristics, a first step in this analysis consisted of developing a standardized method to hatch resting eggs of crustacean zooplankton from different European regions. A first experiment was performed to quantify the effect of isolation of the resting eggs from the sediment by means of the sugar flotation method on the hatching behaviour. Secondly, we looked at the spatial heterogeneity within resting egg banks. In a third experiment we incubated resting eggs under different temperatures and photoperiods and compared the hatching success. Our main conclusions are that (1) isolation of the resting eggs results in a higher hatching success and rate, (2) wind patterns and macrophyte cover both affect the spatial distribution of resting egg banks, and (3) incubation temperature and photoperiod are strongly associated with the average incubation time as well as the hatching success and synchrony. In nearly all cases we retrieved more zooplankton species from the sediment samples than from extensive samplings of the active community, indicating that resting egg banks integrate the spatial and temporal heterogeneity inherent to active zooplankton communities, and may therefore offer interesting possibilities for the development of reliable diversity estimates.
256
25-30 May 2002
Descriptive and experimental studies on the ecological niche of rare softwater shore species in Western Europe
Floris Vanderhaeghe*, Jan G. M. Roelofs**, Fons J. P. Smolders**, Jan M. van Groenendael**, Dirk Boeye***, Maurice Hoffmann***
*Terrestrial Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Ghent University, Belgium; Institute of Nature Conservation, Brussels, Belgium; Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (Belgium) **Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands ***Institute of Nature Conservation, Brussels, Belgium
For a long time, shore vegetation of Atlantic softwater lakes has been characterized by several stress-tolerant amphibian species (typical of the Hydrocotylo-Baldellion). Most of these species now have seriously declined, and they often are replaced by helophytes. In an attempt to understand the processes underlying this phenomenon, a Western European field survey has been made into the ecological niche of these rare species, in the period 20012002. The general setup and potential relevance of this survey is presented here. Furthermore, on the population biological and plant ecological level, several experiments have been set up, intended to unravel the effects of some important environmental factors such as inorganic nitrogen and carbon compounds on selected target species. The combination of field data and controlled experiments will allow further hypotheses being formulated as to the actual population biological mechanisms causing the observed shift in dominance. The whole setup is discussed, and future perspectives are given.
257
25-30 May 2002
Structure and changes of macroinvertebrate communities colonizing decomposing reed litter at Lake Fert/Neusiedler See
Ildik Varga
Etvs Lornd University, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Budapest, Hungary
The large input of allochthonous organic matter in form of dead plant litter is characteristic for shallow lakes, which is the major energy source in these ecosystems. Breakdown and decomposition of this plant material is a complex process, which is influenced by several factors. Besides of environmental factors and microbial activity the invertebrate communities also influence the rate of decomposition. We planned a two and a half year long litter bag experiment to examine the macroinvertebrates associated with decomposing reed litter conducted within the EUREED project at Lake Fert/Neusiedler See. Stem, leaf and rhizome of Phragmites australis were put into separate litter bags and submerged in a die -back reed stand. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected in every second month, except the ice covering period. Species composition, individual number, relative abundance, ratio of functional feeding groups and their seasonal dynamics were recorded during the whole study period. More than 30 taxa were found in the litter bags. Comparison of macroinvertebrate community of reed organs, which are different in its palatibility, morphology and structure showed considerable differences in diversity, individual number and dominant taxa.
258
25-30 May 2002
Comparative analysis of cylindrospermopsin from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii isolates by capillary electrophoresis

Gbor Vasas*, Attila Gspr**, Gyula Surnyi***, Mrta M-Hamvas***, Erika Molnr***, Csaba Mth***, Istvn Grigorszky***, George Borbly***
**Microbial and Plant Research Laboratory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences **Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Sciences, ***Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Sciences
Recently, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is reported as a toxic bloom-forming species in various countries. A toxic alkaloid, cylindrospermopsin (CYN), was subsequently isolated from cultures of the o rganism and characterized as a tricyclic guanidinyl hydroxymethyluracyl. The health effects of acute and chronic exposure to Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cells or extracts are poorly understood. Isolates of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (BGSD -280, -266, -2000, -410, -323) LT, AQS were collected and isolated from water blooms on Lake Szelidi, Lake Balaton, Lake KisBalaton, Hungary and Nova Avanhandava, Brazil, and Australia and deposited into our Blue-Green Collection in Debrecen. These isolates were studied throughout the experiments. Cylindrospermopsin was purified from cylindrospermopsin producing Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Lake Kineret) by HPLC-DAD, and identified by MALDI TOF and NMR. With the help of cylindrospermopsin standard and calibration curve, the cylindrospermopsin concentration was determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE) from those isolates. 2.5 mg/g dry weight CYN was measured in C. raciborskii of Australian origin and 4 mg/g was determined in the Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Lake Kineret, Israel). Surprisingly there was no detectable cylindrospermopsin in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains of Brazilian and Hungarian origin.
259
25-30 May 2002
Sewage treatment plants and restoring the water quality of the Frisian lakes
Roelof Veeningen
Water Authority Fryslan
The national directive on the removal of phosphorus en nitrogen in sewage treatment plants includes that 75 % of the phosphorus en nitrogen has to be removed. In addition, further measures have to be taken when the water quality goals are not reached. In the province of Frysln most shallow lakes are part of the so called boezem i.e. they are interconnected. Average phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations are respectively 0.20 mg P/l and 3 mg N/l while short term goals are 0.15 mg P/l and 2.2 mg N/l and long term goals are 0.05 mg P/l and 1.0 mg N/l. A study was carried out to analyze whether a better water quality could be reached when extra measures are taken on the sewage plants. In addition to the emission from the sewage plants, the major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus are the inlet from the lake IJsselmeer and the surplus water from the polders. In a few canals nearby urban areas the influence of the effluent of a sewage treatment plant i dominant. There are only two lakes in s which the content of nitrogen and phosphorus is greatly determined by the effluent of a sewage plant nearby. In most lakes the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus is determined by the discharge of water from the polders (in winter) or the inlet of water from the lake IJsselmeer (in summer). The waterboard has no influence or instrument to diminish the concentrations from that sources (national policy). Besides these route via emissions, the water board is looking for biomanipulation, initiating growth of submerged macrophytes by measures on the borders of the lakes and to make a habitat for the fish.
260
25-30 May 2002
Comparison of automatic and conventional physical-chemical analyses in Lake Saimaa, Eastern Finland
Elisabeth Grnlund, Markku Viljanen
Karelian Institute, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN -80101 Joensuu, Finland
The Saimaa Lake complex (621 km2 ) is a mosaic of interconnected basins draining to the Gulf of Finland via Lake Ladoga. Limnologically most of the basins are dysmesotrophic or oligotrophic, while some areas are markedly affected by nutrient loading. Spatial variation of temperature, conductivity, pH, O2 concentration and fluorescence were analysed with automatic equipment (CTD vertical probe, continuous-flow fluorometer) and conventional laboratory measurements during 19952000. The automatic measurements were conducted onboard R/V Muikku and the laboratory analyses in the laboratories of R/V Muikku, University of Joensuu and regional environmental centres. The overall consistency between different measurements was good. However, especially oxygen concentration and chlorophyll-a and fluorometer results in some situations were not in satisfactory agreement between the automatic and laboratory analyses. Clear differences in water quality parameters were found between basins and especially the fluorescence values follow the trophic state. Spatial variation of water quality in the Lake Saimaa and the compatibility of the different types of analyses will be discussed.
261
25-30 May 2002
Changes in the phytoplankton of a shallow Mediterranean lake (Albufera of Valencia) after nutrient diversion
Mara-Jos Villena, Susana Romo
rea de Ecologa, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de Valencia, Campus de Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
The phytoplankton from the lake of the Albufera of Valencia, a shallow, polymictic , freshwater lake was studied before and after nutrient diversion. This work will evaluate mainly the changes in the phytoplankton community by comparing the period 19972000 with that of 19801988 before nutrient diversion. In the 1980s, the lake was in a hypertrophic turbid state dominated by filamentous cyanophytes. After nutrient diversion in 1991, an improvement in the water quality was detected. Three clear water phases occurred in recent years, with a change in plankton dominance toward cladocera and chlorophytes or centric diatoms that lasted up to five weeks. The chlorophyll-a concentrations have been reduced to half from a mean value of 383 mg l-1 for 19851988 to 186 mg l-1 for 19952000. The algal community still mostly dominated by cyanophytes during the year, but species composition shifted toward smaller and less oligophotic algae.
262
25-30 May 2002
Eutrophication in Brazilian shallow lakes: the role of diffuse pollution

Eduardo von Sperling
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
The eutrophication process is one of the most relevant causes of the degradation of lentic aquatic systems. In the case of shallow tropical lakes the negative effects of eutrophication can be detected in a more intensive way due to the accelerated assimilation of nutrients and enhanced decomposition of organic matter. In most of the warm water countries the main origin of eutrophication is still the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial sewage in lakes and reservoirs. This situation is experiencing nowadays a certain evolution thanks to the construction of interceptors for sewage diversion or even the implementation of advanced waste water treatment plants. However there is a lot yet to be done in the case of diffuse pollution, originated mainly from agricultural activities in the drainage basin. In a research carried out by the author in about 600 Brazilian lakes, some relationships could be obtained regarding maximum depth, mean depth, areal ratio (drainage basin area/lake area) and trophic degree. Besides the obvious conclusion about the inverse relationship between depth and trophic degree, the results also pointed out the important role played by the areal ratio in the eutrophication caused by diffuse sources. Lakes with high values of areal ratio generally showed a clear trend to eutrophication due to a potential intense input of nutrients from the relatively large drainage area. Moreover the final paper will discuss some case studies about the role of diffuse pollution in the eutrophication of selected shallow Brazilian lakes.
263
25-30 May 2002
Response of planktonic microbial communities to the oligotrophication of a large shallow lake (Lake Balaton)
Lajos Vrs
Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary
Lake Balaton, the largest lake in Central Europe, has a surface area of 594 km2 and a mean depth of 3.2 m. Rapid eutrophication of the lake started 30 years ago. Due to the large scale eutrophication control measures the external total phosphorus load of the lake decreased rapidly and significantly since the middle of 1980s. In the most eutrophicated western basin of the lake the response of phytoplankton to the decrease of phosphorus load delayed approximately 10 years. In the hypertrophic western basin the phytoplanktonic primary production decreased significantly since 1994, wile in the less polluted eastern basin the decrease was moderate. During the oligotrophication process the phytoplankton structure showed several alterations. The most rapid and remarkable response was the significant increase of the contribution of the pico-sized algal fraction to the total phytoplankton biomass. The heterotrophic component of the microbial plankton (bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates) showed characteristic and non linear response to the decrease of the phytoplankton biomass and production.
264
25-30 May 2002
Stable isotope signatures (d13 C and d15N) of phytoplankton are taxon-specific?

