Bio-Medical RF Simulations With CST MICROWAVE STUDIO

Bio-Medical RF Simulations with CST Microwave Studio
Biological Models Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Bio-Medical Examples
www.cst.com | May-10
Biological Models
The right choice of the biological model is essential for the reliability of a SAR or EMI simulation. CST Voxel Family SAM Phantom, homogeneous models
Visible Human voxel data

other voxel data
Homogeneous Hand/Body Models

New .obj import allows import of biological models, e.g. from Poser 8 (http://my.smithmicro.com/win/poser/index.html) For most high frequency applications fully sufficient Simulate much faster then voxel models
SAM - Standard Anthropomorphic Model

Originally created for measurements plastic shell Shape specified in IEEE/CENELEC/IEC tissue standards simulant liquid Filled with homogeneous glycol-containing (TSL) tissue-simulant liquid, only two materials for simulation Virtual prototyping through simulation
Frequency dependent material properties (according to standard) can be modelled by dispersive materials via tabulated input. Only one simulation run for broadband results!!
www.sam-phantom.com
CTIA Hand Models

Hand fold
Hand narrowdata
Hand monoblock
Hand PDA
CST Voxel Family

CHILD
BABY KATJA (pregnant)
LAURA
DONNA
EMMA
GUSTAV
CST Voxel Family
Macros -> Solver -> Calculate Human Material Properties
HUGO
Available in different resolutions
Materials of interest can be chosen
Visible Human Project produced by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), Maryland http://www.vr-laboratory.com/ www.cst.com | May-10
Cole-Cole-Materials
SAR: Overview and Background

SAR Specific Absorbtion Rate
A measure for electromagnetic energy absorbed by biological tissue mass when exposed to radiating device (e.g. mobile phone)
E J SAR 2 2
P
2 2
Unit of SAR: W/kg P: Power loss density E: Electric field strength J: Current density s: Conductivity r: Density
Typically averaged over pre-defined mass
Averaging Procedure
1. Point of avg. SAR calculation 2. Search for 10 g cube (iteratively) 3. Integrate losses in cube
At boundary treatment depends on chosen averaging standard: IEEE C95.3, IEEE 1528.1, CST C95.3 CST legacy
The constant volume assumption uses an averaged cube size: - Faster (no iterative search for cube with correct mass) - Only approximative (not according to official SAR standard)
SAR Standards under Development

Several guidelines and standards specify SAR safety limits (i.e. ICNIRP).
Standards like IEEE 1528 regulate measurement methods for practical assessment of compliance.
A simulation standard IEEE 1528.X is in development 1528.1 requirements for hexahedral time domain codes (end of 2010) 1528.2 application to cars with passenger/bystander (~2011) 1528.3 application to mobile phones near head (~2011) 1528.4 requirements for tetrahedral frequency domain codes CST participates in standards committee. IEEE C95.3 Annex E specifies SAR averaging scheme for simulation. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO has already been approved by the FCC (USA) to comply with hex td standard drafts.
Visualization of SAR
2D or 3D plot including information about position of the maximum
Visualization of Max. SAR Cube
Dispersive Broadband Simulation

Typical requirement for dual band phones:
Re(er) 0.9 GHz 1.8 GHz 41.5 40.0 Im(er) 17.98 (= 0.9 S/m) 13.98 (= 1.4 S/m)
Frequency dependent material definition: Second order dispersive fit for tabulated values, only one simulation run required
Dispersive Broadband Simulation

S-Parameter comparison:
Compared material settings: Constant settings for 0.9 GHz sim. time 45 min. Constant settings for 1.8 GHz sim. time 45 min. Dispersive broadband fit total sim. time: 57 min.
SAR value comparison:

0.9 GHz, 1g 0.9 GHz, 10g 1.8 GHz, 1g 1.35 0.96 0.69 1.31 0.93 1.32 1.74 1.13 1.32
1.8 GHz, 10g
0.99
0.83
0.83
Dispersive fit agrees very well for S-Parameter and SAR values in both bands for only 25% extra simulation time
Measured vs. Computed SAR Distribution

Example: 7T MRI endorectal coil
0 dB = 2.8 W/kg
Overall: SAR computed SAR measured 1.08 1.15
Measurement
Simulation Courtesy of Erwin L. Hahn Institute Essen,Germany
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Three EM-fields needed for imaging
STRONG magnetostatic field (human: 1 9.4 Tesla, up to 21 T for animals) Mostly superconducting magnets, aligning the spinning protons -> M-Statik Solver Gradient field for positioning (in kHz range) -> Magneto-Quasistatik Solver, LT-Solver HF field to excite spinning protons and receive relaxation signal (60 500 MHz) Rotating B-Field most interesting (B1+) -> Both T- and F-Solvers are of intererst!
Most interesting for MRI R&D

