Least Squares Heidler

Least squares estimation of Heidler function parameters
Slavko Vujevic*
, Dino Lovric
y
and Ivica Juric-Grgic
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,
Croatia
SUMMARY
The aim of the proposed paper is to present an effective numerical algorithm for the computation of Heidler
function parameters. The basic six channel-base current quantities can be prescribed: current peak value,
front duration, time to half value, current steepness factor, charge transfer at the striking point and specic
energy. The approximation of the unknown three lightning current parameters for Heidler function is
achieved using the least squares method. For the purpose of better convergence, the Marquardt least squares
method has been applied. The proposed algorithm can be successfully applied for lightning current
modelling in power engineering as well as in research on electromagnetic compatibility. Copyright #
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
key words: lightning current; Heidler function parameters; least squares method; Marquardt method
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, a number of experiments have been conducted with the purpose of directly measuring
and recording the current waveform produced by a lightning strike. The most important data were
accumulated and analysed by Berger, who recorded on top of a telecommunications tower situated on
the mountain San Salvatore in Switzerland [1,2]. Based on this data, a newanalytical function has been
proposed by Heidler in Reference [3]. Avariant of this new analytical function, for a current steepness
factor n 10, has been incorporated in IEC 623051 as the power function recommended for lightning
current modelling in both lightning research and engineering applications [4]. This new function
permits a good separation of the characteristic lightning current quantities.
The computation of all Heidler function parameters simultaneously requires solving a system of
nonlinear equations. In Reference [5], the authors claim that the system of nonlinear equations often
has no real solution, and they instead use a set of approximated functions that represent the current rise
time and current decay time. In this way, they avoid solving the nonlinear integral equations. The
authors then use a graphical algorithm in combination with these approximations to obtain Heidler
function parameters.
In this paper, Heidler function parameters are computed by simultaneously solving a system of two,
three or four nonlinear equations. The numerical algorithm developed is a robust and reliable tool,
which can be used to compute Heidler function parameters for any combination of the input
requirements. Furthermore, with minor modications, this universal numerical algorithm can be used
to compute the parameters of any other lightning current approximation function, for example the often
EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER
Euro. Trans. Electr. Power 2011; 21:329344
Published online 28 April 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/etep.445
*Correspondence to: Slavko Vujevic, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Croatia
y
E-mail: vujevic@fesb.hr
Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
used double exponential approximation. In relation to the prescribed set of lightning current quantities,
four different cases are possible.
2. HEIDLER REPRESENTATION OF THE LIGHTNING CURRENT
According to Reference [4], the lightning current approximation of the rst stroke can be represented
by the plot shown in Figure 1, where I
0
is the current peak value, t
0
is the virtual starting time, t
1
is the
time to 10% of peak value, t
2
is the time to 90% of peak value, t
h
is the total time to half value of the
peak value, t
max
is the time to the peak value, T
1
is the front duration and T
2
is the (virtual) time to half
value.
The current function most frequently used in the lightning research is Heidler function, which can be
expressed by the following equations [35]:
i t
I
0
h
xt yt
I
0
h
x y (1)
x x t
t
t
1

n
1
t
t
1

n
(2)
y y t e
t
t
2
(3)
where h is the correction coefcient of the current peak value, x(t) is the rise function, y(t) is the decay
function, t
1
is the time constant determining current rise-time, t
2
is the time constant determining
current decay-time, and n is the current steepness factor.
Figure 1. Lightning current approximation by Heidler function.
Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Euro. Trans. Electr. Power 2011; 21:329344
DOI: 10.1002/etep
330 S. VUJEVIC
, D. LOVRIC
AND I. JURIC
-GRGIC
3. SET OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

According to Figure 1, the two basic requirements for the estimation of lightning current parameters h,
t
1
and t
2
can be written as:
i 0:9 I
0
for t t
2
(4)
i 0:5 I
0
for t t
h
(5)
Two additional requirements are deduced from the value of the charge transfer at the striking point
Q
0
and the specic energy W
0
:
1
0
i dt Q
0
(6)
1
0
i
2
dt W
0
(7)
The specic energy W
0
represents the energy dissipated by the lightning current in a unit resistance
[4].
From Equations (1) and (4)(7), the following four normalized nonlinear equations are obtained:
R
1

