SANYTARY STATUS

Poor hygiene, inadequate quantities and quality of drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities cause millions of the world's poorest people to die from preventable diseases each year. Lack of clean water and sanitation is the important risk factor in terms of global burden of disease, after mal nutrition. Women and children are the main victims. Orissa one of the poorest states of India since 1979. Orissa has a population of closed to 37 million of which 86% live in Rural areas(Census 2001).Less than 20% of the rural population of Orissa has access to protected water, less than 1% to piped water supply, and less than 5% to sanitation. The reason behind chronic poverty and under development in Orissa is due to non-privileges of proper hygiene practice and proper sanitary provision in rural areas India it is found in early 90s that ill-health and loss of productivity life are among the root causes. Over 80% of the instances of morbidity and mortality are caused by unhygienic practice an abysmal attitude towards disposal of human waste and the resultant wide spread contamination of drinking water. Lack of access to safe drinking water is a major cause of ill health and loss of productivity. Phasing water is traditionally is a major chore for women and girl children, adding to their long days of toil equally, if not more not important, for woman is the lack of access to sanitation facilities, especially in the plains and during the monsoon season. Caught in trap rural communities believe that they were destined to ill health and poverty. BISWA has striven to prove that communities can lead a healthy and dignified life by working together to address the issue of water supply and sanitation.

ABOUT BHUBANESWAR
Bhubaneswar is the capital city of the state of Orissa. Renowned as The City of Temples and Tanks and The Cathedral City of India, Bhubaneswar has been a place of religious and cultural efflorescence through the ages and today the city reflects a unique harmony between antiquity and urbanity. On 13th April 1948 Bhubaneswar was declared the capital of Orissa after Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru laid foundation stone for the new capital. In 1954, Dr. Otto Koeinisberger prepared the master plan for the city of Bhubaneswar in close proximity to the old temple town based on the concepts of Neighborhood Planning. This temple metropolis has a rich cultural background and represents the finest manifestations of Kalingan style of temple architecture. Today, it is a bustling administrative, commercial, industrial and religious center merging its intriguing past so uniquely with its modern aspirations. A number of puranas, historical monuments, shrines and other ruins throw ample light on the rich cultural heritage of Bhubaneswar. The name Bhubaneswar comes from the word Thribhuvaneswar which means The Lord of the Universe. The city has a long and interesting history starting from around 261 BC. It was the ancient capital of the kingdom of Kalinga, the greatest of the rulers being Asoka. A major phase in the history of this city was the conquering and rule of the area by Kharavela under whose patronage the twin hills of Khandagiri and Udayagiri became the stronghold of Buddhism and Jainism. Bhubaneswar once had about 7000 temples, shrines and caves propagating faiths of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Being the seat of 'Lord Lingaraj', Bhubaneswar is an

important Hindu pilgrimage center. With the holy city of Puri and the Land of the Sun temple, Konark, it forms the apex of the famous Golden triangle, one of the most important tourist and pilgrimage destinations in India. With a population of 6.5 lakhs (Census 2001), it attracts a tourist population of 3.8 lakhs. The citys role as an important center of tourism, administration, commerce, industry calls for planning environment friendly and sustainable development and for provision of higher quality of life, while the city becomes economically vibrant, socially further equitable and environmentally supportive thereby paving way for making Bhubaneswar an Eco-City. The Central Pollution Control Board had conceptualized Urban Environmental Information System (Urb-ENVIS) and Environmental Profile as a means to compile environmental information and publish them for bringing in awareness and transparency and in developing local dynamics triggering environmental improvement initiatives.

GENERAL INFORMATION
LOCATION
Latitudes Longitudes Altitude Administrative status District Population Urban area Municipal corporation area 2012' N-2025' N 8544'E-8555' E 45 meters above sea level State Capital of Orissa Khurda 6.5 Lakhs 233 sq.km 135 sq.km

Located at a distance of 480 km from Kolkatta and 1,225 km from Chennai, Bhubaneswar is well connected by air with Delhi, Kolkatta, Visakhapatanam, Raipur, Hyderabad, Chennai and Mumbai. It is a major railhead of the southeastern Railways. The National Highway No.5 connecting Kolkatta to Chennai and National Highway No.203 connecting Bhubaneswar to Puri forms the major roadlink. The dumbbell shaped city is growing along the National Highways on the Kolkatta Chennai corridor and also along Cuttak Puri corridor. Bhubaneswar is located southwest of the rivers Mahanadi, Bartarini and Brahmini on the western fringe of the mid-coastal plain. Most parts of Bhubaneswar are covered with latterite soil. It belongs to the old Gondwana landmass of India.

