LED

The study of optical modeling of silicate phosphor for white LED.

:
:

II

III


LED

LED
LED

Abstract
In this thesis, we study the optical model to precisely describe optics and color
distribution of the lights emitted by a blue LED covered with silicate phosphors. The optical
model starts Mie scattering model and Monte Carlo ray tracing to describe the scattering of
the lights when they are propagated in the phosphors, and the ray tracing is performed with
blue and yellow rays. Through simulation and experimental measurement, we have
successfully built an optical model, which can be applied to decide some package parameters
in a white LED and to avoid color dispersion of the light pattern. Besides, we observed some
interesting effects such as thermal decay and re-absorption of the phosphors. These effects
could limit the validity of the optical model and need more study to make the optical model
more correct.

II

LED

NONO
AlanGeorge

III


.................................................................................................................... I
Abstract .............................................................................................................. II
.................................................................................................................. III
.................................................................................................................. IV
.............................................................................................................. VI
............................................................................................................... X
..................................................................................................... 1
1.1

LED .......................................................................................... 1

1.2

............................................................................... 4

1.3

........................................................................................... 5

.............................................................................................. 7
2.1

.................................................................................................. 7

2.2

LED .................................................................................. 7

2.3

............................................................................... 8

2.4

LED ............................................................. 12

2.5

......................................................................................... 13
IV

 ............................................................. 14
3.1

................................................................................................ 14

3.2

............................................................................. 15

3.3

............................................................................. 23

3.5

......................................................................... 33

................................................. 39
4.1

................................................................................................ 39

4.2

LED ........................................................................... 39

4.3

......................................................................... 46

4.4

................................................................................. 49

................................................................................................... 53
......................................................................................................... 54
.................................................................................................. 57


1-1 LED ...................................................................................... 2
1-2 LED ............................................ 5
2-1 (a) (b)[12] .... 8
2-2 () .................. 9
2-3 [14] ................................................................. 10
2-4 (SrBaMg)2SiO4Eu2+ .................................................... 11
2-5 (SrBaMg)2SiO4Eu2+ .................................................... 11
3-1 (w :conversion efficiency factor)....... 14
3-2 ....................................................................... 17
3-3 ....................................................................... 18
3-4 ................................................... 19
3-5 ........................................... 20
3-6 10% ....................................................... 20
3-7 15% ....................................................... 21
3-8 20% ....................................................... 21
3-9 25% ....................................................... 21
3-10 30% ..................................................... 22

VI

 3-11 15% ......................... 22

3-12 ................................................................. 24
3-13 ..................................................... 24
3-14 ..................................................................... 25
3-15 ..................................................................... 25
3-16 ......................................................... 25
3-17 ..................................... 26
3-18 ..................................................................... 27
3-19 ............................................................................. 28
3-20 ............................................................................. 28
3-21 ............................................................................. 29
3-22 ............................................................................. 29
3-23 ......................................................... 30
3-24 ..................................... 32
3-25 ................................................................. 34
3-26 ................................................................. 34
3-27 ..................................... 35
3-28 ..................................... 35
3-29 10% ............................................. 36

VII

 3-30 10% ............................................. 36

3-31 15% ............................................. 37
3-32 15% ............................................. 37
3-33 ..................................................... 38
4-1 ................................................................................ 40
4-2 ................................ 40
4-3 10% 15%.................................... 41
4-4 ............................................................................... 42
4-5 (1) (2) LED ................... 42
4-6 LED.................................................................... 43
4-7 LED ........................................................................... 43
4-8 (1) 10% LED .......................... 44
4-8 (2) 10% LED .................. 44
4-9 10% LED .......................................... 45
4-10 (1) 15% LED ........................ 45
4-10 (2) 15% LED ................ 46
4-11 15% LED ......................................... 46
4-12 .............................................. 47
4-13 .............................................. 47

VIII

 4-14 LED .................................... 48

4-15 .................................................. 49
4-16 YAG [42] ........................... 50
4-17 [13] ............................................................... 51
4-18 ................................................................. 51
4-19 ......................................... 52
4-20 ......................................... 52

IX


1-1 ................................................................................. 3
3-1 ............................................... 26
3-2 ............... 27
3-3 ........................................... 30
3-4 ............................................... 31
3-5 ............................................... 32


1.1 LED

1886

(Light-Emitting Diode, LED)

1906Henry Joseph Round

(SiC)
LED1962
(General Electric, GE) HolonyakLED[1]
LED

LED
1994NichiaShuji Nakamura
GaNLED[2]
LEDLED1-1
1996Yttrium Aluminium
Garnet; YAGphosphor[3]
[4]LED

