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Group Name Student Name Enji M. Lazuardi Hannibal Nasserie Mohammad Motamedi Wildan Pradana Yulianto Putra
wildan.yuliantoputra@connect.qut.edu.au 0450882904
Group Name Student Name Enji M. Lazuardi Hannibal Nasserie Mohammad Motamedi Wildan Pradana Yulianto Putra
Responsibility (in the Report Part) Executive Summary, Introduction, Conclusion, Recommendation, FMECA Worksheet Description of Loss Production Event, Asset Management Issues Discussion, FMECA Worksheet Literature Review, FMECA and Risk Management Method Discussion, FMECA Worksheet Asset Management Issues Discussion, Loss Prevention and Mitigation Solution, FMECA Worksheet
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06090613
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Last, some preventive measures will also be explained briefly in this report and some action that must be done to maintain the water utility in its best performance.
In 2008 Jacques Virasak carried out the (FMECA) Analysis for a typical helicopter main rotor Scissor bearing assembly. As he stated the main rotor scissor rotating bearing assembly has only two functional failure modes: 1. Loss of its ability to allow relative motion between the rotating scissors and the rotating swash plate. 2. Loss of its ability to accommodate various combinations of loads and motions between the rotating scissors and the rotating swash plate.
The loss of relative motion between the rotating scissors and the rotating swash plate will result in loss of the controllability of the main rotor, increase rotor vibration, and decrease response to control input. The loss of load transmission from the rotating scissor to the rotating swash plate will create an unbalanced rotor and increase rotor vibration. Virasak (2008)
UFW is usually attributed to several causes including leakage, metering errors and theft. According to the IWSA survey, however, leakage is the major cause. Water leakage is a costly problem, not only in terms of wasting a precious natural resource but also in economic terms. The primary economic loss due to leakage is the cost of raw water, its treatment and transportation. Leakage inevitably also results in secondary economic loss in the form of damage to the pipe network itself, e.g. erosion of pipe bedding and major pipe breaks, and in the form of damage to foundations of roads and buildings. Diminution of supply security as a result of a reduction in water stored per capita may also represent a cost if such diminution requires augmentation of supply to maintain security. Besides the environmental and economic losses caused by leakage, leaky pipes create a public health risk, as every leak is a potential entry point for contaminants if a pressure drop occurs in the system. Burn and Desilva (1999).
Leakage occurs at both designed overflow points and from joints and cracks in pipelines. The purpose of designed overflow structures is to relieve pressure in pipes
organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides) copper and ammonia). Faecal coliforms; oxygen reduction in receiving waters (which may lead to fish kills and other impacts). Increased turbidity and increased sediment loads (and litter).
Each of these has potentially serious impacts. Their actual environmental effect depends, however, on the volume and concentration discharged and the receiving water environment. So too must the general environmental conditions at the time of discharge be considered (i.e. rain or dry weather). The key point to stress, however, is that quantification of leakage impacts and, by expansion, the degree of corrective action required would depend on the situation and the degree of risk we judge acceptable. That leakage causes environmental impacts on receiving waters, land (e.g. water logging and nutrient enrichment), recreational amenity, flora and fauna, and air quality is, however, undeniable. Burn and Desilva (1999)
Piping failure in water utilities is chosen as the main topic, therefore this report will mainly discuss about piping failure. The main reason why it is chosen is because piping failure waste both money and a precious natural resource, and they create a public health risk. The primary economic loss is the cost of raw water, its treatment, and its transportation. Piping failure leads to additional economic loss in the form of damage to the pipe network itself, e.g., erosion of pipe bedding and pipe breaks, and to the foundations of roads and buildings (Figure 1). Risk to public health can be
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Figure 3. Leakage leads to damage to the pipe network, e.g., erosion of pipe bedding and pipe breaks, and to foundations of roads and buildings.
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Critical Component
Non-critical Components
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Severity (S) - Severity is a numerical subjective estimate of how severe the customer (next user) or end user will perceive the EFFECT of a failure.
Occurrence (O) - Occurrence is a numerical subjective estimate of the likelihood that the cause, if it occurs, will produce the failure mode and its particular effect.