CLIMATE
The climate of Bhubaneswar can be broadly classified into three distinct seasons hot summer, relatively cold winter and the monsoon season. May is the hottest month and December is the coldest month. The maximum rainfall is experienced in the months of June, July and August. 75% of the rainfall is constituted by the south-west monsoon. Prevalent wind direction is from south-west to north-East.

POPULATION
The population of Bhubaneswar is now 9, 04,225 and more, increasing day by day. Bhubaneswar has registered a decadal population growth rate of 0.59% during the period from 1991 to 2011. The Corporation area has grown from 25.9 sq.km in 1951 to 135 sq.km in 2011. The total urban area is spread over 233 sq.km. and more.

Ward-wise population distribution

There exists a large variation in the ward-wise distribution of population density. Based on the ward-wise population distribution, the city can be divided into Very dense area dense areas moderately dense areas, Medium dense areas and Low dense areas on the basis of total residential density.

Occupational structure
The occupational trend suggests that no significant variations have occurred in the occupational pattern over the years during 1961 to 2011. Majority of the people are employed in service sector. There has also not been much change in the workers to non-workers ratio. The major economic activities of the city are trade and commerce, tourism and industrial activity along with associated administrative and educational activities. Declaration of Bhubaneswar as an electronic city has helped to attract non-polluting Information Technology based establishments.

Reserved/ Protected Forests

Bharatpur Reserve Forest, spread over 1,200 acres, is located in the north-west part of the city. This is popularly known for its Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoo. Located about 20 km from Bhubaneswar, Chandaka forest was declared a wildlife scantury since August 1982. Floral diversity is distributed in 6 types viz Secondary moist miscellaneous semi-evergreen forests, Moist Kangada (Xylia xylocarpa) forests, Coastal Sal forests, thorny bamboo brakes (Banusa bambos), Planted teak and Eupatorium scrub. Nandankanan includes a botanical garden, a zoo and the famed white tiger and lion safaris. It houses over 67 varieties of mammals, 18 varieties of reptiles and 81 species of birds. The zoo enjoys a place of pride internationally for the successful breeding of Black panthers, Gharial and White tigers in captivity.

Parks/Open spaces
There are 3 major parks in the city. They are the Indra Gandhi Park spread over an area of 10 acres, Biju Patnaik Park and Gandhi Park. Other smaller parks are the Nalco Square, Nicco Park, Saheed Nagar, JK Park, Dr. Mugherjee Park and VSS Nagar. The

landscaped areas developed in close proximity of historic monuments are also used as park. Kallinga Stadium is an important recreational area covering 125 acres. Problems like dumping of garbage in parks and open spaces are there and needs further attention. There is need to look into the possibilities of upgrading the existing parks and gardens and creating new ones particularly in close association with the residential areas. It has been proposed under the Environmental Management Plan to undertake the upgradation of existing parks and gardens. New parks have been proposed in vacant areas identified and landscaping is envisioned. A massive green belt scheme integrating the Heritage zone, Industrial areas, commercial areas, roadside plantations and plantations near drains will be developed.

Plantations
More than 13700 trees have been planted under the state plan for Bhubaneswar Beautification from 1984 to 1994. Under the state plan for city forest more than 358000 trees and plants have been planted including the plants planted in 1225 Ha for the rehabilitation of Demarcated forest between the years 1994 and 1998. Ekamra Kanan spreads over an area of 512 acres. The Regional Plant Research Centre has been set up here for the development of tissue culture, horticulture, biomass, timber and rare seasonal plants. It can boast of a fine collection of over 5 Lakh plants belonging to 1050 varieties of cacti. Extensive plantation covering the entire city for aesthetics, Landscaping, control of microclimate, pollution control, to provide buffer to historic monuments and industrial areas and traffic corridors is needed. Several areas in Bhubaneswar have potential for developing plantations particularly along the water bodies, in industrial areas, along transportation corridors, around historic monuments and in institutional areas. Various agencies both public and private are playing a very important role in the planting and maintenance of plantations particularly along the transportation corridors. An integrated plan for the environmental improvement of Ekamra Kanan has been prepared under the Environmental management plan by the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board of Orissa. The plan includes the provision of green belt, improvement of traffic and transportation system and management, Urban renewal; improve storm water drainage system etc.

