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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any accomplishment requires the grace of God and the effort of many people .This endeavor of mine would not have been possible without gracious help of many. During my training, I am in debt by many great personalities and mentors at Automation engineers and at my college Citc. Following are few words to acknowledge my sincere thanks to all those who have understand and nurtured my needs. I am grateful to Mr. Kanziya Director at Automation Engineers ( Former director at DoT) for allocating me this project under the esteemed guidance of Mr. Dharmendra Parmar I am very much thankful to Prof. Hitesh Patel (Lecturer of Dept.), my project guide for their foresight in giving this opportunity to develop the ideas presented here by doing the project on Multi Channel Temperature Controller I am extremely thankful to Prof. Y P Kosta, Principal Charotar Inst. Of Tech., Changa who gave me an opportunity to do this project. I am thankful to Prof. Brijesh Shah, HOD E & C dept.; CITC, Changa, His kind attention guidance and positive feedback have helped me a lot in the project.

Joshi Krunal K. (05\EC\46) Parekh Krunal S. (05/EC/53)

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ABSTRACT
The evolution in microprocessor & microcontroller so capacity & ability to get maximum work in new invited microprocessor & microcontroller is very impressive. Multi Channel Temperature Controller is project that can Controls the temperature of 8 different Electrical furnaces. We get output on 7 segment card or computer terminal it is depend on project cost or requirement of user.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAP. NO.
Title page College Certificate

CHAPTER

PAGE NO.
2 3 5 7 8

Company Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract

1.

2.

Project Profile 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Why this project??? 1.3 Project selection Hardware Design 2.1 Block Diagram 2.2 Description 2.3 Circuit Diagram 2.4 Printed circuit board(PCB) 2.5 Component list 2.6 Component study 2.7 Sensor study 2.8 Study of ADC 2.9 Study of parallel to serial convertor 2.10 Study of controller 2.11 Study of relays 2.12 Study of optocoupler 2.13 Transistor study Software Design & Programming 3.1 Software development tool 3.2 Flow Chart 3.3 Program My Experience During Project

12 13 14 16 18 21 22 25 26 26 28 30 31 34 36 37

3.

4.

40 41 42 51
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5.

User Manual Application Conclusion

53 55 57

APPENDIX-1
y Datasheet 58

APPENDIX-2
y

Bibliography

75

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Block diagram of Temp. controller Figure 2: Block diagram of 8 channel Temp. controller Figure 3: Circuit Diagram Figure 4: Top layer of Control card Figure 5: Top layer of Relay card . Figure 6: Bottom layer of Control card .. Figure 7: Bottom layer of Relay card ..... Figure 8: LM35 . Figure 9: Block diagram of ADC 0808 .. Figure 10: PIN Configuratrion of 74LS166 .. Figure 11: Sugar Cube Relay .. Figure 12: Different types of Relays . Figure 13: Optocoupler ... Figure 14: Transistor Symbol .. Figure 15: BC 547 Transistor .. Figure 16: Flow Chart .. Figure 17: Hyper terminal ... Figure 18: Hyper terminal .... Figure 19: Hyper terminal . Figure 20: Infrared Communication . Figure 21: Temperature Controller . 18 19 23 24 25 26 26 30 31 33 36 37 39 39 40 43 55 56 56 57 57

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Figure 22: Application Temperature Controller .. Figure 23: Green House control .. Figure 24: Furnace Temp. Control Figure 25: PIN Configurations of AT 89S52 ........... Figure 26: Block diagram of ADC . Figure 27: PIN Out of ADC 0808 . Figure 28: 74LS166 Figure 29: Logic Diagram of 74LS166 . Figure 30: LM35 Temperature Sensor .. Figure 31: Temperature Sensor Circuit .. Figure 32: MAX 232 .. Figure 33: Logic Diagram of MAX 232 .. Figure 34: LM 555IC ..

58 58 59 62 67 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 75

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Component List ................. ................... .................. ...................................................................... 27 Table 2: Function Table of MAX 232 .................................................................... 73

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CHAPTER 1

PROJECT PROFILE.

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1.1

INTRODUCTION.
Multi channel Temperature controller is a system which can scan, detect and

Control the temperature of a multi channel furnace. This system can control the temperature if furnaces temperature is going to Above the limit . It can stop the furnace and after some delay it can restart the system. In our project the status of the system can be continuously monitored. We can also update the status on the internet so we can monitor from remote places.

A Temperature controller is an electronic instrument that record measurements of temperature and control it as requirements. In this project the temperature of any instruments which is to be controlled is interface with personal computer and showing its details on pc screen.