Kristiina Vuorio
Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
It is generally agreed that the d13 C and the d15 N reflect both the physiological condition of plants, and certain aspects of the environment, at the time the organic matter was formed. Seasonal variability of d13 C and d15 N in lacustrine systems can be more than 10 . Seasonality can be caused by algal species succession because different algae may fractionate stable isotopes differently under similar environmental conditions. Also, the stable isotope signatures within species may vary temporally in response to the seasonal change in major physical, chemical and biological variables. The stable isotope signals of different phytoplankton taxa were studied in four eutrophicated lakes in SW Finland. Samples were taken during open water period between July 2000 and July 2001. Different phytoplankton taxa were separated by incubation and filtration through a series of sieves. Altogether 10 different taxa could be isolated. Phytoplankton was filtered onto precombusted (500 C) Whatman GF/C class fiber filters and dried at 60 C prior to analysis. Clear taxon-specific differences between phytoplankton taxa were observed in both d13 C and d15 N signals. d13 C values ranged from -38.65 to -5.90 % within the group of the 10 taxa of freshwater algae. Lightest d13 C values were in chrysophytes (-34.42 to -31.31 ), diatoms (-30.18 to 24.93 ) and genus Woronichinia (-33.25 to -29.63 ) of the chroococcal cyanobacteria while the isotopically heaviest species was Gloeotrichia echinulata. d15 N values ranged from -2.13 to 12.00 between groups. Isotopically heaviest (d15 N) were chrysophytes, dinophytes and diatoms while nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena spp., Aphanizomenon spp. and Gloeotrichia echinulata were the lightest ranging from -2.1 to 3.5 . Chroococcal cyanobacteria ranged from -1.5 to 5.6 . Based on these results, seasonal changes in the stable isotope signatures were partly due to alterations in community composition. However, stable isotope signatures varied also within taxa.
265
25-30 May 2002
Depth mediated attenuation of nutrient loading, turbidity and eutrophication In Thika Reservoir, Ndakaini Kenya
Wambua Msafiri Philip, Mavuti K. Muema
University of Nairobi
The depth dependent physico chemical profile reveal high levels at the surface (temperature = 18.5 o C, D.O = 8.2 mg/l, pH = 6.62 pH units,) which decreases with depth (temp -12 o C, pH = 6.0 pH units, D.O = 1.7 mg/l) to the depth of 40 m depth. Turbidity profiles reveal low surface levels (3.07 NTU) with an increase with depth to 17.6 NTU at 40 M depth. High levels of chlorophyll a were recorded in the zone near the dam wall g/l) with the transitional zone recording lower levels There were however significant differences in the percentage abundance of Chaoborus with very high level in the influent zones (20 %) and low levels (15 %) in the deep near dam wall zone.
266
25-30 May 2002
Inferring water quality changes in shallow lakes from Southwestern Ontario, Canada, using diatom-based paleolimnology
Petra Werner, J. P. Smol
PEARL, Dept. of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, ONT, K7L 3N6, Canada
Deteriorating water quality, such as cultural eutrophication, is a world-wide problem that is often related to human activities, such as agriculture and urban development. To prevent water quality problems and to manage our lake systems more effectively, it is important to assess human impacts in a given area. Long-term limnological data, however, are often lacking. We are using paleolimnological techniques to reconstruct nutrient changes over the past ca. 150 years in 44 relatively shallow (median maximum depth: 9 m) and alkaline (total alkalinity: 83 [mg/L] 263 [mg/L]) lakes situated along the Northern Niagara Escarpment (Southwestern Ontario, Canada). Due to its unique landscape features (the cliff) and its high biodiversity, the Northern Niagara Escarpment represents one of the UNESCO designated World Biosphere Reserves. In this region, cottage development and agriculture are common features of the landscape, and therefore may be responsible for altering lake trophic status. Our diatom-nutrient transfer function will be presented and evaluated, and then applied to track nutrient enrichment from multiple sources. To date, our analyses show a drastic increase in planktonic diatom taxa over the past ca. 150 years. Interestingly, these changes occur in both l kes with and without recent disturbances in their catchment. a Therefore, diatom assemblages seem to more closely reflect regional signals, perhaps an increase in temperature. Ultimately, our investigations should aid in the evaluation of lake management models for different settings, quantify the magnitude of waterquality changes due to human activities and climate changes in our study region, identify lakes that have been affected most severely by human interference, and set realistic mitigation goals.
267
25-30 May 2002
Horizontal migration of zooplankton in a littoral zone of the lowland Sulejow Reservoir (Central Poland)
Adrianna Wojtal*, Piotr Frankiewicz*, Katarzyna Izydorczyk*, Maciej Zalewski**
*Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, Poland **Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz and International Centre for Ecology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
Horizontal migrations of zooplankton between macrophyte patches and open areas were investigated in the sparsely vegetated littoral zone of the Sulejow Reservoir in June-July 2001, using one-litre plastic traps. These migrations were observed in a case of large-bodied zooplankton: daphnids and copepods. These zooplankters generally swam towards the open water at dusk and towards submerged macrophytes at dawn. The small-bodied zooplankton (Bosmina sp., Chydorus sp.) did not show any pattern of horizontal movement. At the time of conducted researches fitoplankton community was dominated by easily edible diatoms (Cyclotella sp., Melosira sp.), whos biomass reached 17 mgl-1 . Biomass fluctuations of diatoms were not correlated with changes in biomass of zooplankton. Thus bottom-up forces (food scarcity) are not likely to be responsible for the observed zooplankton migrations. In the considered period littoral zone of the investigated part of the reservoir was densely inhabited by fish fry (up to hundreds individuals per square meter), dominated by roach ( Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis). Analyses of their stomach contents showed high contribution of large zooplankters to the food of juvenile fish. In the case of perch distinct feeding specia lisation was observed: more active fish (trapped in the transitory zone between macrophytes and open water) were almost exclusively preyed upon Daphnia sp. and Copepoda, while more sedentary individuals (seined in shallow water among macrophytes) ate mostly benthic insects larvae. High fish pressure on large zooplankton in the littoral zone along with high density of predatory cladoceran, Leptodora kindtii, in the open water allow to presume that top-down forces (predatory pressure) were responsible for revealed migrations of large zooplankton. The direction of observed migrations indicates that at dusk predatory pressure of fish fry exceeded that of Leptodora kindtii, forcing endangered zooplankton to escape from macrophytes towards open water. Opposite situation occurred at dawn. Consequences of the revealed relationships for both zooplankton and fish fry communities dynamics are discussed.
268
25-30 May 2002
Clonal architecture of Potamogeton perfoliatus L. under changing environmental conditions

Susanne R. Wolfer, Dietmar Straile
Limnological Institute, Universitt Konstanz
The clonal aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus L. occurs in patches of varying size, shape and density which remain spatially stable in some lakes, whereas they frequently change form and location in others. Proliferation and spatial spread by clonal growth considerably affect spatial pattern, since clonal growth follows certain rules with regard to growth dynamics, numbers of modules, spacing of ramets and branching architecture. Labour-intensive field-observations were carried out to study the natural variability of spatial growth patterns in Lake Constance, Germany under natural conditions. In a series of mesocosm experiments, the responses of clonal architecture in Potamogeton perfoliatus L. to shading and nutrient addition were investigated. Although natural variability of spacer length was high, shading lead to significantly increased shoot growth at the cost of rhizomes. Nutrient addition resulted in closer ramet spacing at a lower total biomass, but had no effect on the rhizome/shoot ratio. Allocation into roots decreased with increasing nutrients. These responses are discussed in the light of foraging theory, which predicts that exposure to different levels of environmental parameters may result in a change of growth architecture.
269
25-30 May 2002
Stratiotes aloides L. succession in a shallow, Characeae dominated lake Luknajno (Great Masurian Lakes, Poland)
Joanna Wrbel, Joanna Krlikowska
Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Luknajno Lake (680 ha total area) is a shallow (mean depth 0.6 m), mesoeutrophic water body. Due to rich ornithofauna Luknajno has been included in the Ramsar Convention list of nature reserves and UNESCO biosphere reserves. The lake is still co-called CHARA type one. Gradual changes in specific structure of submerged macrophytes since 1985 have been observed. In 1993 Characeae occupied about 80 90 % of the overgrown bottom area. Till 1997 the area had been markedly reduced. At the same time a rapid expansion of Stratiotes aloides L. was observed. During last 5 years the plant covered all south-east part of the lake and created many phytocenoses of a broad area. Devoid of macrophytes and shallow parts were covered by a species new for the lake Najas marina L. A shallow littoral of the is rapidly invaded by marsh plants. The situation is disadvantageous for Luknajno Lake because accelerate very intensive overgrowth and secondary succession processes. There is a possibility that in about 10 years all Characeae disappear from the lake.
270
25-30 May 2002
The macrozoobenthos of shallow lakes

Janusz Zbikowski
Nicholas Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
The main aim of the research has been the characteristics of extralittoral macrobenthos of eight shallow (14 meters deep) eutrophic lakes of northern Poland. Five of them are phytoplankton-dominated lakes, whereas the other three are macrophytedominated lakes. Moreover, selected physico-chemical parameters of water and bottom sediments have been examined. Over a period of one year 8 series of 9 samples were taken from several sites of each lake. As a result, there have been noted visible differences in taxonomic composition and benthos abundance between the two types of lakes. Phytoplankton-dominated lakes bottom fauna has been found to show relatively high resemblance to profundal benthos of deep stratified lakes. An established domination of Chaoboridae larvae over Chironomidae ones has been observed. The latter were represented by merely several taxons, the most numerous of which proved of Chironomus and Procladius genera. The overall benthos numbers have not typically exceeded thousand individuals per m. Additionally summer has been noted to bring a drastic decrease in benthos abundance. Macrophyte-dominated lakes the taxonomic composition and benthos abundance have proved different in very similar lakes. A general tendency for taxonomic variation has been observed, with the dominant Chironomidae larvae represented by almost 30 taxons, the most numerous among them being larvae of Tanytarsus, Einfeldia and Polypedilum genera. The overall benthos numbers ranged between 4 and 11 thousand individuals per m. Unexpected has seemed very limited presence of Oligochaeta in both lake types.
271
25-30 May 2002
Long term changes in the crustacean plankton of the shallow mediterranean lake
Ternjej I., Kerovec M., Mihaljevi Z., Plenkovi-Moraj A., Zganec K.
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb
Shallow mediterranean lake Jezero has been affected by eutrophication in last four decade. In 1970 the lake has been a subject of phosphorus reduction program with biomanipulation techniques to decrease lake primary production. In the 1974 and 1976 herbivorous and planktivorous fish (silver carp, grass carp) were introduced in the lake. We measured the abundance and biomass of filter-feeding microcrustacean zooplankton, their grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass, and compared it with the results of prebiomanipulation state. Although the species composition remained the same, we observed a shift in the portion of certain taxa in total abundance of crustacean plankton. Large daphnias and calanoid copepods became dominant, while cyclopoid copepods and Bosmina became scarce. Phosphorus reduction lowered phytoplankton biomass, but submerged vegetation was also limited by the lack of phosphorus. Our results indicate that the importance of zooplankton grazing may have minor importance for the maintenance of the clear water state in the lake.
272
25-30 May 2002
Pigment content and photosynthetic activity in healthy and dieback reed stands of Lake Fert/Neusiedler See
Ilona Mszros*, Szilvia Veres*, Mria Dinka**, Gyula Lakatos***
*Department of Botany, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary; **Institute of Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vcrtt, Hungary; ***Department of Applied Ecology, Debrecen Univer
Common reed (Phragmites australis /Cav./ Trin. ex Steudel), the dominant macrophyte species in the littoral zone of shallow lakes has experienced a large-scale die-back in Europe since the early 80s. In Lake Fert comparative measurements were performed in three healthy and two die -back reed stands to reveal the alteration in leaf photosynthetic rate, photochemical activity and pigment composition of Phragmites. In June the potential photochemical activity (Fv/Fm) and the leaf net photosynthesis did not differ considerably among the sites, by August both of them strongly reduced in the declining sites. Leaf stomatal conductance was also much lower in the die -back sites than in the vigorous reed stands, which might induce a further functional impairment of the gas ventillation system of declining reeds and then result in oxygen deficiency and damages of rhizoma. In the declining reed the leaf chlorophyll content reduced and the total carotenoid content, the size of xanthophyll cycle pool and the beta-carotene content significantly increased as compared to the healthy plants.
273
25-30 May 2002
Saprobiological and microbiological studies on reservoirs of Szabolcs-Szatmr-Bereg County (19942000)