1
0:9 h
x t
2
y t
2
1 0 (8)
R
2

1
0:5 h
x t
h
y t
h
1 0 (9)
R
3

I
0
Q
0
h

1
0
xt yt dt 1 0 (10)
R
4

I
2
0
W
0
h
2

1
0
x
2
t y
2
t dt 1 0 (11)
Integrals in nonlinear Equations (10) and (11) are solved using a combination of the Simpsons rule
for interval t2 [0, t
g
] and analytical integration for t >t
g
:
R
3

I
0
Q
0
h

t
g
0
xt yt dt
....
Simpson
0
s rule
I
0
t
2
Q
0
h
e
tg
t
2
1 (12)
R
4

I
2
0
W
0
h
2

t
g
0
x
2
t y
2
t dt
....
Simpson
0
s rule
I
2
0
t
2
W
0
h
2
2
e
2tg
t
2
1 (13)
where:
t
g
t
1

10
4
n
p
(14)
DOI: 10.1002/etep
HEIDLER FUNCTION PARAMETERS 331
is chosen in such a way that, for t >t
g
, the rise function x(t) %1 and Heidler function (1) can be quite
accurately approximated by:
i t %
I
0
h
yt
I
0
h
e
t
t
2
(15)
According to Equations (2) and (14), the rise function x(t
g
) 0.9999 and Heidler function (1), for
t >t
g
, is approximated by Equation (15) with a percentage error less than 0.01%.
4. LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION OF t
1
AND t
2
In Figure 2, a owchart is presented that describes the estimation of the lightning current parameters h,
t
1
and t
2
introduced by Equations (1)(3). Parameters t
1
and t
2
are computed by the Marquardt least
squares method from the corresponding system of nonlinear equations, while the parameter h is
computed from a linear equation at the beginning of the iterative procedure as well as at the end of each
iteration.
The current steepness factor n, current peak value I
0
, front duration T
1
and time to half value T
2
are
prescribed lightning current quantities for all cases. However, in some cases the charge transfer at the
striking point Q
0
and/or the specic energy W
0
can be additional input data. The estimation of Heidler
function parameters t
1
and t
2
is based on the Marquardt least squares method (also known as
LevenbergMarquardt method) [6,7].
In each rth iteration, the parameters t
max
, h and t
1
have to be computed, where the auxiliary
parameters t
max
and t
1
are computed by solving the corresponding nonlinear equations, while the
coefcient h can be computed using Equation (B.2) derived in Appendix B:
h
r
h
t
max
r
t
1

n
1
t
max
r
t
1

n
e
tmax
r
t
2
(16)
The lightning current parameters t
1
and t
2
can be estimated in four cases depending on the available
input requirements. The requirements described by Equations (4) and (5) are known in all cases, while
the value of the charge transfer at the striking point Q
0
and the specic energy W
0
described by
Equations (6) and (7) are known in some cases. This gives a total of four possible combinations of input
requirements. In all cases, the unknown parameters t
1
and t
2
can be estimated by solving the set of m
nonlinear equations using the least squares method, where one needs to minimize the objective
function representing the sum of squares of several nonlinear functions depending on the input set of
requirements:
S
m
i1
E
2
i
minimum (17)
where:
Case 1: m2; E
1
R
1
and E
2
R
2
Case 2: m3; E
1
R
1,
E
2
R
2
and E
3
R
3
Case 3: m3; E
1
R
1,
E
2
R
2
and E
3
R
4
Case 4: m4; E
1
R
1,
E
2
R
2
, E
3
R
3
and E
4
R
4
The system of nonlinear Equations (8), (9), (12) and (13) is solved simultaneously using the
Marquardt least squares method:
A l D
Dt
1
Dt
2

A 3 D
Dt
1
Dt
2

B (18)
where l is an adjustable positive parameter which is used to control the iteration.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
332 S. VUJEVIC
, D. LOVRIC
AND I. JURIC
-GRGIC
Figure 2. Estimation of the lightning current parameters.