The first step involves a sensor,which converts a physical temperature value to the appropriate or proportional voltage or current value. There are many types of temperature sensors. A temperature sensor is used to convert temp. value to electrical value.

This temp. control system based on the microcontroller. As our requirements we can change the program and the control process. The microcontroller will perform some signal processing on data , and depending on how it is programmed, may send resulting information out to the network. The network interface block handles network transaction. Monitoring interface program was implement as a software using visual c++.

This system is low cost, tiny and easy in implementation. The proposed microcontroller based temperature controller system will be used in many different application to monitor and collect specific types of information.

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1.2

WHY

THIS PROJECT????

What we have learnt about power Generation. Power transmission, power distribution etc.. In our previous semester from it we know that it is so much important to control the temperature of boiler, furnace,Cooling tower, coal mills etc. So here the need of temperature controller is must. We have got idea to make project on multi chan0nel temperature controller to control temp. of more than one channel Together. we have tried to make a low cost project so it can be used in power station, in chemical factory,in a.c. control etc..so many areas. In big industry we can control temp. and also we can see status of temp. continuously. Here we are going to control temperature of 8 furnaces.

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1.3

PROJECT SELECTION
Here we are in the last semester of engineering. so we have to make a project as a part

of our B.E. We want to make the best project for our career semester, which is going to give direction to our future career. For this we have studied about so many project and topics to make a practically implemented and useful project. After studying about so many projects and seeing our capacity we have decided to make a project named Multi channel temperature controller.

As this topic is related to so many industries and can be helpful to make system easier and also can become a low cost system, We have decided to make this project. We can make a single channel to multichannel Controller but here we have made 8 channel temperature controller to control temperature.

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CHAPTER 2

HARDWARE DESIGN..

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2.1

BLOCK

DIAGRAM

FURNACE SENSOR

ELECTRICAL
SIGNAL

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR

PARALLEL TO SERIAL CONVERTOR

FURNACE CONTROL

MICRO CONTROLLER

DISPLAY SYSTEM
FIG.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TEMP. CONTROLLER

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

D0 Analog To Digital C N V E R T O R D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

P A R A L L E L To S E R I A L

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL ELECTRICAL SIGNAL ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

Micro C O N T R O L L E R

F U R N E S S C O N T R O L

CONTROL SIGNAL

Display Unit

FIG.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8 CHANNEL TEMP. CONTROLLER

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2.2

DESCRIPTION

The sensor detects the temperature signals coming from the furnace and convert them into electrical signals. These electrical signals are send to the Analog to Digital converter .Here analog data are converted into digital data.

These digital signals are send to the parallel to serial Converter for the serial transfer of data. The serial Data output is send to the microcontroller as a input.

Microcontroller compares these incoming digital signals With the reference temperature of the furnace which is Preset and microcontroller will take the appropriate Action according to that. Microcontroller send the Control Signals to each furnace. Thus , furnaces temperature can be Controlled by Microcontroller.

There is a display unit also connected with microcontroller to which microcontroller continuously send the status of the system and by this display unit we can monitor our System continuously for all eight furnace.

To accurately control process temperature without extensive operator involvement, a temperature control system relies upon a controller, which accepts a temperature sensor such as a thermocouple or RTD as input. It compares the actual temperature to the desired control temperature, or setpoint, and provides an output to a control element. The following items should be considered when selecting a controller:

y y y y

Types of input sensor (thermocouple, RTD, or other)and temp. range. Types of output required (eletromech. Relay, analog output) Control algorithm needed (on-off, proportional, PID) Number and types of output (heat, cool, alarm, limit..)

The first step involves a sensor which converts a physical temperature variables to a proportional voltage or current. Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 20

The sensor outputs are in analog form when controller need input in digital form, so we have use analog to digital convertor. Now the digital signal interrupt the controller and according to given program controller will do some task in which it display measured temperature on the pc screen.

Now we use Transistor here because we need sufficient current to turn on the relay. If the temperature is above or below the required temperature which need to be maintain the controller to turn on the relay.

Here in the project max 232 is used for serial data communication and it used to send the data from controller to computer and connector is used to connect the max 232 and computer.

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2.3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG. 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 23

2.4

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

 There is mainly single sided and double sided PCB.  Here we use single sided PCB.  Top layer is known as component layer.  Silk screen layer is mounted on the top layer.  Top layer is shown as below in fig.

FIG. 4 TOP LAYER OF CONTROL CARD

 There is masking on the PCB. Here green color indicates masking and yellow
color indicates non masking.

 To prevent short circuit at the time of soldering we use masking.