1-1 LED
LED
Incandescent BulbsFluorescent lamp
Halogen BulbsLED60 lm/W100 lm/W
2


Optoelectronics Industry Development Association; OIDA
LED200775 lm/W[5]
2006150lm/WLED
OIDALED
:

LED
[6]
LED
LED1-11UV
RGB[7]2RGB[8]3
[9]
1-1
Red+Green+Blue LEDs

450 550

650

Blue LED +
yellow phosphor

450 550

Blue LED +
green & red phosphor

650

450 550

650

UV LED +
RGB phosphor

350 450 550 650

UV LEDRGB
UV LED
UV
RGBLED
Color gamut
RGB

LED

LED

1.2
LED
siliconeLED

Correlated Color Temperature; CCT

LED
LED
4

:
[10]1-2

1-2 LED
LED
YAGYAG

LED

LEDLED

1.3

LED

LED


2.1
LED silicate LED
LED

2.2 LED

LED
Electroluminescence LED
semiconductor

PN
[11] P N p-n p-n
junctionPN

energy gap


PN
2-1[12]

2-1 (a) (b)[12]

LED

InGaAlPInGaN

2.3
LEDLEDPhosphorLED
Electroluminescence

Photoluminescence
bulkhost
(SrBaMg)2SiO4 Eu2+ (SrBaMg)2SiO4
8

 doping foreign ion

(SrBaMg)2SiO4 Eu2+ Eu2+ 2-2[13]
incorporated
activator[14]

2-2 ()

sensitizer
co-activator

S0
relax

2-3[14]electron spin stateS 0

10-9~10-3fluorescence
isotropic
S 0
phosphorescence10-3~10
Photoluminescence

2-3 [14]
relaxation
radiative relaxation)nonradiative relaxation

excitation spectrumemission spectrum

10

2-42-5(SrBaMg)2SiO4Eu2+

2-4 (SrBaMg)2SiO4Eu2+

2-5 (SrBaMg)2SiO4Eu2+

11

2.4 LED
LED[15]
DCLE()={WPE}*Lm()*(1)*S(1-)*QE()*POE()

(2-1)

DCLEDown Converter Luminous-Efficacy1

WPEWall Plug Efficiency
WPE=iqe*ext*v
iqe Internal Quantum Efficiency ext Light
Extraction Efficiencyv
WPE
Lm()

(1)absorption efficiency
S(1-)Stokes Shift
h
excitation

hemission

Stokes shift
[16]
450nm/590nm=0.76quantum deficit or quantum
loss

12

365nm/590nm=0.6214%
QE()quantum efficiency
90%[17]POE()package optical efficiency
LED

POE()

2.5
color coordinate
CIE 1931
matching function[18]

13


3.1
LED(Mie
scatter)
Monte-Carlo[19]ASAPAdvanced Systems
Analysis Program, ASAP[20]

3-1

3-1 (w :conversion efficiency factor)

14

3.2

Mie theory
[21]N1 N
x ka

2Na

ak m

k1 N1

k
N

Iincidentunpolarized
rI scatter
I scatter
S11

1
( S11 ) I inci det
k r2

(3-1)

1
2
2
( S1 S 2 )
2

S1
n

S2
n

(3-2)

2n 1
(a n n bn n )
n(n 1)

(3-3)

2n 1
(a n n bn n )
n(n 1)

(3-4)

Pn1

sin

(3-5)

dPn1

(3-6)

Pnm ( ) (1 2 ) m 2

d m Pn ( )

d m

(3-7)

cos
an

(3-8)

m n (mx ) ' n ( x) n ( x) ' n (mx )

m n (mx ) ' n ( x) n ( x) ' n (mx )

(3-9)

15

bn

n (mx ) ' n ( x) m n ( x) ' n (mx )

n (mx ) ' n ( x) m n ( x) ' n (mx )

(3-10)

n ( ) j n ( )

(3-11)

n ( ) hn(1) ( )

(3-12)

yn ( )

Y 1 ( )
2 n 2

(3-13)

hn(1) ( ) j n ( ) iyn ( )

jn ( )

(3-14)

J 1 ( )
2 n 2

(3-15)

kr

(3-16)

(3-1)S11(3-2)(3-16)
()(r)

F fraction obscuration
cross-sectional area3-2

mean free pathF1/F

16

 3-2

[21]

[22]
D50(V)=11m
2~30m3-3

17

 3-3

(W%)
(3-17)
W%

Wp
W p Wa Wb

(3-17)

W pW aAW bB
(density)(mm3)
Vp(3-18)
Wp
V%

Dp
Wp

W W
a b
D p Da Db

Vp
1

(3-18)

Dp=4.3g/cm3ABDa=Db=1 g/cm3
18

Nall(3-18)
Vp(3-19)
N all

Vp

3 3
R
4

(3-19)