DOI: 10.1002/etep
Observing the left hand side, as l !1, matrix Abecomes insignicant with respect to the dominant
elements of the matrix lD. Consequently, the solution of the current iteration is inuenced only by the
elements of the matrix lD, and this reduces the Marquardt least squares method to the steepest
descents method. On the other hand, if the parameter l ! 0, then the solution of the current iteration is
inuenced only by the elements of the matrix A and this reduces the Marquardt least squares method to
the GaussNewton or generalized least squares method [7]. The steepest descent method is known to
be convergent but slow, while the GaussNewton method is rapid but the convergence is less reliable.
The main advantage of the Marquardt least squares method [6] is the possibility of choosing the
parameter l as to follow the GaussNewton method as much as possible to ensure rapid convergence,
while at the same time retaining certain characteristics of the steepest descent method to prevent
divergence. After a number of numerical experiments, the parameter l was chosen to have the value 3,
which enables rapid and reliable convergence in all cases.
The matrix D is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are identical to the diagonal elements of
matrix A [8,9], which is dened by the following equation:
A J
T
J (19)
where the Jacobian matrix J can be computed approximately:
J
DE
1
Dt
1
DE
1
Dt
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
DE
m
Dt
1
DE
m
Dt
2
(20)
Approximations of partial derivatives are used, and they are computed as follows:
DE
i
Dt
1
E
i
t
1
1; t
2
E
i
t
1
; t
2
; i 1; 2; :::; m (21)
DE
i
Dt
2
E
i
t
1
; t
2
1 E
i
t
1
; t
2
; i 1; 2; :::; m (22)
where m is the index number of Equations (8), (9), (12) and (13) as stated before.
According to the Marquardt least squares method, the matrix on the right hand side in the Equation
(18) is:
B J
T
E
1
E
2
.
.
.
E
m
(23)
The iterations will continue until the conditions for the convergence of parameters t
1
and t
2
are
achieved. In all cases the condition for the convergence of the values of t
1
and t
2
is:
S
m
i1
E
2
i
< 10
14
(24)
where m2 for the rst case, m3 for the second and third cases and m4 for the fourth case. When
this condition is achieved the iteration process is over, and the nal values of parameters t
1
, t
2
and h are
acquired.
5. COMPUTATION OF PARAMETER t
MAX
As presented in Figure 3, the input data for computation of the unknown auxiliary parameter t
max
are
the current steepness factor n and the time constants obtained in the rth iteration
r
t
1
and
r
t
2
.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
334 S. VUJEVIC
, D. LOVRIC
AND I. JURIC
-GRGIC
In each rth and kth iteration, the parameter t

max
can be computed using nonlinear Equation (C.7)
derived in Appendix C:
F
max

k
t
max
r
t
1

n1
k
t
max
r
t
1

n
r
t
2
r
t
1
0 (25)
The nonlinear Equation (25) is solved using a special case of the Marquardt least squares method for
a single nonlinear equation. Analogously, as in Equation (18), it can be stated:
J
2
max
1 l Dt
max
B (26)
where:
B J
max
F
max
(27)
Figure 3. Computation of t
max
.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
In each rth and kth iteration, the Jacobian J
max
can be computed using Equation (C.9) derived in
Appendix C:
J
max

@F
max
@
k
t
max

1
r
t
1
1 n 1
k
t
max
r
t
1

n

(28)
where F
max
is described by Equation (25).
Then the growth of the parameter Dt
max
can be computed by:
Dt
max