 Bottom layer is known as solder layer. Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 24

 At bottom layer there is tinning to prevent circuit from corrosion and for easy
soldering.

 Tinning is the upper layer of the copper.  Bottom layer is shown as below in fig.

FIG. 5 TOP LAYER OF RELAY CARD

 Here we use SMD (Surface Mount Device) component.  Mainly two advantage of SMD component. 1. It requires less space. 2. Because of resistance, capacitance cost down.  Material used for PCB is FR4 (Flame Retardant 4).  Length of PCB is 12 cm.  Width of PCB is 5.5 cm.  Thickness of PCB is 0.2 cm.

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FIG. 6 BOTTOM LAYER OF CONTROL CARD

FIG. 7 BOTTOM LAYER OF RELAY CARD

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2.5

COMPONENT LIST

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

IC AT89s52 ADC 0808 IC 74LS166 555 Timer LM 35 Transistor BC 547 Diode (1N 4007) LM 7805 Heat sink LEDs Push button switch Bug strip Pull up resistor Capacitor(10uf /16 v ) Capacitor(10uf /50 v ) Capacitor(0.1uf) Bulb sockets

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

MAX 232 IC Potentiometer(10k,10tone) Transformer(12/0/12 , 1A) Optocoupler Relay (single contact 12 v dc) DB9s socket 3 pin connector 222 pf Capacitor Resistor (10 k) Resistor (1 k) Resistor(470 E) Capacitor(1000uf /35 v ) Capacitor(100uf /25 v ) Capacitor(10uf /16 v ) Connecter (10 pin) Bulbs (60 watts) Crystal (11.0592MHZ)

TABLE-1

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2.6

COMPONENT STUDY
Here as a part of system planning I have to study about the component

of the project which are used in it. I have to make a list of components first and then I have to compare many of the components and I have to decide which I should use. For this I have studied about so many sensors, analog to digital converter, parallel to serial converter, most of all microcontroller, timers, diodes, transistor, etc..and then I put useful components according to my project requirements in my project.I have also study and then make power supply for my project.here I have study about voltage regulator. Here I understand the need of particular capacitor and resistor also. Here I also study about serial communication via RS232. I have study and learn about closed loop system in detail and types of controller.

2.7

SENSOR STUDY

I can use so many sensors in this type of systems like        RTD  Thermocouple In the industrial application we can use PT100 , RTD and Thermocouple etc. because in the industry there are very high temperature like 800C to 1500C. and for that these sensors are used because they make variations on 50-60C. temperature. It is industrial requirements. LM 35 LM 34 Pt 100 J type K type 18520P

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Because I have to make a model of system and I can create a temperature about maximum 100C, I have choose LM 35 here. It makes variations even 5C temperature , so it is suitable for my application.

LM 35: Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors

Description
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 1/4C at room temperature and 3/4C over a full -55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self heating, less than 0.1C in still air.

LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while theLM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8- lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

Features y y y y Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25C) Rated for full -55 to +150C range Page 29

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y y y y y y y

Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 1/4C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

FIG.8 LM 35

2.8

STUDY OF ADC
Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input

analog voltage (or current) to digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes, such as binary, Gray code or two's complement binary.

After studying many types of analog to digital converter I have choose ADC 0808 in my project because it has some advantages as under:

Features:
Easy interface to all microprocessors Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 30

Operates ratiometrically reference.

or with 5 VDC or analog span adjusted voltage

No zero or full-scale adjust required. 8-channel multiplexer with address logic. OV to 5V input range with single 5V power supply. Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications. Standard hermetic or molded 28-pin DIP package. 28-pin molded chip carrier package. ADCO8O8 equivalent to MM74C949 Resolution-8 Bits Single Supply -5 VDC

Low Power -15 mW Conversion Time -1OO ps

FIG. 9 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ADC 0808 Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 31

2.9

STUDY OF PARALLEL TO SERIAL CONVERTER

Parallel to serial converter is a device which convert incoming parallel digital data

to serial data as output. Because we have limitation of microcontroller having only 40 pins, it is not suitable to use 8 pin of microcontroller for incoming ADC signals. So here we use parallel to serial converter between ADC and microcontroller . Using parallel to serial converter we use only 3 pins of microcontroller for output of ADC .

Here we use 74LS166 parallel to serial converter for serially transmission of data. It is a parallel load 8- bit shift register. Designed with all inputs buffered, the drive requirements are lowered to one 54/74LS standard load.By utilizing input clamping diodes, switching transients are minimized and system design simplified.