Attila Imre, Erzsbet Pallai
Upper-Tisanian Environmental Inspectorate
On the territory of Inspectorate there are eight reservoirs of different origins. These reservoirs are flatland reservoir sand this fact characterizes them. Their main water supply is from different channels for inland waters and precipitation. There are two exceptional reservoirs. One is the Bujtosi-lakes with particular water supply from well of inland water and the other is the Rtkzi-reservoir with possibility of water supply from Tisza-river. Utilization of these waters is very multiple, however the main lines are the recreational and agricultural roles. Thats why the continuous checking of water quality is important. One main direction of this control is biological way on base of saprobiological and microbiological investigations. Saprobiological studies were done by method of Pantle -Buck. The microbiological investigations were based on calculation for numbers of fecal Coli, Coliform and fecal Streptococcus. The results showed the water quality described by microbiological way belonged to I III classes and the saprobiological quality of these reservoirs was considered between second and third classes.
274
25-30 May 2002
List of participants
Akcaalan, Reyhan Istanbul University Fisheries Faculty; Ordu cad. No: 200 Laleli, 34470 Istanbul, Turkey; akcaalan@istanbul.edu.tr Albay, Meric Istanbul University; Ordu Cad. No: 200 Laleli, 34470 Istanbul, Turkey; merbay08@yahoo.com Amsinck, Susanne Lildal University of Aarhus, Department of Plant Ecology; Nordlandsvej 68, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; sla@dmu.dk Andersen, Frede Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; foa@biology.sdu.dk Armengol, Javier University of Valencia; c/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain; javier.armengol@uv.es lvarez-Carrera, Cristina Faculty of Biology, University of Len; Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 Len, Spain; degcac@unileon.es Bankuti Ostergaard, Kristian University of Aarhus, Dept. of Biology; Volundsvej 8, 8230 Aabyhoi, Denmark; Krullll@yahoo.dk Brdosi, Erika University of Debrecen; Egyetem tr 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; bardosie@delfin.klte.hu Becares, Eloy University of Len; Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 LEON, Afghanistan; degebm@unileon.es Beklioglu, Meryem Middle East Technical University, Biology Department; nonu Bulvari, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey; meryem@metu.edu.tr Berczik, rpd Hungarian Danube Research Station of the HAS; -, 2163 Vcrtt, Hungary; berczika@botanika.hu
275
25-30 May 2002
Berg, Sren Danish Institute of Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries; Vejlsvej 39, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; sbe@dfu.min.dk Bicudo, Carlos Instituto de Botanica; Rua Sen Cesar L. Vergueiro, 596/91, 05435010 So Paulo, SP, Brazil; cbicudo@terra.com.br Bicudo, Denise Instituto de Botanica; Rua Sen. Cesar L. Vergueiro, 596/91, 05435010 So Paulo, SP, Brazil; dbicudo@terra.com.br Br, Pter Balaton Limnol.Res.Inst., Hung.Acad.Sci.; Klebelsberg Kn str. 3., 8237 Tihany, Hungary; biro@tres.blki.hu Bjerring, Rikke National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Lake and Estaurine Ecology; Vejlsvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; rol@DMU.dk Blackstad, Merete Norway Blindow, Irmgard Biological Station of Hiddensee, University of Greifswald; Biologenweg 15, 18 565 Kloster, Germany; blindi@uni-greifswald.de Boavida, Maria-Jos Univ. de Lisboa, Dept. Zoologia F.C.U.L.; Campo Grande C2, 1749016 Lisboa, Portugal; zboavida@fc.ul.pt Boers, Paul RIZA; P.O. Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands; p.boers@riza.rws.minvenw.nl Bogut, Irella J. J. Strossmayer University, Faculty of Education, Dept. of Biology; Lorenza Jagera 9, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia (Hrvatska); irella.bogut@os.tel.hr Bongco, Ireneo Laguna Lake Development Authority; Rizal Provincial Capitol Compound, 1601 Pasig, Philippines; lmd@llda.gov.ph Borbly, Gyrgy University of Debrecen, Department of Botany; Egyetem tr 1., H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary; gyborbely@tigris.klte.hu
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25-30 May 2002
Borsodi, Andrea K. Department of Microbiology Etvs Lornd University; Pzmny Pter stny 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; bandrea@ludens.elte.hu Bradshaw, Emily Geological Survey of Denmark & Greenland; Thoravej 8, DK2400 NV Copenhagen, Denmark; egb@geus.dk Brmick, Uwe Institute of Inland Fisheries Potsdam-Sacrow; Jgerhof, 14476 Gross Glienicke, Germany; uwe.braemick@ifb-potsdam.de Brodersen, Jakob NERI, Division of Freshwater Ecology; Vejlsvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; jab@dmu.dk Buijse, Tom RIZA; Zuiderwagenple in 2, 8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands; a.d.buijse@riza.rws.minvenw.nl Burks, Romi Notre Dame University, Rhodes College; 2000 N Parkway, TN 38112 Memphis, United States; burks@rhodes.edu Carvalho, Laurence Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Bush Estate, EH26 0QB Penicuik, United Kingdom; laca@ceh.ac.uk Chacon-Torres, Arturo Natural Resources Research Institute (INIRENA-UMSNH); Privada Juan Escutia No. 100, 58260 Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; achacon@zeus.umich.mx Chen, Yuwei Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 73 East Beijing Road, 210008 Nanjing, China; njchenyuwei@hotmail.com Comin, Francisco A. Univ. of Barcelona, Dept. of Ecology; Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; comin@porthos.bio.ub.es Conde, Daniel Limnology Section - Faculty of Sciences - University of Uruguay; Igua 4225 P9N, 1400 Montevideo, Uruguay; vlad@fcien.edu.uy
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Constantinescu, Adrian Danube Delta National Institute for R&D; Babadag 65, 8800 Tulcea, Romania; adrian@indd.tim.ro Coops, Hugo RIZA; P O Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands; h.coops@riza.rws.minvenw.nl Covaliov, Silviu Danube Delta National Institute for R&D; Babadag 165, 8800 Tulcea, Romania; silviu@indd.tim.ro Cristofor, Sergiu University of Bucharest/Department of Systems Ecology and Sustainable Development/Braila Ecological Research Station; Porumbescu 4, 6100 Romania; cristof@braila.net; cristof@bio.bio.unibuc.ro Csengeri, Istvn Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and irrigation; Annaliget 8., H-5541 Szarvas, Hungary; csengeri@haki.hu Csengeri, Viktria ELTE Department of Microbiology; Pzmny P. stny 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; vcsengeri@freemail.hu Darwell, Angela University of Hertfordshire. UK; 4 Grange Road, CA1 2QT Carlisle, United Kingdom; angela@darwell.fsnet.co.uk Dvalos -Lind, Laura Chapala Ecology Station-Baylor University; POBox 97388, 76798 Waco, Texas, United States; laura_davalos-lind@baylor.edu De Meester, Luc Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Ch. De Briotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Luc.DeMeester@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Declerck, Steven Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, KULeuven; Ch. de Briotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Steven.Declerck@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Diguez, Mara Lab. Limnologa, CRUB, Universidad Nacional del Comahue; Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina; mdieguez@crub.uncoma.edu.ar
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25-30 May 2002
Dinka, Mria Inst. of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Danube Research Station of HAS; Alkotmny u. 24., 2163 Vcrtt, Hungary; dm@botanika.hu Doina, Ionica Institute of Biology; Spl. Independentei 296, 79651 Bucharest, Romania; dioni@ibiol.ro Dokulil, Martin Institute of Limnology; Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria; martin.dokulil@oeaw.ac.at Dollan, Anja Leibnitz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Mggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; dollan@igb-berlin.de Douglas, Marianne Department of Geology, University of Toronto; 22 Russell St, M5S 3B1 Toronto, Canada; msvd@geology.utoronto.ca Dmtrfy, Zsolt Szriusz Stdi Kft.; F t 91., 2097 Pilisborosjen, Hungary; sziriusz@matavnet.hu Drner, Hendrik Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries; Mggelseedamm 310, D12587 Berlin, Germany; doerner@igb-berlin.de Druvietis, Ivars Institute of Biology, University of Latvia; 3-Miera Street, LV2169 Salaspils, Latvia; ivars_d@hotmail.com Engloner, Attila St. Istvn University, Dept. of Botany and Plant Physiology, Gdll, Hungary; Pter u. 1, H2103 Gdll, Hungary; engloner@fau.gau.hu Erben, Radovan Zoology Department Univ. of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg. 6, P.O/B. 933, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska); rerben@zg.biol.pmf.hr Farkas, Anna Balaton Limnological Res. Inst. of the Hung. Acad. of Sci.; Klbelsberg Kuno, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; farkas@tres.blki.hu
279
25-30 May 2002