F
max
J
max
1 l

F
max
4 J
max
(29)
where l 3.
The value of t
max
for the kth iteration is computed from the following expression:
k
t
max

k1
t
max
Dt
max
(30)
As stated in Equation (30), the value of parameter t
max
will grow in every iteration by the value
of Dt
max
. The iterations will continue until the condition for the convergence of the parameter t
max
is
achieved:
S F
2
max
< 10
14
(31)
6. COMPUTATION OF PARAMETER t
1
The input data for computation of the unknown auxiliary parameter t
1
are the current steepness factor n,
coefcient h and the time constants obtained in the rth iteration
r
t
1
and
r
t
2
. The procedure for
estimating the parameter t
1
is presented in Figure 4.
In each rth and kth iteration, the parameter t
1
can be computed using nonlinear Equation (D.3)
derived in Appendix D:
F
1
0:1 h
k
t
1
r
t
1

n
0:1 h e
k
t
1
r
t
2

0 (32)
The nonlinear Equation (32) can be solved in the same way as described for the
parameter t
max
. Again, in the rst iteration (k 0), the rst step is to assume the value of the
variable t
1
. Analogously, as in Equations (26)(29), the growth of the iteration for the parameter t
1
can
be found from:
Dt
1

F
1
J
1
1 l

F
1
4 J
1
(33)
where l 3.
In each rth and kth iteration, the Jacobian J
1
can be computed using Equation (D.5) derived in
Appendix D:
J
1

@F
1
@
k
t
1

n
r
t
1
k
t
1
r
t
1

n1
0:1 h e
k
t
1
r
t
2

1
r
t
2
k
t
1
r
t
1

n
e
k
t
1
r
t
2
(34)
where F
1
is described by Equation (32).
The value of t
1
for the kth iteration is then computed from the following expression:
k
t
1

k1
t
1
Dt
1
(35)
As presented in Equation (35), the value of parameter t
1
will grow in each iteration by the
value of Dt
1
. The iterations will continue until the condition for the convergence of parameter t
1
is
achieved:
S F
2
1
< 10
14
(36)
DOI: 10.1002/etep
336 S. VUJEVIC
, D. LOVRIC
AND I. JURIC
-GRGIC
7. COMPUTING THE MAXIMUM OF THE CURRENT STEEPNESS

The maximum of the current steepness
di
dt

max
can be computed from the requirement:
d
2
i
dt
2

tt
s
0 (37)
where t
s
is the time when the current derivative attains its maximum. The ow chart of the procedure
for computing the maximum of the current steepness is presented in Figure 5. In the rst step, the
unknown value t
s
is computed using the Marquardt least squares method, while, in the second step, the
maximum of the current steepness can be computed using a simple linear equation.
Figure 4. Computation of t
1
.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
In each kth iteration of the Marquardt least squares method, according to Equations (1)(3) and
Equation (37), the following nonlinear equation F
s
and its Jacobian J
s
can be obtained:
F
s
t
2
2
f
00
2 t
2
f
0
f 0 (38)
J
s

@F
s
@
k
t
s
t
2
2
f
000
2 t
2
f
00
f
0
(39)
where the function f and its derivatives are given by:
f
k
t
s
t
1

n
1
k
t
s
t
1

n
(40)
f
0

n
t
1
k
t
s
t
1

n1
1
k
t
s
t
1

n

2
(41)
Figure 5. Computation of the maximum of the current steepness.
DOI: 10.1002/etep
338 S. VUJEVIC
, D. LOVRIC
AND I. JURIC
-GRGIC
f
00

n
t
2
1
k
t
s
t
1

n2
n 1 n 1
k
t
s
t
1

n
1
k
t
s
t
1

n

3
(42)
f
000

n
t
3
1
k
t
s
t
1

n3
n 2 n 1 4 n
2
1
k
t
s
t
1

n
n 1 n 2
k
t
s
t
1

2n
1
k
t
s
t
1

n

4
(43)
The value of parameter t
s
in each kth iteration can be computed using the following relations:
k
t
s