Agricultural lands
The fertile tracts on the banks of the rivers Daya and Kuakhai are used extensively for the production of food grains and vegetables. The river basin areas are under double cropping. Agricultural land is increasingly under the threat of conversion to other landuses and need to be protected.

Rivers Daya and Kuakhai

River Kuakhai with a width varying between 105 to 217 m and a flow of 85 to 105 m3/s and Daya river with a width varying between 111 to 175 and a flow of 55 to 90 m3/s are both designated for outdoor bathing based on the Primary Water Quality Criteria (Designated Best Use). But the actual use to which they are put to is as a source of drinking water with conventional treatment followed by disinfection. The rivers Daya Mhanadi, Daya and Kuakhai are the major sources of water supply to the city that accounts to 182MLD. They also carry storm water and treated sewage. Rivers Kuakhai and Gangua receive about 107.25 MLD of wastewater of which 47.6 MLD is from domestic sources, 29.3 MLD is from industrial sources and 30.35 MLD is from mixed sources.11

Lakes and Ponds

In close association with the numerous temples in Bhubaneswar, there exist many ponds and water tanks. They are believed to have been formed by the removal of mud needed to construct the ramps used to transport the huge building blocks needed for the construction of the temples. There are also many heritage tanks in the city viz Bindusagar pond, Papanasini, Kapileswar, Deepa Tank, Sukhmeswar Tank, Nala Kunda, Paradareswar Pond, Gangajamuna Tank, Kedareswar Tank and Chintamaniswar Tank. The other water bodies in the city include Kanjia Lake in Nandankanan, Chilli Pokhari, Sundarapada Tank, Ekarma Lake, Barmaunda Tank, Sabrsahi Tank, Fishery Tank, Vanivihar Lake, Kandar Pokhari, Pota Pokhari, Sundarpada lake, Hadi Pokhari, Godi Pokhari and Phase I,II,& III tank. Bindusagar is a spring-fed rectangular tank of 450 m length and 320 breadth located near the famous Lingaraja temple. A dip in the pond before entering into the temple complex is associated with religious sentiments. The pond is being used extensively as the dumping site for leftovers of variety of cooked and uncooked food from the near by famous Ananta Vasudev temple. Local residents regularly bath in it and also depend on it for their personal hygiene, recreation and washing clothes. Until recently, the tank has remained practically unmanaged. However, with the direct initiative of the Municipal Corporation, extensive revitalization and cleaning with the purpose of increasing the aesthetic value, decreasing the eutrophication and increasing fish production, has been carried out. The Kedargouri tank is located inside the premises of Kedargouri Temple. The tank is believed to be about 1,000 year old and a great religious sanctity is associated with it. The tank is spring fed. To the west of Kedareswar temple, there is a perennial spring called Dudha Kunda meaning milk tank. Its water is prized for medicinal properties. Behind the Mausima Temple (Rameswar Temple) is the Rameswar Tank. At present, the tank is gaining importance for being one of the recreational spot in Bhubaneswar. The tank is solely fed by rainwater. Vanivihar Lake is a wetland habitat located inside the campus of Utkal University by the side of NH-5. It is a natural and permanent shallow fresh water body with a water spread area of 27,000 sq.m. It is constantly fed by springs in the upstream (Jayadeve Vihar) and the

contaminated by domestic waste water from Jayadev Vihar, Acharya Vihar, Unit-IX Regional Research Lab., Utkal University, Salia Sahi etc.

Commercial areas
Bhubaneswar is an important center for trade and commerce. Handicrafts including silver filigree work, colorful applique work, stone works, woodcarving, patta paintings, brassware, horn works, bamboo work etc occupy a place of importance in the economy of the city and contribute to the earning of foreign exchange. The commercial activities of the city have grown to cater to the needs of the entire region. The major organised commercial areas are located in 13 locations accommodating more than 10,300 commercial establishments. The Central Business activities are located near Rajmahal and Bapuji Nagar, Unit-1 market and Unit-2 Market. Retail markets are mainly located in the residential areas (Surya Kiran Market, Municipal Market, Housing Board market, Market at Station Square etc). Unorganised commercial areas and weekly haats are identified in 34 location accommodating 3,300 commercial establishments employing an estimated 7000 people and mainly having shops made of planks or kiosks.14 The Environmental Management Plan and the Comprehensive development plan of Bhubaneswar proposes the pedestrianisation of commercial areas with provision of appropriate facilities and elements. Collection niches for garbage and proper and hygienic drainage system is proposed to be devised. The Municipal Corporation has been undertaking periodical checking and eviction of commercial encroachments into government property, roads, parks and other open areas.