The LS166 is a parallel-in or serial-in, serial-out shift register and has a complexity of 77 equivalent gates with gated clock inputs and an overriding clear input. The shift/load input establishes the parallel-in or serial-in mode. When high, this input enables the serial data input and couples the eight flip-flops for serial shifting with each clock pulse. Synchronous loading occurs on the next clock pulse when this is low and the parallel data inputs are enabled. Serial data flow is inhibited during parallel loading.

Clocking is done on the low-to-high level edge of the clock pulse via a two input positive NOR gate, which permits one input to be used as a clock enable or clock inhibit function. Clocking is inhibited when either of the clock inputs are held high,holding either input low enables the other clock input. This will allow the system clock to be free running and the register stopped on command with the other clock input. A change from low-to-high on the clock inhibit input should only be done when the clock input is high. A buffered direct clear input overrides all other inputs, including the clock, and sets all flip-flops to zero. Synchronous Load Parallel to Serial Conversion

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FIG. 10 PIN CONFIGURATION OF 74LS166

2.10

STUDY OF

CONTROLLER

Types of temperature controller y y y y On-off controller Proportional controller PID controller] Depending upon the system to be controlled.

We have used here a on- off controller. ON-OFF Controller :

y y

An on-off controller is the simplest form of temperature control device. The output from the device is either on or off, with no middle state.

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y y y

An on-off controller will switch the output only when the temperature crosses the set point. For the heating control, the output is on when the temperature is below the set point an of above the set point. Since the temperature crosses the set point to change the otput state, the process temperature will be cycling continually,going from below set point to above, and back below. In cases where this cycling occurs rapidly and to prevent damage to contactors and valves, as an on-off differential, or hysteresis , is added to the controller operations.

y y

This differential requires that the temperature exceeds set point by a certain amount before the output will turn off or on again. This controller uses a latching relay, which must be manually reset, and is used to shut down a process when a certain temperature is reached.

Features of ON-OFF Controller: y y y y y y Dual Outputs 4 programmable Lm 35 inputs reverse or direct control power option: 90 to 260 v ac and 10 to 32 v ac/dc easy 4 button set-up Hyper terminal display.

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A MICROCONTROLLER

The basic criteria for choosing a microcontroller suitable for the application are:

1) The first and foremost criterion is that it must meet the task at hand efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a microcontroller-based project, it is seen whether an 8- bit, 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller can best handle the computing needs

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of the task most effectively. Among the other considerations in this category are:

(a) Speed: The highest speed that the microcontroller supports.

(b) Packaging: It may be a 40-pin DIP (dual inline package) or a QFP (quad flat package), or some other packaging format. This is important in terms of space, assembling, and prototyping the end product. (c) Power consumption: This is especially critical for battery-powered products. (d) The number of I/O pins and the timer on the chip. (f) How easy it is to upgrade to higher performance or lower consumption versions. (g) Cost per unit: This is important in terms of the final cost of the product in which a microcontroller is used.

2) The second criterion in choosing a microcontroller is how easy it is to develop products around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, compiler, technical support.

3) The third criterion in choosing a microcontroller is its ready availability in needed quantities both now and in the future. Currently of the leading 8-bit microcontrollers, the 8051 family has the largest number of diversified suppliers. By supplier is meant a producer besides the originator of the microcontroller. In the case of the 8051, this has originated by Intel several companies also currently producing the 8051. Thus the microcontroller AT89S52, satisfying the criterion necessary for the proposed application is chosen for the task.

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2.11

STUDY OF

RELAYS

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.

FIG. 11 SUGER CUBE RELAY Despite the speed of technological developments, some products prove so popular that their key parameters and design features remain virtually unchanged for years. One such product is the sugar cube relay, shown in the figure above, which has proved useful to many designers who needed to switch up to 10A, whilst using relatively little PCB area.

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A relay will switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil in one of three ways:

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1.Normally - open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activate d; the
circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a FORM A contact or make contact.

2.Normally - closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated ; the circuit is connected when relay is inactive. It is also called FORM B contact or break contact

3.Change-over or double-throw contacts control two circuits ; one

normally open

contact and one normally closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form C transfer contact. The following types of relays are commonly encountered:

FIG.12 DIFFERENT TYPE OF RELAY

SPST - Single Pole Single Throw: These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity. SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw: A common terminal connects to either Page 37

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of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total. DPST - Double Pole Single Throw: These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the poles are normally open, normally closed, or one of each. DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw: These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil. QPDT - Quadruple Pole Double Throw: Often referred to as Quad Pole Double Throw, or 4PDT. These have four rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to four SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil, or two DPDT relays. In total, fourteen terminals including the coil.