Fehr, Istvn Kroly Eszterhzy College of Education Department of Zoology; Lenyka u. 6., 3300 Eger, Hungary; fetyu@freemail.hu Fernandez-Alez, Camino University of Len; Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 LEON, Spain; degcfa@unileon.es Feuerbach, Peter Rural Economy and Agricultural Society; Lilla Bslid, 310 31 Eldsberga, Sweden; Peter.Feuerbach@hs.halland.net Forr, Lszl Department of Zoology, Hungarian NAtural History Museum; Baross u. 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; forro@zoo.zoo.nhmus.hu Frankiewicz, Piotr Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, Poland; Banacha 12/16, Pl Lodz, Poland; malapi@biol.uni.lodz.pl Fugl, Karsten County Storstrom; Parkvej 37, 4800 Nykobing F, Denmark; kaf@vm.stam.dk Fukuhara, Haruo Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, Niigata University; Ikarashi 28050, 9502181 Niigata, Japan; fukuhara@ed.niigata-u.ac.jp G. Tth, Lszl Balaton Limnological Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Klenelsberg Kuno u., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; gtoth@tres.blki.hu Gabriel, Oliver Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Landuse Research; Eberswalder Str. 84, D15366 Muencheberg, Germany; ogabriel@zalf.de Gl, Dnes Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation; Pf::47, 5541 Szarvas, Hungary; gald@haki.hu Garcia, Dorothe France; Mggelseedamm 301, 12561 Berlin, France; garcia.bout@wanadoo.fr Garcia, Xavier-Francois Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Lowland Rivers and Shallow Lakes; Mggelseedamm 301, 12561 Berlin, Germany; garcia@igb-berlin.de
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25-30 May 2002
Garca-Ferrer, Isabel Universidad de Valencia; Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain; isagar@inicia.es Gligora, Marija Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska); mgligora@zg.biol.pmf.hr Goldyn, Ryszard Dept of Water Protection, A.Mickiewicz University, Poznan; Drzymaly 24, 60613 Poznan, Poland; rgold@amu.edu.pl Gonzlez Sagrario, Mara de los ngeles Univ. Nacional de Mar del Plata, Depto. Biologa, Lab. Invertebrados; CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina; magonsa@copetel.com.ar Gophen, Moshe Kinneret Limnological Laboratory/MIGAL; POB 345, 14102 Tiberias, Israel; gophen@migal.org.il Grniak, Andrzej University of Biaystok, Institute of Biology, Department of Hydrobiology; wierkowa 20B, 15950 Biaystok, Poland; hydra@uwb.edu.pl Grigorszky, Istvn Botanical Department Debrecen University; Egyetem tr 1., 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; gege@tigris.klte.hu Gross, Elisabeth M. Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz; PO Box 5560 M659, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Elisabeth.Gross@uni-konstanz.de Grterud, Olav Department of soil and water sciences, Agricultural university of Norway; P.Box 5028, N1432 s, Norway, N1432 s (Oslo), Norway; olav.groterud@ijvf.nlh.no Grnfeld, Simon Vejle County; Damhaven 12, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; sgr@vejleamt.dk Gyre, Kroly Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI); Anna-liget 8. Pf. 47., H-5541 Szarvas, Hungary; gyorek@haki.hu
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25-30 May 2002
Ha, Kyong Dept. of Biology, Pusan National University; Jangjeon-dong, Gumjeong-gu, 609735 Busan, Korea (South); kha216@hanmail.net Haberman, Juta Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University; Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, 61101 Rannu, Estonia ; juta@zbi.ee Hamalainen, Heikki North Karelia Regional Environment Centre / c/o Univ. Joensuu Karelian Inst. Dept. Ecology; P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland; heikki.hamalainen@joensuu.fi Hansen, Jonas Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; reitzel@biology.sdu.dk Hansen, Kjeld Sandby Fyn County, Denmark; rbkvej 100, 5220 Odense S, Denmark; ksh@anv.fyns-amt.dk Haselhuhn, Ingo Germany; Maschmuehlenweg 4/270, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; ihaselhuhn@yahoo.de Haler, Petr Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Olomouc; Svobody 26, cz-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic; hasler@seznam.cz Heidenreich, Majana Chair of Waterconservation, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus; Seestrae 45, D15526 Bad Saarow, Germany; m.heidenreich@limno-tu-cottbus.de Herodek, Sndor Balaton Limnological Institute of Hungarian Academy of Science; Klebelsberg Kun u. 4, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; herodek@tres.blki.hu Herzig, Alois Biological Station Neusiedler See; -, A-7142 Illmitz, Austria; biol.stat@aon.at Heylen, Steven University of Ghent; Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; steven.heylen@rug.ac.be
282
25-30 May 2002
Hindk, Frantiek Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dbravsk cesta 14, SK-84223 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; botuhind@savba.sk Hindkov, Alica Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dbravsk cesta 14, SK-84223 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; botuhind@savba.sk Hirabayashi, Kimio Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University; 3151 Tokida, 3868567 Ueda, Japan; kimio@giptc.shinshu-u.ac.jp Hlavay, Jzsef University of Veszprem; Egyetem 10, 8201 Veszprem, Hungary; hlavay@almos.vein.hu Holopainen, Anna-Liisa University of Joensuu, Karelian Institute; Yliopistokatu 7, 80100 Joensuu, Finland; anna-liisa.holopainen@joensuu.fi Holopainen, Ismo Juhani Dept Biology, Univ Joensuu; P.O.Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; ismo.holopainen@joensuu.fi Horppila, Jukka Department of Limnology and Environmental Protection, University of Helsinki; Latokartanonkaari 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; jukka.horppila@helsinki.fi Horvatic, Janja Faculty of Education J.J. Strossmayer Univ., Dept. of Biol.; L. Jagera 9, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (Hrvatska); jhorvati@knjiga.pedos.hr Imre, Attila Upper-Tisanian Environmental Inspectorate; Bazsalikom u. 8., 4400 Nyregyhza, Hungary; dinophyta@freemail.hu Ingelsten, Anders Rural Economy and Agricultural Society; Lilla Bslid, 310 31 Eldsberga, Sweden; Anders.Ingelsten@hs.halland.net Ivnyi, Enik Botanical Department Of Debrecen University; Egyetem ter 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; ivanyie@hotmail.com
283
25-30 May 2002
Izydorczyk, Katarzyna Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz; Banacha 12/16, PL Lodz, Poland; kizyd@biol.uni.lodz.pl Jackson, Michael University of British Columbia; Forest Sciences Centre, 30412424 Main Mall, V0N 1Y2 Vancouver, Canada; acroloxus@dccnet.com Jacobsen, Lene Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Dept. of Inland Fisheries; Vejlsvej 39, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; lj@dfu.min.dk Jander, Jrn Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Chair of Water Conservation; Seestrae 45, D15526 Bad Saarow, Germany; j.jander@limno-tu-cottbus.de Jang, Min-Ho Dept. of Biology, Pusan National University, 609735, S. Korea; Jangjeondong, Gumjeong-gu, 609735 Busan, Korea (South); jangmino@pusan.ac.kr Janse, Jan H RIVM, Lab. of Water and Drinking Water Research; Postbus 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; JH.Janse@rivm.nl Jrvalt, Ain Zoology and Botany; Limnological Station, 61101 Tartu County, Estonia; ajarvalt@zbi.ee Jensen, Henning Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M., Denmark; hsj@biology.sdu.dk Jensen, Jens Peder7 National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of lake and estaurine ecology; P.O.Box 314, Vejlsvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; jpj@dmu.dk Jeppesen, Erik, 17, 98, 99, 100, 132, 145, 227 Nat. Environmental Res. Inst., Division of Freshwater Ecology; Vejlsovej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; ej@dmu.dk Jerl Jensen, Helle Laboratoy of Fish Ecology; 3000 Helsingoer, Allgade 2, Denmark; fol.hjj@post.tele.dk
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Joergensen, Torben County of Aarhus, Environmental Division; Lyseng Alle 1, 8270 Hoejbjerg, Denmark; tj@ag.aaa.dk Johansson, Liselotte Nationa l Environmental Research Institute; Vejlsvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; lsj@dmu.dk Jones, John Iwan Queen Mary, University of London; Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom; j.i.jones@qmw.ac.uk Jung, Jong-Mun Dept. of Biology, Pusan National University; Jangjeon-dong, Gumjeong-gu, 609735 Busan, Korea (South); jmjung4356@empal.com K. Kiss, Magdolna University of Debrecen; Egyetem tr 1., H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary; kima@delfin.klte.hu Kagalou, Ifigenia Technological Educational Institute, Dept. of Ichthyology and Fisheries; Irinis&Filias 1, 46100 Igoumenitsa, Greece; ikagalou@cc.uoi.gr Kairesalo, Timo Dept. of Ecological and Emotion Sciences., Univ. of Helsinki; Niemenkatu 73, FIN15140 Lahti, Finland; timo.kairesalo@helsinki.fi Kalettka, Thomas Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Landuse Research; Eberswalder Str. 84, D15374 Muencheberg, Germany; tkalettka@zalf.de Kalinowska, Krystyna Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Science; Lena 13, 11730 Mikoajki, Poland; jolantaek@poczta.onet.pl Kaluski, Tomasz Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan; MARCELINSKA 4A, 60801 POZNAN, Poland; kaluskitom@hoga.pl Kangur, Andu Institute of Zoology and Botany at the Estonian Agricultural University; Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, 61101 Rannu, Estonia; akangur@zbi.ee
285
25-30 May 2002