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As a general rule, any failure mode that has an effect resulting in a severity 9 or 10 would have top priority. Severity is given the most weight when assessing risk. Next, the Severity and Occurrence (S x O) combination would be considered, since this in effect, represents the criticality. Below, the failure modes with the lowest RPN values are actually the most critical. It shows that the first line is most critical even though it has the lowest RPN value, then the second line, and finally the third line.
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Leak at seal or gasket on fittings, valves, hydrants and tapping bands. Internal corrosion on fitting and hydrants. Ball valve jammed. Rusty pipeline and pipe leakage on pipelines. Spindle failure on gate valves Over flow and over heat on pump.
4.4.1 Fitting
Fittings are used in pipeline systems in order to connect straight pipe or tubing sections. It has various connections such as threaded pipe, solvent welding, compression fittings, and flared fittings. It also can be made from many materials provided by the nature, but most often it is the same base material as the pipe or tubing being connected, for example copper, steel, brass, or PVC. Fittings have many types, from reducer, elbow, tee, cap, plug, and nipple.
4.4.2 Valves
The most common control failure in the Pipe system is valve failure. Valves fail to operate most frequently by not closing completely or sticking open. Dirt or water in the air starting system may cause this to happen. Water transports dirt and metal particles and creates rust. The valve may stuck because of dirt and/ or water but additionally is susceptible to overheating and coil failure. If, there is no maintenance for valves, then there is no need to find out the cause of failure. Only replacement is the solution. So time should be fixed according to old failure and maintenance records.
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4.4.4 Hydrants
Hydrant is an outlet from water main often consisting of an upright pipe with a valve attached from water can be tapped. The most frequent hydrants failure is internal corrosion. Internal corrosion can occur due to aging and improper material. The end failure effect is having no water supply, so it can be classified as a critical failure mode. Acoustic leakage detector method can be used to prevent this failure in hydrant.
4.4.6 Pump
We could assume that pump is a third-party component in the pipeline system, but it is still an important component thus it pumps the water and distribute the water to the consumer. The two primary failure modes of pumps over flowing and overheating of the pump. Lack of lubrication in the pump can cause the overheating while wrong pump setting can make overflow in the pipeline. Other reason that can make an overflow is the pump breakdown (e.g. due to age) thus gives the wrong pressure to the water. So we have to check the usage time of the pump and check periodically the pressure that produce by the pump.
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Securing sufficient quantities of water often through the building of dams Providing satisfactory water distribution systems Building sewerage systems to protect the environment and public health Responding to the growing expectations of the community and the impact of competition policy
Water authorities were generally invested with strong powers and were, by design, fairly independent from governments. This independence was thought to be necessary to ensure that the building of long-life infrastructure was not compromised by shorter-term considerations. This chapter will mainly discuss about some issues that mainly occur in water utilities regarding to piping failure such as, treatment of piping operation, piping main repairs, the source of water loss due to piping leakage and risk issues that mostly occur from implementing a water loss management.
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Quality of raw data; Implementation of sub-optimal water loss reduction strategies; and Sustaining the levels of water loss reduction.
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2. A seal in time road maintenance Preventive maintenance is the key to delaying road reconstruction, and sealing cracks as they occur is an increasingly important way to do this. Effective crack sealing can increase pavement service life by 10-20 percent and save municipalities more than $800 million over the next 20 years. Effective is the key. 3. Going underground managing large sewers The failure of deeply buried large sewer structures (more than 900 mm in diameter) can have enormous consequences, both physically and financially. And maintaining these systems can be equally difficult and expensive. 4. The sound of running water locating leaky pipes Most of water distribution has a lost on its transit between treatment facilities and consumer. The major cause of thing is usually a leakage. Leakages
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Start
Searching for Leaking Spot Repair the Leakage Measurement of Unaccounted Water Volume (Second Measurement)
Below permissible volume Below permissible volume
Done
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We can assume that if the unaccounted-for-water above 10% so we have to continue with the second step that is searching the leakage.
Nowadays, the most common used method is the acoustic leakage detector. Water leaks in underground, pressurized pipes may make many different sounds: Hiss or Whoosh from pipe vibration and orifice pressure reduction Splashing or Babbling Brook sounds from water flowing around the pipe Rapid beating/thumping sounds from water spray striking the wall of the soil cavity Small clinking sounds of stones and pebbles bouncing off the pipe
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First thing that we have to do in searching for leakage is to survey in every hydrant, valve, and service line is a possible location to hear the sounds of water leaks when there is no obvious evidence like water flowing on the streets. Since the sounds travel on the pipe walls better than through the soil, always listen at the hydrants, valves, and meters first. As you get closer to the leak, the sound gets louder. Finally, decide which two of these locations are the loudest. After this we can start with water leak pinpointing.