2.12

STUDY OF

OPTOCOUPLER

An opto-isolator (or optical device, optocoupler,photocoupler,

isolator, optical or photoMOS) is a device that

coupling uses a

short optical transmission path to transfer anelectronic signal between elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a receiver, while keeping them electrically isolated since the electrical signal is converted to a light beam, transferred, then converted back to an electrical signal, there is no need for electrical connection between the source and destination circuits. Isolation between input and output is rated at 7500 Volt peak for 1 second for a typical component costing less than 1 US$ in small quantities. The opto-isolator is simply a package that contains both an infrared light-emitting diode (LED) and a photodetector such as a photosensitive silicon diode, transistor Darlington pair, or silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). The wave-length responses of the two devices are tailored to be as identical as possible to permit the highest measure of

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coupling possible. Other circuitryfor example an output amplifiermay be integrated into the package. An opto-isolator is usually thought of as a single integrated package, but opto-isolation can also be achieved by using separate devices. Digital opto-isolators change the state of their output when the input state changes; analog isolators produce an analog signal which reproduces the input.

FIG.13 OPTOCOUPLER

2.13

TRANSISTOR STUDY
The BC547 is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is

a general-purpose transistor in a small plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors. The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in a small plastic packages. It is used in generalpurpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN generalpurpose transistors.

FIG. 14 TRANSISTOR SYMBOL

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The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters "N" and "P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron mobility is higher than hole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster operation. NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base") between two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter. The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode. One mnemonic device for identifying the symbol for the NPN transistor is "not pointing in." An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode region. In typical operation, the emitter base junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base

FIG. 15 BC547 TRANSISTOR

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CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE DESIGN.
&

PROGRAMMING

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3.1

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL

KEIL Software(Vision3 IDE):

The KEIL C51 Cross Compiler is an ANSI C compiler that was written specifically to generate fast, compact code for the 8051 microcontroller family. The C51 Compiler generates object code that matches the efficiency and speed of assembly programming.

Using a high-level language like C has many advantages over assembly language programming:

1. Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required. 2. Details like register allocation and addressing of the various memory types and data types are managed by the compiler. 3. Programs get a formal structure (which is imposed by the C programming language) and can be divided into separate functions. This contributes to source code reusability as well as better overall application structure. 4. The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves program readability. 5. Programming and program test time is drastically reduced. 6. The C run-time library contains many standard routines such as: formatted output, numeric conversions, and floating point arithmetic. 7. Existing program parts can be more easily induced into new programs because of modular program construction techniques.

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3.2

FLOW CHART

 What is Flow Chart???? A flowchart is a common type of diagram, that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. This diagrammatic representation can give a step-by-step solution to a given problem. Data is represented in these boxes, and arrows connecting them represent flow / direction of flow of data. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. There are two commonly used tools to help to document program logic (the algorithm). These are flowcharts and Pseudocode. Some of the common symbols used in flowcharts are shown below:

FIG. 16 FLOW CHART Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 43

3.3

PROGRAM

#include <REGX51.H> code unsigned char ssd[10]="0123456789"; void chl_increment(); void chl_decrement(); void ref_increment(); void ref_decrement(); void refreshdis(); void delay(unsigned int millisec); void microdelay(); void inputting(); void controll(); unsigned char n; unsigned char chNum=0,ch=0; unsigned char ref[8]={25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25}; unsigned char refMSDdis; unsigned char refLSDdis; unsigned char chl_temp[8]={26,24,26,24,26,24,26,24}; unsigned char tempMSDdis,tempLSDdis; sbit A0=0xA0; //A0,A1,A2 are addresses of analog chl of ADC0808 sbit A1=0xA1; //pin P2.1

sbit A2=0xA2; //pin P2.2 sbit ALE=0xA3; //address lach enable pin P2.3 //start of a to d conversion pin P2.4 //output enable pin P2.5

sbit START=0xA4; sbit SH_LD=0xA5; sbit CLK=0xA6;

//clock to shift data into controller pin P2.6

sbit DATA=0xA7; //data input pin P2.7 Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 44

sbit EOC=0x84; unsigned char chl_count,variabledelay; bit cyclicdis; void main() { TCON=0x40; //timer1 enable to run TMOD=0X20; //timer1 in mode2 TH1= -3; //set baud rate 9600

SCON=0x50; //8-bit UART;baud variable while(1) { /*codes for scaning of ADC .scan all the 8-chl temp. put the datas in chl_temp[8] refresh the display.*/ for(chl_count=0;chl_count<8;chl_count++) { inputting(); } // end of loop