Design Challenge: Increase SNR of image

SNR ~ static biasing field ~ spin resonance frequency fres
For 7T MRI -> fres = 297 MHz -> lbody ~ 13 cm -> It is difficult to obtain homogeneous field distribution inside body, specialized coils required
Safety issue: SAR ~ fres2

-> SAR critical for higher fres -> Alternative: queck directly body temperature increase, bioheat solver!
Advantages of CST: Complete Technology, Static, LF, T, F and bioheat solvers in one frontend, Voxel Family, fast SAR, etc
8 Channel Head Coil
Courtesy of Erwin L. Hahn Institute Essen,Germany

8 Channel Head Coil

|B1
+|
Vs/m
SAR
voxel
arg(B1+)
[]
SAR
10g
8 Channel Head Coil

location of max. SAR10g in left shoulder for off-centre position of head max. perm. power = 23 W (CW) location of max. SAR on left side of the head
SAR10g 25 W
most critical aspect max. perm. power
SAR10g 27 W
SARhead
33 W
SAR10g
Spine Loop Array

loops overlapped and shifted
70 cm cable length box with TR-switches + pre-amps
20 cm
x z
43 cm
Comparison to Measurement
Measurement Simulation
max B1+ = 15.9 T
max B1+ = 13.5 T
SAR Compliance
critical aspect: localized SAR (10g averaged)
Microwave Breast Cancer detection
Dr. Maciej Klemm, Electromagnetics Group, Centre for Communications Research (CCR), University of Bristol, United Kingdom e-mail: m.klemm@bristol.ac.uk www.cst.com | May-10
Model setup and clinical results

dipole antennas dispersive tissues inhomogeneous breast ! model 30-40M cells full imaging (30 simulations) takes about 10h (hardware accelerated; 4 GPU cards)
Pace Maker Simulation

Complete Technology:
T-Solver
T-Solver
F-Solver
Results at 400 MHz

Inside biological tissue phantom
SAR
E-Field
Averaging Cube for max SAR
Pacemaker inside Human Body Model
Cardiac Pace Maker

Frequency dependent field coupling into a Cardiac Pace Maker (CPM)
Courtesy of Lehrstuhl fr Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Bergische Universitt Wuppertal, Germany www.cst.com | May-10
BABY besides Baby-Phone
Stimulated power: 500 mW at 865 MHz
Max. SAR value (averaged over 10g): 0.02 W/kg (well below accepted maximum of 2 W/kg for public exposure)
Courtesy of Lehrstuhl fr Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Bergische Universitt Wuppertal, Germany www.cst.com | May-10
New CST Examples!
Can only be opened by customers who have -Voxel Import - BioModel License -> offer for evaluation license!!
Summary
CST STUDIO SUITE offers a wide range of tools for bio-medical simulations (MRI, cancer treatment, diathermy, implants, etc.) Both flexible homogeneous and detailed voxel models are available Complete Technology allows combined simulations from static to GHz including circuit simulation SAR and Bio-Thermal simulations help to improve performance and safety of medical devices
Appendix

Bio-Medical RF Simulations With CST MICROWAVE STUDIO

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Bio-Medical RF Simulations with CST Microwave Studio

Biological Models Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Bio-Medical Examples

Visible Human voxel data

Homogeneous Hand/Body Models

SAM - Standard Anthropomorphic Model

CTIA Hand Models

CST Voxel Family

BABY KATJA (pregnant)

CST Voxel Family

Macros -> Solver -> Calculate Human Material Properties

SAR: Overview and Background

Typically averaged over pre-defined mass

SAR Standards under Development

Visualization of Max. SAR Cube

Dispersive Broadband Simulation

Dispersive Broadband Simulation

SAR value comparison:

1.8 GHz, 10g

Measured vs. Computed SAR Distribution

Overall: SAR computed SAR measured 1.08 1.15

Simulation Courtesy of Erwin L. Hahn Institute Essen,Germany

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Most interesting for MRI R&D

Design Challenge: Increase SNR of image

Safety issue: SAR ~ fres2

8 Channel Head Coil

Courtesy of Erwin L. Hahn Institute Essen,Germany

8 Channel Head Coil

8 Channel Head Coil

most critical aspect max. perm. power

Spine Loop Array

max B1+ = 15.9 T

max B1+ = 13.5 T

Microwave Breast Cancer detection

Model setup and clinical results

Pace Maker Simulation

Results at 400 MHz

Averaging Cube for max SAR

Pacemaker inside Human Body Model

Cardiac Pace Maker

BABY besides Baby-Phone

Stimulated power: 500 mW at 865 MHz

New CST Examples!

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