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Water Leak Pinpointing is the term applied to the process of pinpointing the exact leak location. For Acoustic Leak Detection, the exact leak location is usually the spot where the leak sounds are the loudest.
This activity can also be done regularly, for example every month check the leaking sound, so we can prevent the loss of water.
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Some of preventives measure can be taken before the leakage bigger and break the pipeline system, such as change the components that leak especially at joints or fittings, we can also use the anti-corrosive material to reduce the probability of rusted, or we can use Split Repair Sleeve like in Osaka, Japan, they used this sleeve
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Figure 7.3.b. The leakage covered with the Sleeve split sleeve
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AWE. (2010). Water loss control. Available: http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/Water_Loss_Control_-_What_Can_Be_Done.aspx. Last accessed 13th May 2011.
NSW government. (2004). NSW health responce protocol. Available: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/environment/water/response.asp. Last accessed 13th May 2011.
Quiggin, John. (2000). Urban water supply in Australia: the option of diverting water from irrigation. School of Economics and School of Political Science and International Studies University of Queensland
Sydney Water Corporation (1998), Licensing Sewerage Overflows, Environmental Impact Statement: Volume 1 Sydney-wide Overview.
AWWA (1990), Water Audits and Leak Detection, Manual of Water Supply Practices No. M36, American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
Drucker, Professor Peter F. (1999). The End of Distance. Sydney Morning Herald, 18th November, 1999 (reproduced from the Atlantic Monthly).
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Syste m: Subsyste m: a
Failure Mode R ef Item Functio n CONNE CTING PIPELI NE Let ter Descript ion LEAK AT SEAL OR GASKE T
FITTIN GS
96
USE THE RIGHT SEALANT FOLLOW THE STANDAR D PROCEDU RE OF INSTALLA TION CHECK THE TIMEUSAGE OF THE COMPONE NT USE ANTICORROSI VE MATERIAL
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AGING
16 2
IMPROPE R MATERIAL
21 6
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96
96
CLEAN UP THE COMPONE NT FOLLOW THE STANDAR D PROCEDU RE OF INSTALLA TION USE ANTICORROSI VE
MISSALIG NMENT
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PIPEL INE
IMPROPE R MATERIAL
IMPROPE R INSULATI ON
CAN CAUSE MAJOR DAMAGE TO THE PIPE CAN CAUSE MAJOR DAMAGE TO THE PIPE CAUSING MAJOR DAMAGE TO PIPELINE
BROKE N PIPE
12 0
BROKE N PIPE
37 8
USE THE RIGHT INSULATI ON METHOD FOLLOW THE STANDAR D PROCEDU RE OF INSTALLA TION
1 0
PIPE LEAKA GE
BROKE N PIPE
37 8
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96
1 2
GATE VALV ES
LEAK AT SEAL OR GASKE T SPINDL E FAILUR E LEAK AT SEAL OR GASKE T INTERN AL CORRO SION
90
1 3
SUPPL Y ADEQU ATE WATER
BEARING FAILURE
UNUSUAL NOISE
SCRAP
SPINDLE OPERAT S REGULA RLY SUFFICI ENT WATER SUPPLY LESS WATER SUPPLIED NO WA TER SUP PLI ED BAD WA TER QU ALIT Y STO P THE WA TER SUP PLY
90
CHECK THE TIMEUSAGE OF BEARING USE THE RIGHT SEALANT / GASKET CHECK THE TIMEUSAGE OF THE COMPONE NT USE ANTICORROSI VE MATERIAL
1 4
HYDR ANTS
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1 5
AGING
MAJURE LEAKAGE
32 4
1 6
TEMPERA TURE
63
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1 7
OXIDATIO N
63
1 8
TAPPI NG BAND S
GIRIPPI NG THE PIPE AND PROVI DING THE WATER TIGHT SEAL
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1 9
PUMP
OVERF LOW
REGULAT OR FAILURE
STRESS ON PIPE
WA STE ON WA TER
32 4
2 0
OVER HEAT
32 4
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RPN Format
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