R(mm)
F3-3(3-20)
F R 2 N all

(3-20)

[23]
3-43-5

3-4

19

 3-5
3-63-10
10%30%3-1115%

experiment
simulation

1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

330

30

300

60

270

90

240

120

210

150
180

3-6 10%

20

experiment
simulation

0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

330

30

300

60

270

90

240

120

210

150
180

3-7 15%
experiment
0

1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

330

simulation

30

300

60

270

90

240

120

210

150
180

3-8 20%
experiment
0

1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

330

simulation

30

300

60

270

90

240

120

210

150
180

3-9 25%

21

experiment
simulation

0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

330

30

300

60

270

90

240

120

210

150
180

0
experiment
3-10 30%
330

1.2

simulation

30

1.0
0.8
300

0.6

60

0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0

270

90

0.2
0.4
0.6

240

120

0.8
1.0
1.2

210

150
180

3-11 15%
3-103-15

22

[24-26][27]

3.3
[28,29]
[30,31]

isotropic
[32]Bouguer's law
L I I inci det exp( L)
[33]

LED
[34]

Cree EZ700thin GaN

1.27mm1.34mm
23

3-123-13

3-12

3-13
LEDGaN
LambertianGaN
GaN90%
3-143-15
3-16
24

 3-14

3-15
simulation
experiment

Relatived intensity (a.u.)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20

20

40

60

80 100

Radiation angle (deg.)

3-16
LED

25

3-1
LED
10%15%
3-1

3-17

3-18400~495nm
496~800nm
400

Intensity (uW)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

3-17
26

 3-18

(thickness)0.05mm
0.0001g3-2xy
3-193-20

3-2
(W)

(W)

10%

15%

10%

15%

0.2mm

0.00471

0.00358

0.00095

0.00132

0.4mm

0.00339

0.00245

0.00140

0.00172

0.6mm

0.00278

0.00137

0.00166

0.00199

0.8mm

0.00219

0.00091

0.00189

0.00216

1.0mm

0.00169

0.00065

0.00206

0.00219

1.5mm

0.00070

0.00020

0.00227

0.00205

27

10%
15%

Output power (W)

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Thickness (mm)

3-19

0.0024

Output power (W)

0.0022
0.0020
0.0018
0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
0.0008
0.0

10%
15%

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Thickness (mm)

3-20

LED3-213-22

28

 3-21

3-22

3-23[20]

3-3

29

 3-23

3-3
a

10%

15%

0.00471

0.00358

fitting

(0.00471)

(0.00358)

a=1.05

a=1.09

0.00339

0.00245

fitting

(0.00339)

(0.00245)

a=0.83

a=0.98

0.00278

0.00137

fitting

(0.00277)

(0.00137)

a=0.55

a=1.02

0.00219

0.00091

fitting

(0.00220)

(0.00091)

a=0.48

a=0.91

0.2mm

0.4mm

0.6mm

0.8mm

30

1.0mm

1.5mm

0.00169

0.00065

fitting

(0.00168)

(0.00064)

a=0.47

a=0.81

0.00070

0.00020

fitting

0.00070

(0.00020)

a=0.54

a=0.81

0.2mm0.4mm

LED
LED

0.2mm0.4mm
3-4
3-4

10%

15%

0.89

0.51

a (1/mm)

3.4

3-24[20]conversion efficiency factor;

31

CEFF
3-5

3-24

3-5
a

10%

15%

0.00166

0.00199

fitting

(0.00165)

(0.00199)

CEFF=0.60

CEFF=0.59

0.2mm

fitting

0.4mm

fitting

0.6mm

32

0.00189

0.00216

fitting

(0.00189)

(0.00217)

CEFF=0.60

CEFF=0.60

0.00206

0.00219

fitting

(0.00205)

(0.00220)

CEFF=0.58

CEFF=0.59

0.00227

0.00205

fitting

(0.00228)

(0.00204)

CEFF=0.54

CEFF=0.53

0.8mm

1.0mm

1.5mm

CEFF=0.58
stock

stock
450nm590nm0.7630.58
stokes0.763 76%

3.5

3-253-263-25
Sim-B10% Sim-B15% Exp-B10%

33

Exp-B15%3-30Sim-Y10%Sim-Y15%
Exp-Y10%Exp-Y15%

Exp-B10%
Exp-B15%
Sim-B10%
Sim-B15%

0.005

Flux (W)

0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Thickness (mm)

3-25
0.0024
0.0022
0.0020

Flux (W)

0.0018
0.0016
0.0014

Exp-Y10%
Exp-Y15%
Sim-Y10%
Sim-Y15%

0.0012
0.0010
0.0008
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Thickness (mm)

3-26

34

()(
)[35,36] 3-27 3-28

448nm

3-27

3-28
35

3-29 3-32

Relative intensity (a.u.)