P0=0xFF; n=P0; if(n==0xFE) //1111 1110 press K-1

chl_increment(); if(n==0xFD) //1111 1101 press K-2

chl_decrement(); if(n==0xFB) //1111 1011 press K-3

ref_increment(); if(n==0xF7) //1111 0111 press K-4

ref_decrement(); if(n==0xFC) //1111 1100 press both K-1&K-2

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cyclicdis=1; if(n==0xF3) //1111 0011 press both K-3&K-4

cyclicdis=0; refreshdis(); delay(variabledelay); controll(); //controll the relays } //end of while(1)

//end of main()

void chl_increment() { chNum++; ch=chNum%8; refreshdis(); delay(200); } //to obtain chdata between 0 thro7

void chl_decrement() { chNum--; ch=chNum%8; refreshdis(); delay(200); }

void ref_increment() { ref[ch]++;

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refreshdis(); delay(200); }

void ref_decrement() { ref[ch]--; refreshdis(); delay(200); }

void refreshdis() { if(cyclicdis==1) { chNum++; ch=chNum%8; delay(200); }

refMSDdis=ref[ch]/10; refLSDdis=ref[ch]%10;

//int/int=int

tempMSDdis=chl_temp[ch]/10; tempLSDdis=chl_temp[ch]%10;

SCON=0x00;

SBUF=ssd[ch];

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while(TI==0){} TI=0;

SBUF=ssd[refMSDdis]; while(TI==0){} TI=0;

SBUF=ssd[refLSDdis]; while(TI==0){} TI=0;

SBUF=ssd[tempMSDdis]; while(TI==0){} TI=0;

SBUF=ssd[tempLSDdis]; while(TI==0){} TI=0;

void delay(unsigned int millisec) {

unsigned int loopcount; for(loopcount=0;loopcount<millisec*20;loopcount++) {;} }

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void microdelay() { unsigned char dummy1,dummy2; dummy1=9; dummy2=dummy1/2; }

void inputting() { //LSB is entered first

unsigned char buffer,i,sample; unsigned char mask0[8]={0xFE,0xFD,0xFB,0xF7,0xEF,0xDF,0xBF,0x7 F}; unsigned char mask1[8]={0x01,0x02,0x04,0x08,0x10,0x20,0x40,0x8 0}; SH_LD=1; EOC=1; //preparing P0_4 for input DATA=1; P2=P2|chl_count;//outpiting chl add. to ADC 0000 0000 ALE=0; START=0; ALE=1; //address latch to ADC microdelay(); START=1; //start 'a to d' conversion

microdelay(); //allow delay ALE=0; START=0;

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while(EOC==1) {;} while(EOC==0) {;} CLK=0; SH_LD=0; delay(1); CLK=1; //parallel loading&shifting the bit into controller delay(0); SH_LD=1; buffer=0x00; for(i=0;i<8;i++) { P2_7=1; //preparing P2_7 for inputting //shifting of bits enabled //loading of all tjhe 8 bits into IC166

sample=P2_7; if(sample==0) buffer=buffer & mask0[i]; if(sample==1) buffer=buffer | mask1[i]; CLK=0; microdelay(); CLK=1; microdelay(); P2_7=1; }

chl_temp[chl_count]=buffer; delay(20);

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void controll() { unsigned char i; unsigned char mask0[8]={0xFE,0xFD,0xFB,0xF7,0xEF,0xDF,0xBF,0x7F}; unsigned char mask1[8]={0x01,0x02,0x04,0x08,0x10,0x20,0x40,0x80}; for(i=0;i<8;i++) { if(chl_temp[i]<ref[i]-2) { P1=P1&mask0[i]; }

if(chl_temp[i]>ref[i]+2) { P1=P1|mask1[i]; } } }

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CHAPTER 4

MY EXPERIENCE DURING PROJECT.

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4.1

MY EXPERIENCE DURING PROJECT

It is the first time We have got chance to make a project which can be

useful to industry and have a chance to learn industrial working. It was really a very good experience for us. At the starting time of project we had no idea and no knowledge about practical work in the engineering field.

Working on the project we have learnt so much about practical applications and doing project We have learn soldering, knowledge about many components , PCB designing and so many things. During this project sometimes we have made mistakes also. But because of the mistakes we have learnt so much. And had a experience to work in a group.

 First we have made my circuit on GPB and after successfully running of my circuit we have designed PCB.  During soldering we burnt twice but gradually we became good in soldering and make my designed PCB with clean soldering work.  In power supply unit, we made capacitor power supply but were not reliable in little bit fluctuation. So, we made bridge rectifier power supply, which is more compatible.  During project work we have learnt about different types of capacitors and resistors.  After completing hardware we have tested the whole circuit and make corrections.  During testing sometimes we could not find the trouble. Even sometime we have spent whole day to shoot trouble.  First we give the output of ADC directly to the microcontroller, but we found that it consume 8 pin of microcontroller, then we decide to use parallel to serial converter between them.  During making report of my project we have learnt about so much tiny things about project.