Kangur, Klli Institute of Zoology and Botany at the Estonian Agricultural University; Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, 61101 Rannu, Estonia; kkangur@zbi.ee Karlsson, Irene Dept. of Limnology, Uppsala University; Norbyvagen 20, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; irene.karlsson@ebc.uu.se Kenney, William University of Florida, Land Use and Environmental Change Institute; 241 Williamson Hall, PO Box 112120, 326112120 Gainesville, United States; kenney@ufl.edu Kerekes, Joseph Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada; 45 Alderney Drive, Nova Scotia, B3M 2X9 Dartmouth, Canada; Joe.Kerekes@ec.gc.ca Kerepeczki, va Research Institute for Fisherie s, Aquaculture and Irrigation; Anna liget 8., H-5540 Szarvas, Hungary; kerepecz@haki.hu Keresztri, Pter College of Nyiregyhza MMFK; Etvs 56., H-4029 Debrecen, Hungary; kerpet@nyf.hu Kerovec, Mladen Dep. of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Univ. of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska); mkerovec@zg.biol.pmf.hr Keto, Juha Anton Environmental Centre of Lahti; Niemenkatu 73 C, FIN15140 Lahti, Finland; Juha.Keto@lahti.fi Khan, Tariq University of Ballarat; P O Box 663, 3353 Ballarat, Victoria, Australia; t.khan@ballarat.edu.au Kisand, Anu Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, Tartu University and Limnological Station of the Institute of Zoology and Botany at Estonian Agricultural Academy; VANEMUISE 46a, 51014 TARTU, Estonia; akisand@zbi.ee Kisand, Veljo Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University; Riia 181, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia; vkisand@zbi.ee
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25-30 May 2002
Kispl, Istvn Kossuth t 7., 3250 Ptervsra, Hungary; amalthea_9@axelero.hu Kiss, Anita Hungarian Danube Research Station of the HAS; Alkotmny 24., 2163 Vcrtt, Hungary; kissa@botanika.hu Kiss, Gbor Central Transdanubian Environmental Protection Inspectorate; Hosszstatr 1., H-8000 Szkesfehrvr, Hungary; kisgabor@freemail.hu Kiss, Jnos Botond Danube Delta National Institute for R&D; Str. Babadag 165, 8800 Tulcea, Romania; jbkiss@indd.tim.ro Kiss, Ott Kroly Eszterhzy College of Education Department of Zoology; Lenyka u. 6., 3300 Eger, Hungary; kissotto@gemini.ektf.hu Kitner, Miloslav Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palack University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Tr. Svobody 26, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; kitner@prfholnt.upol.cz Kbor, Istvn Central-Transdanubian Water Authority; Balatoni t 6., 8000 Szkesfehrvr, Hungary; kobor@kdtvizig.hu Kornijw, Ryszard Department of Hydrobiology and Ichthyobiology, University of Agriculture in Lublin; Akademicka 13, 20950 Poland, Poland; rkorn@ursus.ar.lublin.pl Korponai, Janos West-Transdanubian District water Authority; Csik F. str 1., 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; korponai@georgikon.hu Kovcs, Attila W. Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Klebelsberg Kuno 3., 8237 Tihany, Hungary; kovacsa@tres.blki.hu Kovcs, Margit St. Istvn University, Institute of Environmental Management, Gdll, Hungary; Pter u. 1, H2103 Gdll, Hungary; engloner@fau.gau.hu
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25-30 May 2002
Kozerski, Hans -Peter Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Mggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; kozerski@igb-berlin.de Krner, Sabine Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Mggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; koerner@igb-berlin.de Krmar, Stjepan Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, J.J. Strossmayer University; L. Jagera 9, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (Hrvatska); Stjepan@knjiga.pedos.hr Kuczynska-Kippen, Natalia Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University; Marcelinska 4, 60801 Poznan, Poland; kippen@hot.pl Knnap, Helen Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University and Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu; Rannu, 61101 Tartu County, Estonia; helenk@ut.ee Lacerot, Gissell Faculty of Sciences, University of the Republic; Igua 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; glacerot@yahoo.com Lakatos, Gyula University of Debrecen; Egyetem tr 1., H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary; lakgyu@delfin.klte.hu Lanczki, Pter Vci Mihly t 1., 3400 Mezkvesd, Hungary; lanczki@freemail.hu Laugaste, Reet Insitute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University; Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, 61101 Rannu, Estonia; reet@zbi.ee Lauridsen, Torben The National Environmental Research Institute; Vejlsovej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; tll@dmu.dk Leland, Gretchen Boulder, Colorado; 493 Sky Trail Road, 80302 Boulder, Colorado, United States; leland@earthnet.net
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25-30 May 2002
Leland, Harry V. Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey; 3215 Marine Street, Suite E127, 80303 Boulder, Colorado, United States; hvleland@usgs.gov Lengyel, Pter Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI); Anna-liget 8. Pf. 47., H-5541 Szarvas, Hungary; lengyelp@haki.hu Lessmann, Dieter Chair of Water Conservation, Brandenburg University of Technology; P.O. Box 101344, 03013 Cottbus, Germany; lessmann@tu-cottbus.de Liboriussen, Lone University of Aarhus, Department of Plant Ecology; Nordlandsvej 68, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; lol@dmu.dk Lind, Owen Baylor University; P. O. Box 7388, 767987388 Waco, Texas, United States; owen_lind@baylor.edu Lopretto, Estela Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; lopretto@netverk.com.ar Lousdal, Ole University of Aarhus, Department of Biology; Ingersvej 1, ST.TV, 8220 Aarhus, Denmark; lousdal@wanadoo.dk Luotonen, Hannu North Karelia regional environment centre; P.O.X. 69, FIN-80101 JOENSUU, Finland; hannu.luotonen@vyh.fi Maberly, Stephen Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Windermere; The Ferry House, LA22 0LP Ambleside, United Kingdom; scm@ceh.ac.uk Marsbll, Simon Vejle County; Damhaven 12, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; sm@vejleamt.dk Mathes, Jrgen Ministry of Environment Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; Pampower Str. 6668, 19061 Schwerin, Germany; Seenprojekt@um.mv-regierung.de Mtys, Klmn West-Transdanubian District Water Authority; Csik F. str.1, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; maty@freemail.hu
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25-30 May 2002
Mazzeo, Nstor Seccin Limnologa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Repblica; Igu 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; nmazzeo@fcien.edu.uy Meerhoff, Mariana Seccin Limnologa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Repblica.; Igu 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; mmeerhoff@hotmail.com Menendez, Margarita Department Ecology. University of Barcelona.; Avgda. Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; menendez@porthos.bio.ub.es Messyasz, Beata Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Hydrobiology; Marcelinska 4, 60801 Poznan, Poland; messyasz@main.amu.edu.pl Mietz, Olaf Institute for Applied Freshwater Ecology Corp.; Schlunkendorfer Str. 2e, 14554 Seddin, Germany; gewaesseroekologie -dv@gmx.de Mihaljevic, Melita Nature Park Kopacki RIT Management Office; S. Petefi 33, 31327 Bilje, Croatia (Hrvatska); pp-kopacki-rit@os.tel.hr Mihaljevic, Zlatko Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science; Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska); zmihalj@zg.biol.pmf.hr Moore, David National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland; 39 Kessels Road, 4108 Coopers Plains, Australia; d.moore2@mailbox.uq.edu.au Mller, Poul Hald Vejle County; Damhaven 12, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; pm@vejleamt.dk Mulderij, Gabi Centre for Wetland Ecology; Haarweg 141, 6709 RB Wageningen, Netherlands; mulderij@cl.nioo.knaw.nl Musk, Ilona B. Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Klebelsberg Kuno str. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; musko@tres.blki.hu
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25-30 May 2002
Muylaert, Koenraad University Gent; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; koenraad.muylaert@rug.ac.be Mller, Jens Peter Laboratory of Fish Ecology; Allegade 2, 3000 Helsingr, Denmark; fol.jpm@mail.tele.dk Nagorskaya, Liubov Inst. ofZoology NAS; Akadimicheskaya st. 27., 220072 Minsk, Belarus; zoo467@biobel.bas-net.by Nagy, Sndor Ecological and Hydrobiological Department of Debrecen University; Egyetem tr 1, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; snagy@tigris.klte.hu Naselli-Flores, Luigi Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Universit di Palermo; Via Archirafi, 38, 90123 Palermo, Italy; luigi.naselli@unipa.it Navodaru, Ion Danube Delta National Institute for R&D; Babadag Street No 165, RO 8800 Tulcea, Romania; navodaru@indd.tim.ro Niinioja, Riitta North Karelia Regional Environment Centre; P.O.Box 69, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; riitta.niinioja@vyh.fi Noordhuis, Ruurd Institute of Inland Watermanagement and Wastewater Treatment (RIZA); P.O.Box 17, NL-8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands; R.Noordhuis@RIZA.RWS.MINVENW.NL Norby, Vibeke County og Storstrm; Parkvej 37, 4800 Nykbing F., Denmark; vin@vm.stam.dk Nges, Peeter Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany at Estonian Agricultural University; Rannu, 61101 Tartu County, Estonia; pnoges@zbi.ee Nges, Tiina Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany at Estonian Agricultural University; Rannu, 61101 Tartu County, Estonia; tnoges@zbi.ee
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25-30 May 2002