Institutional areas
The literacy rate in the Urban area of Bhubaneswar suggests that the male literacy rate is 91.99 percentage and the female literacy rate is 82.72 percentage. There are 117 primary schools in the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation area with as much as 714 teachers and 17,450 students. There are 52 Middle schools with 299 teachers and 15853 students. There are also 26,009 students admitted to 57 secondary schools taught by 1,022 teachers within the Municipal Corporation area. Also, there are 21 colleges for general education employing 710 teachers functioning in Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation area. Utkal University is the major institution providing higher education. Apart from these, Bhubaneswar has many educational institutions specializing in computer-based training, entrance-coaching centers etc. Being the administrative capital, Bhubaneswar has many important Public institutions like Sesretariat, AG office, Central Buereau of Investigation etc and has head offices and regional offices of many important organisations and Institutions of public, semi public and private in nature. Some of the important institutions are those of Archeological Survey of India, Bhubaneswar Development authority, Office of Heads of Department, Survey of India, State Archeology Department, Center for Environmental studies, Directorate of Town Planning, Orissa Remote sensing application center, Indian Meteorological Department,

Directorate of Aviation, Orissa Forest Development Corporation, Regional Research Laboratory, Institute of Physics etc.

Hospitals
The medical facilities in the city of Bhubaneswar cater to the needs of the entire region. There are many hospitals, Nursing homes, Dispensaries and health centers functioning in Bhubaneswar. There are about 34 major hospitals, Nursing homes and specialty hospitals in the city.

Water Supply
The Public Health and Engineering Department of the Government of Orissa of the Bhubaneswar Division maintains the water supply of the city through a series of conventional water treatment systems. The method of disinfection is through gas chlorination. The quantity of water supplied amounts to about 200MLD. The major sources of water for domestic and industrial uses are the rivers Kuakhi and Daya apart from springs and ground water. About 40 MLD is extracted from ground water sources.16 Barring some areas near Khandagiri, Baranga, Begunia, Aignia, Ghatika, Sankarpur, Sundarpada and some of the slum areas and the suburban areas that are yet to be covered by the water supply network, the city of Bhubaneswar can boast of a good water supply sysytem. Areas like Jharpada, Rasulgarh, Laxminagar, Old Town, Sastrinagar, Jayadev Vihar, Madhusudan Nagar, Baramunda, Siripur and Jagamara do face problems due to the inadequacy of distribution network.

Electricity
The power distribution throughout the city is controlled and maintained by three electrical divisions of Orissa State Electricity Board, Bhubaneswar Electrical Division, Bhubaneswar City Distribution No.1 and Bhubaneswar City Distribution No.2. The distribution system covering a distance of 1,302 km supplies about 38MW of electricity to the city. The number of consumers including domestic, industrial, street lighting, public water supply and railways is about 62,462. The consumption is found to be 18 MW. As much as 20 MW is lost due to transmission loss, illegal connections and thefts. Power cut of about an hour per day is present through out the city. The electricity to the city is supplied through Chandaka, Mancheswar and Ransinhpur grid stations each with 33 KV supply.

Sewage system
It is estimated that about 118 MLD of sewerage is generated daily by the municipal area of the city.18 The sewerage covered is about 75%. Only about 88 MDL of wastewater is collected. In the absence of an integrated sewage treatment facility, the citys sewage is treated locally by septic tanks, aerated lagoons, oxidation ponds etc. The effluents discharged

to different nallahs flow into the rivers that flow into the Chilka lake, after secondary treatment.

Storm water drainage system

The city has an undulating ridge and valley topology and is covered by number of natural drainage channels. Kuakhai and Daya rivers, girdling the city on the north and the south, control the major drainage pattern of the city. Apart from these a number of open drains run west to east criss-crossing the city, most of which finally joins to form Gangua Nallah. Gangua nallah meets River Daya, There are about 10 open drains in the city discharging wastewater. Gangua nallah is a natural stream that emanates from Gadakhan village and flows between Kuakhai and Daya River and confluence with Daya near Kanti village. Its independent catchment area is 756sq.km and discharges approximately 652 cumecs of water into Daya.