0.7

Blue-T
Blue-R
Yellow-T
Yellow-R

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Thickness (mm)

3-29 10%

Relative intensity (a.u.)

0.7

Blue-T
Blue-R
Yellow-T
Yellow-R

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Thickness (mm)

3-30 10%
36

Relative intensity (a.u.)

0.7

Blue-T
Blue-R
Yellow-T
Yellow-R

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Thickness (mm)

3-31 15%

Relative intensity (a.u.)

0.7

Blue-T
Blue-R
Yellow-T
Yellow-R

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Thickness (mm)

3-32 15%
[37,38]
3-33

37

 3-33

38


4.1 LED
LED

4.2 LED
LED LED

LED 20mA
CREE EZ700 [39]
20mA 4-1

39

Relative flux (a.u.)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
300

400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

4-1

448nm
10% 15%
4-2
480nm
750nm 4-3

Relative flux (a.u.)

1.0

10%
15%

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
300

400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

4-2

40

Relative flux (a.u.)

1.0

10%
15%

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
300

400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

4-3 10% 15%

[40-42]
4-4

41

 4-4

4-5
6mm 4-6

(1)

(2)

4-5 (1) (2) LED

42

 4-6 LED

4-7
4-8 4-11
10% 15% 4-8 4-10
4-9 4-11

4-7 LED

43

Relative intensity (a.u.)

1.0

Experiment
Simulation

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

300

400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

4-8 (1) 10% LED

experiment
simualtion

Relative intensity (a.u.)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
300

400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

4-8 (2) 10% LED

44

 4-9 10% LED

Experiment
Simulation

Relative intensity (a.u.)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
300

400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

4-10 (1) 15% LED

45

experiment
simualtion

Relative intensity (a.u.)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
300

400

500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

4-10 (2) 15% LED

4-11 15% LED

4.3

448nm

46


3-31 4-7

Normalized Flux (a.u.)

10%-0.8mm
15%-0.8mm
20%-0.8mm
25%-0.8mm
30%-0.8mm
40%-0.8mm

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850

Wavelength (nm)

Normalized Flux (a.u.)

4-12

25%-0.2mm
25%-0.3mm
25%-0.4mm
25%-0.5mm
25%-0.6mm
25%-0.8mm
25%-1.0mm

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850

Wavelength (nm)

4-13
2-5

47

448nm
LED
4-14 4-15

4-14 LED

48

Normalized Flux (a.u.)

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

Laser
LED

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850

Wavelength (nm)

4-15

4.4

YAG
301505%4-16
[13,43]

49

 4-16 YAG [42]

[13]YAG
4-17

8cm8cm4mm
Thermal couple
448nm

4-18

50

 4-17 [13]

4-18

4-194-20

51


LED

Intensity (uW)

8
27
50
70
90
110
130

0
500

600

700

800

Wavelength (nm)

Normalized Intensity (%)

4-19

100
90
80
70
60
50
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature ()
4-20

52

10%15%

LEDLED

LEDLED

53


[1] N. Holonyak, Jr., and S. F. Bevaqua, Coherent(visible) Light Emission From
Ga(As1xPx) Junctions, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1, 82-83 (1962).
[2] S. Nakamura and G. Fasol, The Blue Laser Diode: GaN vased light emitters and lasers
(Spinger, 1997).
[3] Y. Shimizu, K. Sakano, Y. Noguchi, and T. Moriguchi, Light emitting device having a
nitride compound semiconductor and a phosphor containing a garnet fluorescent
material, United States Patent, US 5998925 (1999).
[4] S. Nakamura, T. Mukai, and M. Senoh, Candela-class high-brightness InGaN/AlGaN
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56


A
absorption efficiency

activator

Bouguers law

C
co-activator

color coordinate

color gamut

conversion efficiency factor; CEFF

Correlated Color Temperature; CCT

cross-sectional area

D
density

diffuse

doping

57

E
Electroluminescence

electron spin state

emission spectrum

energy gap

excitation spectrum

F
fluorescence

Fluorescent lamp

foreign ion

fraction obscuration

GaN

H
Halogen Bulbs

host

Iucandescent Bulbs

Internal Quantum Efficiency

58

isotropic

L
light emitting diode; LED

Light Extraction Efficiency

M
mean free path

Mie Scatter

Mie theory

Monte Carlo

nonradiative relaxation

P
phase scattering function

phosphor

phosphorescence

Photoluminescence

p-n junction

p-n

quantum deficit

59

quantum efficiency

quantum loss

R
radiative relaxation

relaxation

RGB

scatter efficiency

semiconductor
sensitizer

silicate

silicone

Stokes Shift

unpolarized

60