Nurminen, Leena Department of Limnology and Environmental Protection, University of Helsinki; Viikinkaari 1 P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; leena.nurminen@helsinki.fi Nyingi, Dorothy Wanta Univ. of Nairobi, Zoology Department; P.O.B. 30197, V.D.N. Kenya, Kenya; dwnyngi@yahoo.com Nyunja, Judith Adhiambo Univ. of Nairobi, Zoology Departmen; P.O.B.30197, U.D.N. Nairobi, Kenya; jnyunja@yahoo.com Okun, Nils Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Mggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; okun@igb-berlin.de Olin, Mikko Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute; Pukinmenaukio 4, P.O. Box 6, FIN-00721 Helsinki, Finland; mikko.olin@rktl.fi Omondi Oduor, Steve Egerton University; Po-Box 536, K Njoro, Kenya; christian.fesl@univie.ac.at Ostendorp, Wolfgang Limnologisches Institut, Universitt Konstanz; Universittsstrasse 110, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany; wolfgang.ostendorp@uni-konstanz.de Padisk, Judit Institute of Biology, University of Veszprm, Veszprm, Hungary; Egyetem u. 10, P. O. Box 158, H-8200 Veszprm, Hungary; padisak@tres.blki.hu Palomki, Arja University of Jyvskyl, Institute for Environmental Research; P.O.Box 35 (YAD), FIN-40351 Jyvskyl, Finland; arja.palomaki@ymtk.jyu.fi Parpala, Laura Institute of Biology; Spl. Independentei, 79651 Bucharest, Romania; lparp@ibiol.ro Pettersson, Kurt Erken Laboratory, Uppsala university; Norr Malma 4200, 761 73 Norrtlje, Sweden; kurt.pettersson@ebc.uu.se
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25-30 May 2002
Plenkovi-Moraj, Anelka Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6, HR10000 Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska); aplenk@zg.biol.pmf.hr Pluntke, Thomas Insitut of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin; Mueggelseedamm 301, D12587 Berlin, Germany; th.pluntke@igb-berlin.de Pomogyi, Piroska West-Transdanubian District Water Authority, Dept. Kis-Balaton and Implementation; Csk F. stny 1., 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; pomogyi@georgikon.hu Popija, Aleksandar Department of Zoology, Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6, HR10000 Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska); apopijac@zg.biol.pmf.hr Pr, Gabriella University of Veszprm, Institute of Biology; Egyetem u. 10., 8200 Veszprm, Hungary; porgabi@freemail.hu Postolache, Carmen University of Bucharest; Splaiul Independentei 9195, 76201 Bucharest, Romania; carmen@bio.bio.unibuc.ro Poulickova, Aloisie Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc; Str. Svobody 26, CZ771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; poulickova@prfholnt.upol.cz Prsing, Mtys Balaton Limnological Research Institute of HAS; Klebelsberg 3., 8237 Tihany, Hungary; matyas@tres.blki.hu Quintana, Xavier D. Institute of Aquatic Ecology; Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain; xavier.quintana@udg.es Radwan, Stanisaw Departament of Hydrobiology and Ichthyobiology, University of Agriculture in Lublin; Akademicka 13, 20- 950, 20 950 Lublin, Poland; radwan@ursus.ar.lublin.pl
293
25-30 May 2002
Rask, Martti FGFRI, Evo Fisheries Research Station; Rahtijrventie 291, FIN16970 Evo, Finland; martti.rask@rktl.fi Reeder, David University of Wolverhampton; Rkczi u. 103, HUNGARY: H Budakeszi 2092, United Kingdom; daimawr@axelero.hu Reitzel, Kasper Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; kasper_reitzel@hotmail.com Reskn Nagy, Mria Central Transdanubian Inspectorate for Environmental Protection; Hosszuseteter, 8000 Szekesfehervar, Hungary; reskone@freemail.hu Risnoveanu, Geta University of Bucharest; Spl. Independentei 9195, 76201 Bucharest, Romania; rgeta@bio.bio.unibuc.ro Roberts, Ellen Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Mggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; eroberts@igb-berlin.de Robin, Jol ISARA-Lyon; 31 place Bellecour, 69288 LYON cedex 02, France; jrobin@isara.fr Rodrigo, Mara A. Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; Apartado Oficial 2085, 46071 Valencia, Spain; maria.a.rodrigo@uv.es Rodriguez, Carlos Department of Ecology, University of Leon; Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24001 Leon Leon, Spain; degcrv@unileon.es Romo, Susana University of Valencia (Spain); Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot-Valencia, Spain; Susana.Romo@uv.es Rugaard, Tom Fyn County; rbkvej 100, DK-5220 Odense, Denmark; tru@anv.fyns-amt.dk Ruggiero, Antonio Department of Biology, University TOR VERGATA; Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; antonio.ruggiero@uniroma2.it
294
25-30 May 2002
Ruuhijrvi, Jukka Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Evo Fisheries Research Station; Rahtijrventie 291, 16970 Evo, Finland; jukka.ruuhijarvi@rktl.fi Sadyrin, Vladimir Institute of Biology Komi Sci Ural Div. of RAS; Kommunisticheskaja 28, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russian Federation; sadyrin@ib.komisc.ru Sahuqillo Llinares, Maria University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner,50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; maria.sahuquillo@uv.es Sammalkorpi, Ilkka Finnish Environment Institute; Keskatu 6, 00251 Helsinki, Finland; ilkka.sammalkorpi@vyh.fi Santos-Borja, Adelina Laguna Lake Development Authority; Capitol Compound, Pasig City, 1601 Pasig City, Philippines; lmd@llda.gov.ph Schagerl, Michael Institute of Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14, A1090 Vienna, Austria; michael.schagerl@univie.ac.at Schnitchen, Csaba Botanical Department of Debrecen University; Egyetem tr 1., 4010 Debrecen, Hungary; schcsaba@delfin.klte.hu Schll, Kroly Hungarian Danube Research Station of the HAS; Alkotmny str. 24., 2163 Vcrtt, Hungary; psmac@ludens.elte.hu Sender, Joanna Dep. of Hydrobiology and Ichthyobiology, University of Agriculture in Lubiln; Akademicka 13, 20950, 20 950 Lublin, Poland; asender@inca.pl Shafik, Hesham Mohamed Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Tihany, Hungary; Klebelsberg Kuno 3, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; hisam@tres.blki.hu Sinsch, Ulrich Institute of Biology, University of Koblenz-Landau; Universitaetsstr. 1, D-56070 Koblenz, Germany; sinsch@uni-koblenz.de
295
25-30 May 2002
Skov, Christian Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Department of Inla nd Fisheries; Vejlsvej 39, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; ck@dfu.min.dk Skvortsov, Vladimir Institute of Limnology RAS; Sevastyanova str., 9, 196105 Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; vlad_skvortsov@mail.ru Smith, David University of East Anglia; Earlham Road, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom; David.C.Smith@uea.ac.uk Smol, John Queens University; 116 Barrie St., Dept. Biology, K7L 3N6 Kingston, Ontario, Canada; SmolJ@Biology.QueensU.Ca Smolders, Alfons J. P. Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology; University of Nijmegen; Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands; fonss@sci.kun.nl Sondergaard, Martin National Environmental Research Institute, Dept. of Freshwater Ecology; Vejlsovej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; ms@dmu.dk Speczir, Andrs Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; speci@tres.blki.hu Sprber, Pter Tams Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Klebelsberg Kuno 3., 8237 Tihany, Hungary; sprober@tres.blki.hu Staniszewski, Ryszard Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Protection, ACAU, Poznan; WOJSKA POLSKIEGO 71E, 60625 POZNAN, Poland; erstan@owl.au.poznan.pl Strand, John Rural Economy and Agricultural Society; Lilla bslid, 310 31 Eldsberga, Sweden; John.Strand@Hs.halland.net Surnyi, Gyula Dept. of Botany, University of Debrecen; Egyetem tr 1., H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary; sgyula@delfin.klte.hu
296
25-30 May 2002
Suresh, Venkatatesan University of Madras; 10, Appar Street, Ram Nagar, Ambattur, 600 005 Chennai, India; madhasuresh@hotmail.com Szab, Edit Hungarian Danube Research Station of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Alkotmny t 24, 2163 Vcrtt, Hungary; edit@botanika.hu Szab, Marianne University Debrecen; Egyetem tr 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; szama@delfin.klte.hu Szalontai, Krisztina Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Klebelsberg Kuno str. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; krisztina@tres.blki.hu Szelag-Wasielewska, Elzbieta A. Mickiewicz University, Dept. of Water Protection; Drzymaly 24, 60613 Poznan, Poland; rgold@amu.edu.pl Szt, Andrs Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation; Anna-liget 8, 5540 Szarvas, Hungary; szitoa@haki.hu T. Nagy, Mariann University of Debrecen; Mikszth K. street 9., H-5000 Szolnok, Hungary; csepese@kotivizig.hu Takcs, Erzsbet Central-Transdanubian Water Authority; Balatoni t 6., 8000 Szkesfehrvr, Hungary; takacs@kdtvizig.hu Tammert, Helen Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University and Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu; Rannu, 61101 Tartu County, Estonia; helen@zbi.ee Tan, Can Ozan Middle East Technical University, Biology Department; Bardacik sk. 38/5 K.Esat, 06660 Ankara, Turkey; ctan@metu.edu.tr Ttrai, Istvn Limnological Research Institute; Klebelsberg K.u.3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; tatrai@tres.blki.hu
297
25-30 May 2002