Pollution Control Status

The consciousness to reduce pollution of all forms is very high in the city of Bhubaneswar and various agencies and organisations are taking many efforts to help control pollution.

Industrial Pollution
Bhubaneswar has about 88 industries of which as identified by the Orissa State pollution Control Board, 16 are air polluting and 34 are water polluting. There are 5 units that generate Hazardous waste operating in the city. The major air pollutants from the industries are SPM and NOx. This is mainly because of the consumption of large quantity of coal and coke by the industries. With the declaration of the area as Air pollution Control area, strict restrictions on the use of fossil fuels has been enforced. Bringing more areas under greenery and creation of suitable green buffers to the industrial areas is essential. The declaration of Bhubaneswar as an Electronic city has helped to attract non-polluting electronic and Information Technology based industries and establishments. The state pollution control board proposes that industries using more than 5KW power or having more than 20 workers will not be allowed to function in non-industrial areas and those using more than 1KW and employing more than 5 workers will not be permitted to function in residential areas. Such industries that exist will gradually be relocated. The use of oil, coal, coak and other solid fuels will be discouraged for industrial and commercial purposes. Old vehicles are proposed to be gradually eliminated from the city and fresh registration will be restricted.19 US AEPs clean technology and environmental management CTEMs grant to the Environmental Management Centre of the Indian Chamber of Commerce (EMC-ICC) facilitated workshop on waste minimalisation and pollution prevention in industries in Bhubaneswar.

WASTE DISPOSAL
Bhubaneswar, The newly elected corporators of Bhubaneswar are having their maiden meeting on Friday. But the problem of waste disposal in the city is what they perhaps might not have imagined to see on this agenda. There is however no way out. Hanging on the BMC is Orissa High Courts recent order of contempt proceeding threat on the matter. And the corporation does not know where to dispose of the heaps of wastes, accumulating stinking and polluting. We will place the entire issue before the corporters. Let them take a decision. Why Officials should be held responsible and hauled up for the lapse, if any? asked a senior BMC Official.
The corporation virtually landed in trouble when Orissa High Court on Wednesday took exception to the BMC not paying heed to its earlier order and hinted at initiating contempt proceedings. The issue of waste disposal in Bhubaneswar was taken to the HC sometime back through a PIL. Bhuabaneswar generates about 450 MT of waste every day. Earlier, the BMC had identified Bhuasuni as the dumping yard. But it did not know that the move would be registed by the people taking the matter to the court. Local People contend that waste dumping would pollute the area. The BMC contends that it is not yet fully ready to take the citys entire waste to Bhuasuni as there is no proper road to the place and it would require big fleet of tractors for the purpose. We had moved the court to allow five transfer transit points in the city where the wastes would be deposited before being carried to Bhuasuni area within 48 hours, counselor for BMC Pitambara Acharya said. He said the HC had sometimes ago sent the register general for a spot verification of the proposed transit places and Bhuasuni.I would not know the content of his report submitted to the court. But we have appraised every thing to the court. Acharya said. BMC does not have sufficient resources at the moment to develop the entire infrastructure required for transportation of wastes and their disposal, he added. BMC sources maintained it could not spend money on road building and other necessities for waste disposal without budgetary support. Presently 50 tippers are engaged in carrying wastes to Bhuasuni. But locals are strongly opposing citing pollution problem. The issue has slowly snow balled into a law and order problem, a BMC official.

Waste created in Bhubaneswar

Hospital Waste
About 7,900 kg of biomedical waste is generated in the city per month. Potentially infectious waste produced at the domestic level including dressings, injection syringes,

sanitary napkins and the like are found to enter the municipal solid waste. A private agency named Saniclean Defence has taken up the collection and disposal of biomedical waste generated in various hospitals, dispensaries, Nursing homes and health centers functioning in the city. The biomedical waste is collected scientifically in containers and incinerated. The Capital Hospital has its own biomedical waste disposal facilities.

Hazardous Waste
The details of type of industrial waste, quantity and the waste management technique of the Hazardous waste generating Industry are given in Table. No.3.8.5. There is no separate dumping site identified for the hazardous waste. The waste is often disposed within the premises of the industry. The collection and transportation is carried out manually.