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 we have broken once leg of IC in mounting process then solder it and make testing.  During making model we have learnt to mount bulb socket on acralic plate.  So much things are there which we have learnt during this project.

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CHAPTER 5

USER MANUAL
&

APPLICATION
&

CONCLUSION

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5.1

USER MANUAL

 First mount the all ICs on the IC socket on PCB of control card.  Make sure the all connection are correct and there is no short of wires.  Mount all bulbs on the bulb holders.  Give the power supply to the bulbs.  Make sure that the power supply of control card work properly and reach the power to all components.  Make sure sensors are connected properly with temperature device.  Using multimeter check pins of ADC if signals reach there or not.  Same way check IC 74LS166.  You have to also check out microcontroller pins and connections.  Make sure the relay card has proper connection.  Using multimeter check the IC MAX232.  Connect PC and DBS-9 socket via serial com cable.  Now in your PC follow the following steps.

Start

Program

Accessories

communication Hyper terminal

FIG 17 HYPER TERMINAL

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FIG 18 HYPER TERMINAL

FIG. 19 HYPER TERMINAL

 You can follow the upper steps and get the hyper terminal screen where you can see the output.  If you want to see the status of each furnace individual increment or decrement the channel number from the control card by push buttons K1 and K2 respectively.  If you want to see cyclic display push the switch K1 , K2 together.  You can also set the reference temperature as per your need by push button switch K3 and K4.it can increment or decrement the reference temperature.  If the circuit not giving the output check the all connections and shoot the trouble. Check out the output pin of every IC using multimeter.

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5.2

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE EXPANSION

 Low-cost Program Control of Industrial Furnaces.  Improves Control Performance in Hydraulic Control of Metal Processing Machines and Other Equipment  Ideal for High-precision Testing Equipment for Automotive Parts  Easy Temperature Setting with Infrared Communications Port on Front Panel.

FIG 20 INFRARED COMMUNICATION  Solves Problems in Electronic Component Assembly  Ideal for Increasing the Control Performance of Industrial Hot Air Blowers  Multi-loop Control with a Single Temperature Controller

FIG. 21 TEMP.CONTROLLER

 High Resolution Temperature Measurement  Temperature Control on Bonding, Evaporation and Coil Winding Equipment  Repeated Temperature Fluctuation Control in Furnace Test Equipment Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 58

 Monitoring Temperature of Continuous Firing of Electronic Components  Stable Control of Water Supply and Drainage for Water Tanks  Detects Heater or Sensor Errors in Control Loops during Heating Process.

FIG. 22 APPLICATION OF TEMP.CONTROLLER

 Prevents Rapid Heating for Ceramic Firing Process  Monitors Temperature to Prevent Ignition  Temperature Management for Heating Process

 Monitors Temperature Errors in Greenhouses .

FIG. 23 GREEN HOUSE CONTROL Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 59

 Higher Efficiency for Bread Baking Process  Automated Temperature Adjustments for Furnace  Turbine Power Generation Control  Cooling Water Control for a Spindle Motor  Uses a Master Temperature Controller to Change Set Value of Other  Air Conditioning Temperature Control  Multiple Temperature Control of Food Processing Equipment  Furnace Temperature Control.

FIG. 24 FURNACE TEMP.CONTROL

5.3

CONCLUSION
Making this project we have understood and realize the need of single

channel or multi channel temperature controller in the industrial application. It is very useful project at the industrial level and we can use it for the different purpose by modifying it.

Generally, multi channel temperature controller is used in power plants , furnaces, boiler , ovens, air conditioners, green houses, refrigerator and many more. Its future expansion is also wide.

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APPENDIX-1 DATASHEETS

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A1.1 AT89S52

Features: Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag

Description:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 62

programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

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FIG 25 PIN CONFIGURATION OF AT 89S52

Pin Description: VCC

Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port Pin Alternate Functions P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control) P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)

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P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming) read strobe)

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port Pin Alternate Functions P3.0 RXD (serial input port) P3.1 TXD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external data memory Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 65

RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 66

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 : Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

A1.2

ADC 0808

General Description The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion technique. The converter features a high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R voltage divider with analog switch tree and successive approximation register. The 8-channel multiplexer can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog signals. The device eliminates the need for external zero and fullscale adjustments. Easy interfacing to microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer address inputs and latched TTL TRI-STATE outputs. The design of the ADC0808, ADC0809 has been optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion techniques. The ADC0808, ADC0809 offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features make this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer and automotive applications. For 16- channel multiplexer with common output (sample/hold port) see ADC0816 data sheet. (See AN-247 for more information.)