Teubner, Katrin Inst. of Limnology; Mondseestr. 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria; Katrin.Teubner@assoc.oeaw.ac.at Tth, Viktor Balaton Limnological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; P.O. Box 35, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; krisztina@tres.blki.hu Tnno, Ilmar Vrtsjrv Limnological Station, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University and Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu; Rannu, 61101 Tartu County, Estonia; ilmar@zbi.ee V.-Balogh, Katalin Balaton Limnological Research Institute; Klebelsberg 3., 8237 Tihany, Hungary; vbalogh@tres.blki.hu Vadeboncoeur, Yvonne McGill University; 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave, H3A 1B1 Montreal, Canada; Yvadeb@po-box.mcgill.ca Vadineanu, Angheluta University of Bucharest, Departmentof Systems Ecology; Splaiul Independentei 9195, 76201, Sector 5, 70000 Bucharest, Romania; anvadi@bio.bio.unibuc.ro Vakkilainen, Kirsi University of Helsinki, Dept. of Ecological and Environmental Sciences; Niemenkatu 73C, 15200 Lahti, Finland; kirsi.h.vakkilainen@helsinki.fi Valentn, Mara University of Len; Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 Leon, Afghanistan; degmva@unileon.es Vallod, Dominique ISARA-Lyon; 31 Place Bellecour, 69288 LYON CEDEX 02, France; dvallod@isara.fr van den Berg, Marcel RIZA; P.O.Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands; m.vdberg@riza.rws.minvenw.nl Van Donk, Ellen NIOO-Centre for Limnology; Rijksstraatweg 6, 3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands; vandonk@cl.nioo.knaw.nl
298
25-30 May 2002
Van Geest, Gerben Wageningen University; Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6700 DD Wageningen, Netherlands; gerben.vangeest@aqec.wkao.wau.nl van Liere, Lowie RIVM; P.O.B. 1., 3720 Bilthoven, Netherlands; lowie.van.liere@rivm.nl Vandekerkhove, Jochen Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, KULeuven, Belgium; C. De Briotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Jochen.Vandekerkhove@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Vanderhaeghe, Floris Ghent University, Dept. of Biology; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; floris.vanderhaeghe@rug.ac.be Varga, Ildik ELTE llatrendszertani s kolgiai Tanszk; Pzmny Pter stny 1/c., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; vargail@ludens.elte.hu Vasas, Gbor Debrecen University; Egyetem tr 1,. Debrecen, Hungary; vasasg@tigris.klte.hu Veeningen, Roelof Water authority Fryslan; Postbus 36, 8900 AA Leeuwarden, Netherlands; r.veeningen@wetterskipfryslan.nl Viljanen, Markku University of Joensuu; Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland; Markku.Viljanen@joensuu.fi Villena, Mara-Jos Dpt Ecology. Fac. Biology. U Valencia; Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasstot, Valencia, Spain; mjvillen@uv.es von Sperling, Eduardo Federal University of Minas ferais; Av.Contorno 842, 31.11.060 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; eduardo@desa.ufmg.br Vrs, Lajos Balaton Limnological Research Institute; Klebelsberg Kuno str. 3, 8237 Tihany, Hungary; vorosl@tres.blki.hu Vuorio, Kristiina Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland; Finland; krivuo@mailhost.utu.fi
299
25-30 May 2002
Walz, Norbert Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Mueggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; walz@igb-berlin.de Wambua, Msafiri Philip Univ. of Nairobi, Zoology Dept.; P.O.B. 30197, UON Nairobi, Kenya; wambua@uonbi.ac.ke Werner, Petra Queens University; Ontario, K7L 3N6 Kingston, Canada; wernerp@biology.queensu.ca Wojtal, Adrianna Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, Poland; Banacha 12/16, Pl Lodz, Poland; franek@biol.uni.lodz.pl Wolfer, Susanne Limnological Institute, Universitt Konstanz; Mainaustr. 252, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Susanne.Wolfer@uni-konstanz.de Wolfstein, Kirsten Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA); Zuigerwagenplein 2, 8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands; k.wolfstein@riza.rws.minvenw.nl Wrbel, Joanna Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences; Lena 13, 11- 730 Mikoajki, Poland; akarabin@poczta.onet.pl Zbikowski, Janusz Nicholas Copernicus University, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Hydrobiology; Gagarina 9, 86300 TORUN, Poland; jzbikow@biol.uni.torun.pl ganec, Kreimir University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Science; Rosseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (Hrvatska); kreso@zg.biol.pmf.hr
300
International Conference on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary
25-30 May 2002
Index
A
cs, va 22 Adamescu, M. 194 Akcaalan, Reyhan 7, 8 Ala-Opas, Pasi 209 Albay, Meric 7, 8 Alvarado-Diaz, J. 28 Alvarez-Carrera, C. 172 Andersen, Frede . 74, 200 Appleby, Peter G. 90 Armengol, Javier 9, 61, 204 Asaeda, Takashi 167 Aubriot, L. 30
B
Bak, Beta 163 Balla, Dagmar 58 Balseiro, Esteban G. 41, 64 Bancsi, Istvn 240 Baranowski, M. 66 Brdosi, Erika 10, 126, 166 Barrios, Erniel B. 215 Basset, Alberto 157 Bcares, Eloy 53, 132, 205, 253 Beklioglu, Meryem 11, 243 Berg, Sren 12, 13, 48, 92, 221 Bernardini, Valeria 208 Beszteri, Bnk 23 Bicudo, Carlos E. de M. 14 Bicudo, Denise de C. 15 Br, Pter 2, 16, 106, 228 Bjerring, Olsen R. 98 Bjerring, Rikke 17 Blanco, Marcela A. 149 Blanco, Sal 206 Blenckner, Thorsten 187
Blindow, Irmgard 18 Boavida, Maria -Jos 19 Boeye, Dirk 257 Bogut, Irella 20 Bongco, Ireneo G. 214 Bonilla, S. 30 Borbly, George 21, 69, 232, 259 Borics, Gbor 68, 69, 104 Borsodi, Andrea K. 22, 23, 36, 201 Botanariuc, Nicolae 251 Boyle, John F. 90 Bradshaw, Emily 100 Brmick, Uwe 24 Brendonck, L. 256 Brobjerg, Mads 13, 48 Brucet, Sandra 198 Buelna, Hector 38 Buijse, A. D. 25, 255 Burks, Romi L. 26 Butijn, G. 254
C
Camacho, Antonio 9, 61 Carchini, Gianmaria 207, 208 Carlucci, Domenica 157 Carvalho, Laurence 27 Cazacu, C. 194 Cech, Gbor 23 Chacon-Torres, Arturo 28 Chen, Yuwei W. 29 Christoffersen, Kirsten 99 Chritchley, Christa 160 Collings, Sally 132, 172 Comn, Francesco A. 157, 197 Compre, P. 115
301
25-30 May 2002
Conde, Daniel 30 Conde Porcuna, J. M. 40 Constantinescu, Adrian 31 Coops, Hugo 32, 33, 254, 255 Covaliov, Silviu 33 Cristofor, Sergiu 34, 194, 251 Csengeri, Istvn 35 Cspes, Edurd 240
E
Engloner, Attila 50, 135 Erben, Radowan 51 Erhard, Daniela 70, 88
F
Farag, Sndor 117 Farkas, Anna 52 Fehr, Istvn 128 Feldmann, Tnu 96, 174 Fernndez-Alez, Camino 53, 172, 253 Fernndez-Alez, Margarita 53, 205, 253 Filipinas, Ernel S. 215 Forr, Lszl 54 Foto, S. M. 115 Frankiewicz, Piotr 268 Frolova, L. 55 Fukuhara, Haruo 56 Fyson, Andrew 148
D
Darwell, Angela M. 37 Dasi, M. J. 9 Dvalos-Lind, Laura O. 38 Davy, A. J. 223 De Eyto, Elvira 132, 172 De Gelas, Koen 54 De Jonge, Jolande 165 De la Barrera, Ricard 198 De Meester, Luc 39, 40, 54, 164, 256 De Pauw, Niels 80 Dek, Csaba 104 Declerck, Steven 40, 164, 256 den Hartog, C. 226 Dent, Mitzi 151 Dvai, Gyrgy 10, 166 Diguez, Mara C. 41 Dienst, M. 182 Dietrich, Jana 18 Dinka, Mria 42, 235, 273 Doina, Ionica 43 Dokulil, Martin T. 29, 44, 246 Dollan, Anja 45 Donabaum, Karl 246 Douglas, Marianne S. V. 46, 224, 225 Dmtrfy, Zsolt 47, 190 Drner, Hendrik 48 Druvietis, Ivars 49 Dugdale, Tony 137 Durbei, Paula 138
302
G
G. Tth, Lszl 2, 57,144, 237 Gabriel, Oliver 58 Gl, Dnes 59, 118 Garcia, Xavier-Francois 60 Garcia -Criado, Francisco 132 Garca-Ferrer, Isabel 9, 61 Gascn, Stephanie 198 Gspr, Attila 259 Gedeon, Gbor 23 Gelbrecht, Jrg 136 Gibson, Chris 151 Gid, Zsolt 104 Gifre, Jaume 198 Gligora, Marija 62, 188 Goldyn, Ryszard 63, 102
25-30 May 2002
Gonzlez Sagrario, Mara de los ngeles 64 Gophen, Moshe 65 Gorga, Javier 156 Grniak, Andrzej 66, 67 Gottstein, Matoec Sanja 191 Grg, Szilvia 162 Grabowska, Magdalena 67 Grigorszky, Istvn 68, 69, 166, 217, 232, 259 Gross, Elisabeth M. 70, 88, 172 Grterud, Olav 71 Grnlund, Elisabeth 261 Grust, Karin 187 Gyllstrm, Mikael 132,172 Gyre, Kroly 35, 147
Hoffmann, Maurice 257 Holopainen, Anna-Liisa 84, 85, 170 Holopainen, Ismo Juhani 85 Hong, Nguyen Lien Thi 80 Horppila, Jukka 86, 176 Horvth, Andrea 36 Horvatic, Janja 87 Hoyer, Mark 99 Hulea, Orieta 33 Hupfer, Michael 45, 136 Hynynen, Juhani 186
I
Ignat, Gheorghe 251 Imre, Attila 274 Iordache, V. 194 Istvnovics, Vera 2 Ivnyi, Enik 88 Izydorczyk, Katarzyna 89, 268
H
Ha, Kyong 72, 94, 103 Haberman, Juta 73, 143 Hmlinen, Heikki 150, 170 Hanazato, Takayuki 82 Hanganu, Jenica 25, 33 Hansen, Jonas 74, 200 Hansen, Kjeld Sandby 75 Hansson, Lars-Anders 172 Haler, Petr 76, 195 Heidenreich, Majana 77 Heitto, Lauri 170 Hemeda, E. I. 210 Herodek, Sndor 2, 78, 229, 247 Herzig, Alois 2, 79 Heylen, Steven 80 Hillbricht-Ilkowska, Anna 2 Hindk, Frantiek 81 Hindkov, Alica 81 Hirabayashi, Kimio 82 Hlavay, Jzsef 83 Hoare, Dan. J. 91
303
J
Jackson, Micheal J. 90, 91 Jacobsen, Lene 13, 48, 92 James, Bob 90, 91 Jander, Jrn 93 Jang, Min-Ho 94, 103 Janse, Jan H. 95 Janurik, E. 35 Jrvalt, Ain 96 Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk, Elbieta 67 Jensen, Helle Jerl 12 Jensen, Henning S. 74, 97, 200 Jensen, Jens Peder 17, 98, 99, 145, 172, 227 Jeong, Kwang-Seuk 72 Jeppesen, Erik 2, 12, 17, 98, 99, 100, 132, 145, 227 Jepsen, Niels 12, 13, 92
25-30 May 2002
Johansen, Per H. 221 Jones, John Iwan 101 Jones, Roger 151 Joniak, Tomasz 63, 102 Joo, Gea-Jae 72, 94, 103 Jzsa, V. 35 Jung, E. Y. 103 Jung, Jong-Mun 103
K
Kabas, Willi 246 Kagalou, Ifigeina 107 Kairesalo, Timo 108, 252 Kalettka, Thomas 58, 109 Kalff, Jacob 250 Kalinowska, Krystyna 110 Kaluski, Tomasz 111 Kangur, Andu 96, 112 Kangur, Klli 112, 113 Kangur, Peeter 112 Kappes, Heike 220 Karger, Dorothe 220 Karlsson, Irene 114 Kawakami, Ayao 56 Kemka, N. 115 Kenney, William F. 116 Kerekes, Joseph 117 Kerepeczki, va 118 Keresztessy, Katalin 16 Keresztri, Pter 106, 119 Kerovec, Mladen 120, 159, 188, 191, 245, 272 Keskitalo, Jorma 199 Keto, Juha Anton 108, 121 Khan, Minal T. 122 Khan, Tariq A. 122 King, Lydia151 Kirika, Alex 27