Solid Waste
Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation is responsible for collection, storage, transportation and disposal of solid waste generated within the Bhubaneswar Municipal Area.
Waste generated Per capita Waste Production Recycled points % Collected and recycled/disposed and final dump 35% 300 to 350 Tons 500 grams per day 15% at domestic level 10% at transfer

% Not collected

65%

Due to various factors such as financial constraints, lack of manpower, inadequate collection bins etc the solid waste management has not been effective. The present management practice is limited to collection and disposal into low-lying areas. The rag pickers who work at both primary and final dumping sites in the city contribute to the separation of recyclable solid waste particularly glass, textiles, polyethene bags, and metallic and sell them to Kabadi wala for recycling. The frequency of garbage collection varies depending on the type of locality. The frequency of collection is at least once in a day in busy commercial areas of the CBD area. In the residential, the waste is collected once in 3-7 days. Solid waste problem of the city is proposed to be tackled by the municipality byincreasing the number of vehicles for collection and transportation, by increasing the involvement of residential societies and private agencies. It is also proposed to increase the frequency of collection and to provide adequate bins in residential areas, commercial areas, parks, along road stretches etc.

BIOMEDICAL WASTE DISPOSAL

M/s. Sani Clean Pvt. Limited has set up a Common Biomedical Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility at Tangiapada, Khurda. The said facility has been set up to cater service to different health care units operating in Cuttack , Choudwar, Khurda, Jatni, and Bhubaneswar town. The said facility has been authorised by the Board and is in operation since 2 nd June 2003.

Hazardous Waste Disposal

There are five nos. of Hazardous Waste Generating Units operating in the City. These units generate Battery Waste, ETP Sludge, Used Oil, Used Battery and Chemical Residue type of Hazardous Waste.
Name of the Industry Shakti Battery, Laxmi Sagar, Bhubaneswar Trimurty Paints and Chemicals, Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar Orissa Drugs & Chemicals Ltd., Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar Kurlon Ltd. Chandaka IE, Bhubaneswar Waste Description Battery Waste 1.4 MT Recyclable Sold Residue of Coating 0.18 MT Incinerable Land Residue from Medicine Production ETP Sludge 5.71 MT Disposable Land Disposed Impervious Lined Pit Burnt as such Waste Quantity Waste Type Waste Management

1.0 MT

Disposable Land

Disposed Impervious Lined Pit

Chemical Residue 0.36 MT Disposable Land

Disposed Impervious Lined Pit

Waste Water Sludge During Purification Used Oil

0.5 MT

Disposable Land

Disposed Impervious Lined Pit

Sold to Outside Parties 0.2 MT Recyclable

Used Battery 3 Nos. Used Oil Carriage Repair Workshop, Mancheswar IE, Bhubaneswar Used Battery 2 MT Recyclable 2000 Nos. Recyclable Recyclable

Sold to Outside Parties

Sold to Outside Parties

Sold to Outside Parties

Solid Waste Disposal

The Government of Orissa, India has cleared the construction of the first inter-municipality treatment and landfill facility for municipal solid waste on a public-private partnership (PPP) basis. The Governments decision came a little over a year after PPIAF, together with the Water and Sanitation Programs South Asia office, began assisting the Government with indepth technical assistance. PPIAFs assistance was sought by the Government to assess alternate PPP options and their financial analysis; review legal and regulatory framework; organize stakeholder consultation and communication and capacity building.

Design of the facility Initially catering to the Bhubaneswar and Cuttack municipalities, which account for nearly 30% of municipal solid waste generated in the state, the facility will also accept waste from the neighboring municipal councils of Jatni, Khorda, and Chaudwar, thus covering a population of over 1.8 million people. A private operator, to be identified through a transparent bid process, will be responsible for the design, construction, financing, and operating of the facility, which will be transferred back to Government of Orissa at the end of the concession period. It has been proposed that the municipalities will retain responsibility for collection and transportation, while the private operator will handle tertiary transport, treatment, and disposal for both municipalities on a tipping fee basis. Reaping the Benefits Bhubaneswar and Cuttack currently spend 2.7 million and $3.32 million per annum respectively on solid waste management operations, with no arrangements for treatment and safe disposal. As part of the PPIAF-funded study, the technical and financial assessments undertaken to inform decision making suggest that Cuttack will save more than $100,000 per annum under the proposed initiative, which includes improved systems for collection and transportation of waste, transfer stations, and the integrated treatment and disposal facility. Bhubaneswars costs will rise by approximately $1.79 million per annum. The initiative is expected to enhance municipal financial management by encouraging close monitoring of expenditure and revenues from MSW to meet project costs.