Features
y y Easy interface to all microprocessors Operates ratiometrically or with 5 VDC or analog span adjusted voltage reference. y y y No zero or full-scale adjust required 8-channel multiplexer with address logic. 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply. Page 67

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y y y

Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications. Standard hermetic or molded 28-pin DIP package. 28-pin molded chip carrier package.

Key Specifications y y y y y Resolution 8 Bits. Total Unadjusted Error g(/2 LSB and g1 LSB. Single Supply 5 VDC. Low Power 15 Mw. Conversion Time 100 ms

FIG 26 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ADC

FIG 27 ADC 0808

PIN OUT OF

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A1.3

74LS166

8-BIT SHIFT REGISTERS

FIG. 28 74LS166 The SN54L/74LS166 is an 8-Bit Shift Register. Designed with all inputs buffered, the drive requirements are lowered to one 54/74LS standard load. By utilizing input clamping diodes, switching transients are minimized and system design simplified. The LS166 is a parallel-in or serial-in, serial-out shift register and has a complexity of 77 equivalent gates with gated clock inputs and an overriding clear input. The shift/load input establishes the parallel-in or serial-in mode. When high, this input enables the serial data input and couples the eight flip-flops for serial shifting with each clock pulse. Synchronous loading occurs on the next clock pulse when this is low and the parallel data inputs are enabled. Serial data flow is inhibited during parallel loading. Clocking is done on the low-to-high level edge of the clock pulse via a two input positive NOR gate, which permits one input to be used as a clock enable or clock inhibit function. Clocking is inhibited when either of the clock inputs are held high, holding either input low enables Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 69

the other clock input. This will allow the system clock to be free running and the register stopped on command with the other clock input. A change from low-to-high on the clock inhibit input should only be done when the clock input is high. A buffered direct clear input overrides all other inputs, including the clock, and sets all flip-flops to zero.

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FIG. 29 LOGIC DIAGRAM

A1.4

LM 35

National Semiconductors LM35 IC has been used for sensing the temperature. It is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC). The temperature can be measured more accurately with it than using a thermistor. The sensor circuitry is seale and not subject to oxidation, etc.

FIG.30 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

General Description The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 1/4C at room temperature and 3/4C over a full -55 to +150C

temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has Charotar Institute of Technology-Changa Page 71

very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to +150C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a -40 to +110C range (-10 with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

Features:

Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guaranteed (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain.

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FIG.31 TEMPERATURE SENSOR CIRCUIT

A1.5 MAX 232

 DUAL EIA-232 DRIVERS/RECEIVERS y Operate With Single 5-V Power Supply y Operate Up to 120 kbit/s y Two Drivers and Two Receivers y 30-V Input Levels y Low Supply Current . . . 8 mA Typical y Designed to be Interchangeable With Maxim MAX232 y ESD Protection Exceeds JESD 22 y 2000-V Human-Body Model (A114-A) y Applications TIA/EIA-232-F Battery-Powered Systems Terminals Modems Computers

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FIG 32 MAX 232

TABLE 2 DESCRIPTION:

FIG 33 LOGIC DIAGRAM

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors 0.1 F in place

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of the 1.0 F capacitors used with the original device. The newer MAX3232 is also backwards compatible, but operates at a broader voltage range, from 3 to 5.5V.

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A1.6 LM555
General Description The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits. Features y y y y y y y y y y Applications y y y y y y y Precision timing Pulse generation Sequential timing Time delay generation Pulse width modulation Pulse position modulation Linear ramp generator FIG 34 LM 555 IC Direct replacement for SE555/NE555 Timing from microseconds through hours Operates in both astable and monostable modes Adjustable duty cycle Output can source or sink 200 Ma. Output and supply TTL compatible Temperature stability better than 0.005% per C Normally on and normally off output Available in 8-pin MSOP package.

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APPENDIX-2 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....

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A2.1

BOOKS

 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTRO by S.K. SINGH Publication: TATA MCGRAW HILL  FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM by R.A.BARAPATE AND BHIDE Publication : Tech-Max Publication  ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND CICUIT THEORY by R.L.BOYLESTAD Publication : Prentice- Hall India

A2.2

WEBSITES

 www.wikipedia.com  www.alldatasheets.com  www.keil.com

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