Kirschner, Alexander 246 Kisand, Anu 123 Kisand, Veljo 124, 242 Kispl, Istvn 142 Kiss, Anita 125 Kiss, Bla 10, 69 Kiss, Botond Janos 105 Kiss, Gbor 127 Kiss, Magdolna K. 104, 106, 236 Kiss, Ott 128, 142 Kitner, Miloslav 129, 195 Kivengea, G. M. 130 Kleeberg, Andreas 77 Klobuar, G. 51 Kbor, Istvn 131, 241 Koncz, Eszter 134 Korczynski, Ilona 152 Kornijw, Ryszard 132, 252 Korponai, Jnos 133, 153, 244 Koskenniemi, Esa 150 Kovcs, Attila W. 134, 196 Kovcs, Margit 135 Kovcs, Norbert 147 Kowalczewska-Madura, Katarzyna 63 Kowalczyk, Danuta 218 Kozak, Anna 63, 102 Kozerski, Hans-Peter 136, 189 Krner, Sabine 137, 203 Krmar, Stjepan 138 Kroker, Jens 203 Krlikowska, Joanna 270 Kruk, Carla 156 Krumbeck, Hartwig 93 Kubecka, J. 79 Kuczynska-Kippen, Natalia 139, 140 Knnap, Helen 141, 248 Kppers, Gabriela C. 149
304
25-30 May 2002
L
Lacerot, Gissell 156 Laenko, Tatiana 165 Lajtner, J. 51 Lakatos, gnes 83 Lakatos, Gyula 104, 106, 119, 236, 273 Lamers, L. P. M. 226 Lanczki, Pter 142 Larrea, Diego 156 Laugaste, Reet 113, 143 Lauridsen, Torben L. 12, 40, 99, 145 Lausdal, Ole 221 Lee, Y. J. 103 Lehtovaara, Anja 199 Leland, Harry V. 146 Lemcke, Roland 24 Lengyel, Pter 35, 147 Lessmann, Dieter 148 Leu, Eva 70 Ligeza, Slawomir 172 Liljaniemi, Petri 150 Lind, Owen T. 38 Lopretto, Estela C. 149 Loureiro, Marcelo 156 Luci, A. 51 Luotonen, Hannu 84, 150, 170
M
Maberly, Stephen 2, 151 Maguire, I. 51 Magyari, Enik 68, 217 Major, gnes 50 Makk, Judit 22 Malinen, Tommi 180 Ma, Marta 204 Mrialigeti, Kroly 23, 36, 240 Marques Lopes, Maria Roslia 14
305
Marqus, Eduard 198 Marques, R.T. 19 Martinoy, Mnica 198 Mth, Csaba 232, 259 Mathes, Jrgen 152 Mathooko, Jude 181 Mtys, Klmn 133, 153, 244 Mavuti, Kenneth M. 130, 154, 177, 178, 266 May, Linda 151 Mazzeo, Nstor 155, 156 Meerhoff, Mariana 155, 156 Mehner, Thomas 179 Menendez, Margarita 157 Menting, G. A. M. 31 Messyasz, Beata 111, 158 Mszros, Ilona 106, 273 M-Hamvas, Mrta 232, 259 Micsinai, Adrienn 36 Mihaljevic, Melita 87 Mihaljevi, Zlatko 120, 159, 191, 245, 272 Mikuska, Jzsef 138 Milius, Anu 113 Miracle, Mara Rosa 9, 61, 212 Moller-Pillot, Hendrik 165 Molnr, Erika 259 Molnr, Piroska 22 Moncayo, Rodrigo 38 Monkiedje, A. 115 Mononen, Paula 170 Moore, David 160 Moreno-Amich, Ramon 197 Moroz, Michael 165 Moss, Brian 132, 155, 172 Mllmann, Nils 18 Mls, Tnu 113 Mulderij, Gabi 161 Musk, Ilona B. 162, 163, 237
25-30 May 2002
Muylaert, Koenraad 40, 164 Mller, Jens Peter 12 Mller, Jrg 152 Mller, Zoltn 10, 69, 126
P
Padisk, Judit 2, 57, 68, 69, 183, 184, 192 Paeolog, Andrzej 218 Pallai, Erzsbet 274 Plffy, Kroly 185 Palomki, Arja 186 Papastergiadou, E. 107 Park, H. G. 103 Parpala, Laura 57, 144 Paulovits, Gbor 133, 153, 244 Pekr, Ferenc 35, 59, 118, 244 Perrow, Martin R. 91 Petridis, D. 107 Pettersson, Kurt 187 Pfister, Gerald 246 Pinna, Maurizio 157 Platteeuw, Maarten 105 Plenkovi-Moraj, Anelka 62, 120, 188, 245, 272 Pluntke, Thomas 189 Polyk, Klra 83 Pomogyi, Piroska 47, 190 Ponyi, Jen 239 Popija, Aleksandar 159, 191 Pr, Gabriella 192, 193 Postolache, Carmen 34, 194 Poulkov, Aloisie 76, 129, 195 Pous, Ernest 198 Prsing, Mtys 196, 219, 229 Preston, Tom 196 Pusch, M. 60
N
Nagengast, Barbara 140 Nagorskaya, Liubov 165 Nagy, Sndor 10, 68, 166 Nakamoto, Nobutada 82 Nam, Le Hung 167 Naselli-Flores, Luigi 2, 168 Nauta, Tjitte A. 214, 215 Navoadaru, Ion 25, 169 Nmeth, Pter 57 Nicklisch, Andreas 203 Niinioja, Riitta 84, 150, 170 Nixdorf, Brig itte 93 Niyitegeka, D. 115 Njine, T. 115 Nges, Peeter 96, 172, 174, 175 Nges, Tiina 124, 132, 141, 172, 174, 175, 248 Nola, M. 115 Noordhuis, Ruurd 171 Nurminen, Leena 86, 176 Nyingi, Dorothy Wanta 177 Nyknen, Mirva 132, 172 Nyunja, Judith A. 178
O
ODonohue, Mark 160 Okun, Nils 179 Olin, Mikko 180, 199, 209 Omondi Oduor, Steve 181, 216 Oncsik, B. M. 35 Oncsik, E. 35 Oravecz, Orsolya 36 Ostendorp, Wolfgang 182
306
Q
Qin, B. Q. 29 Quintana, Xavier D. 197, 198 Quintans, Federico 156
25-30 May 2002
R
Radwan, Stanisaw 218 Rm, Anita 170 Rask, Martti 199 Rasmussen, Joseph 250 Rasmussen, Peter 100 Rechulicz, Jacek 132 Reed, Jacqueline 90 Reeder, David 47 Reitzel, Kasper 74, 200 Rendn-Lopez, M. B. 28 Reskn Nagy, Mria 22, 23, 36, 201, 239 Reynolds, Colin S. 183 Rho, J. S. 103 Risnoveanu, Geta 202 Roberts, Ellen 203 Rodrigo, Mara A. 9, 204 Rodrguez-Gallego, Lorena 155, 156 Rodriguez-Villafae, Carlos F. 205 Roelofs, Jan G. M. 226, 257 Roijackers, R. R. 255 Rojo, Carmen 204 Romo, Susana 206, 212, 262 Roozen, F. C. J. M. 255 Rudat, Catrin 109 Ruggiero, Antonio 207, 208 Rusznyk, Anna 22 Ruuhijrvi, Jukka 199, 209
S
Saad, Massoud A. H. 210 Sadyrin, Vladimir 211 Sahuquillo Llinares, Maria 212 Salnki, Jnos 52 Salbrechter, Monika 246 Salo, Hannu 186 Sammalkorpi, Ilkka 213
307
Sander Johansson, Liselotte 40, 100 Sndor, Zs. 35 Santos-Borja, Adelina C. 214, 215 Sra, Zoltn 193 Sarbu, Anca 34 Sayer, Carl D. 90 Schagerl, Michael 181, 216 Scheffer, M. 255 Schelske, Claire L. 116 Schmera, Dnes 128 Schmieder, K. 182 Schnitchen, Csaba 68, 217 Schll, Kroly 125 Schubert, Hendrik 18 Sender, Joanna 218 Shafik, Mohamed Hesham 219, 229 Shaw, Glen 160 Shimogaito, Takeshi 56 Shin, P. S. 103 Simpson, Gavin L. 90 Sinsch, Ulrich 220 Skov, Christian 12, 13, 221 Skvortsov, Vladimir 222 Smal, Halina 172 Smith, David C. 223 Smol, John P. 46, 224, 225, 267 Smolders, A. J. P. 161, 226 Smolders, Fons J. P. 257 Solimini, Angelo Giuseppe 207, 208 Sndergaard, Martin 99, 145, 227 Speczir, Andrs 16, 228 Sprber, Pter Tams 196, 219, 229 tambuk, A. 51 Stanislavskaja, Elena 230 Staniszewski, Ryszard 231 Staras, Mircea 25, 169 Stephen, Deborah 132, 172 Straile, Dietmar 269 Suchowolec, Tomasz 67
25-30 May 2002
Surnyi, Gyula 232, 259 Suresh, Madha Venkatatesan 233, 234 Szab, Edit 235 Szab, Marianne 236 Szab, Pl 35, 59, 118 Szabolcs, L. 126 Szllassy, Nomi 10 Szalontai, Krisztina 144, 237 Szelag-Wasielewska, Elzbieta 238 Szt, Andrs 147, 239 Szoszkiewicz, Jzef 231
T
Takcs, Erzsbet 131, 241 Tammert, Helen 124, 242 Tan, Can Ozan 11, 243 Tarczynska, Magorzata 89 Ttrai, Istvn 2, 133, 153, 244 Tavar, Vladimira 120, 159 Ternjej, Ivanica 62, 120, 159, 191, 245, 272 Tesch, Claudia 132 Teszrn Nagy, Mariann 240 Teubner, Katrin 29, 44, 246 Timm, Henn 132 Tkatcheva, Victoria 85 Tnno, Ilmar 174, 248 Torok, Liliana 33 Tth, Albert 106 Tth, Viktor 247 Tthmrsz, Bla 69 Tsimarakis, G. 107 Turcsnyi, Gbor 135 Tuvikene, Lea 172, 174
Vadineanu, Angheluta 34, 194, 202, 251 Vakkilainen, Kirsi 108, 252 Valentn, Mara 53, 253 van de Bund, Wouter 132, 172 Van den Berg, Marcel S. 254 Van Donk, Elle n 2, 161 Van Geest, Gerben J. 25, 33, 255 van Groenendael, Jan M. 257 Vandekerkhove, Jochen 40, 256 Vanderhaeghe, Floris 257 Vradi, Lszl 59 Varanka, Istvn 52 Varga, Ildik 258 Vasas, Gbor 68, 232, 259 Veeningen, Roelof 260 Vgvri, Pter 240 Veijola, Heikki 186 Vercellino, Ilka S. 15 Veres, Szilvia 273 Vesala, Sami 199 Veznovets, Vasisiy 165 Vicente, Eduardo 9, 61, 172 Vidakovi, Jasna 20 Viljanen, Markku 85, 261 Villena, Mara-Jos 206, 212, 262 Vladr, Pter 23 von Sperling, Eduardo 263 Vrs, Lajos 2, 134, 185, 219, 264 Vuorio, Kristiina 265 Vyverman, Wim 164
W
Wade, P. M. 37 Wagner, Annekatrin 48 Waldock, Mike J. 90 Waldron, Susan 101 Walz, Norbert 60 Wambua Msafiri, Philip 266
308
V
V.-Balogh, Katalin 249 Vadeboncoeur, Yvonne 250
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Werner, Petra 267 Weyhenmeyer, Gesa 187 Wilson, Michael E. 122 Wojtal, Adrianna 268 Wolfer, Susanne R. 269 Wolfram, G. 79 Wrbel, Joanna 270
Z
Zahirovi, eljko 20 Zakirov, A. 55 Zalewski, Maciej 89, 268 Zbikowski, Janusz 271 Zbaz, S. H. T. 115 ganec, Kreimir 191, 245, 272 Zieliski, Piotr 66, 67 Zinevici, Victor 144 Zingel, Priit 124 Zwolski, Wodzmierz 218
309

Shallow Lakes 2002

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Shallow Lakes 2002 International Conference on Limnology of Shallow Lakes

Shallow Lakes 2002

Shallow Lakes 2002

Veszprm University Press Vp., 2002

Edited by Judit Padisk

ISBN 963 9220 93 0

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Growth and development of damselfly larvae in a sodic pond in Hungary

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Habitat choice of piscivorous perch, investigated by radio telemetry

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Multivariate analysis of rotifer communities in 35 Danish lakes studied during 7 years

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Growth and photosynthesis of Chara aspera in relation to salinity and light

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Limnology of a shallow reservoir over almost 30 years suggestions for management

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

The possible role of cyanotoxins on plants in surface water bodies

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Algological and bacteriological investigations on reed periphyton in Lake Velencei, Hungary

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Investigations on the bacterial activities of the sediment of Lake Velencei, Hungary

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

A newly adapted method to estimate the fish yield potential of lakes

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Fish movements between shallow lakes in the Danube delta, Romania

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

Trophic webs in a Mexican hypereutrophic shallow lake

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary

25-30 May 2002

International Confe rence on Limnology of Shallow Lakes Balatonfred, Hungary