k1
t
s
Dt
s
(44)
Dt
s

F
s
J
s
1 l

F
s
4 J
s
(45)
where l 3. The iterations will continue until the condition for the convergence of the parameter t
s
is
achieved:
S F
2
s
< 10
14
(46)
Using the computed t
s
, the maximum of the current steepness is given by:
di
dt

tt
s
di
dt

max
I
0
h
f
0

f
t
2

e
ts
t
2
(47)
In Heidler grapho-analytical algorithm [5], the maximum of the current steepness is computed using
the approximation y(t) % 1, where y(t) is decay function dened by Equation (3). However, in this
paper, decay function approximation is not used.
8. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
The following three test cases are shown to illustrate the application of the proposed procedure.
8.1. Example 1
In the following example, the unknown parameters of Heidler function are computed by
simultaneously solving the nonlinear equations E
1
, E
2
, E
3
and E
4
(Case 4). The input data are
taken from Reference [4], and they represent the maximum values of lightning current quantities for
Table I. Computed parameters of Heidler function for 10/350 ms for I
0
200 kA, Q
0
100 C and
W
0
10 MJ/V.
n t
1
(ms) t
2
(ms) h
di
dt

max
kA=ms
3 5.824 463.498 0.936 30.349
4 7.731 468.095 0.940 28.723
5 9.630 470.705 0.941 28.026
6 11.516 472.391 0.940 27.682
7 13.403 473.546 0.938 27.479
8 15.286 474.391 0.935 27.356
9 17.168 475.036 0.933 27.275
10 19.048 475.544 0.930 27.222
11 20.928 475.954 0.927 27.185
12 22.806 476.291 0.924 27.159
13 24.684 476.574 0.921 27.141
14 26.561 476.815 0.917 27.127
15 28.438 477.021 0.914 27.118
DOI: 10.1002/etep
the rst short stroke for Lightning Protection Level I: I
0
200 kA, T
1
/T
2
10/350 ms, Q
0
100 C and
W
0
10 MJ/V. Parameters t
1
, t
2
, h and (di/dt)
max
are computed using a computer program written in
MATLABthat implements the Marquardt least squares method described previously. The results of the
computations are shown in Table I for the current steepness factor n 2 3; 4; :::; 15 f g, while the Heidler
lightning function for n 5, 10, 15 is shown in Figure 6.
8.2. Example 2
In this example, the unknown parameters of Heidler function are computed by simultaneously solving
the nonlinear equations E
1
and E
2
(Case 1). The input data are taken from Reference [4], and they
represent the maximum values of lightning current quantities for the subsequent short stroke for
Lightning Protection Level I: I
0
50 kA, T
1
/T
2
0.25/100 ms. Parameters t
1
, t
2
, h and (di/dt)
max
are
computed using the Marquardt least squares method, as before, and are presented in Table II for the
current steepness factor n 2 3; 4; :::; 15 f g, while the Heidler lightning function for n 5, 10, 15 is
shown in Figure 7.
Figure 6. Heidler representation of the rst short stroke 10/350 ms for I
0
200 kA, Q
0
100 C and
W
0
10 MJ/V.
Table II. Computed parameters of Heidler function of the subsequent stroke 0.25/100 ms for I
0
50 kA.
n t
1
(ms) t
2
(ms) h
di
dt

max
kA=ms
3 0.129 142.442 0.991 328.616
4 0.177 142.777 0.992 303.359
5 0.224 142.955 0.993 292.336
6 0.270 143.064 0.993 286.529
7 0.317 143.137 0.993 283.094
8 0.363 143.189 0.993 280.895
9 0.409 143.228 0.993 279.404
10 0.455 143.258 0.993 278.347
11 0.501 143.282 0.993 277.572
12 0.547 143.302 0.992 276.987
13 0.593 143.318 0.992 276.535
14 0.639 143.332 0.992 276.179
15 0.685 143.343 0.992 275.894
DOI: 10.1002/etep
340 S. VUJEVIC
, D. LOVRIC
AND I. JURIC
-GRGIC
8.3. Example 3
As a nal example, in Table III, a comparison is made between Heidler function parameters computed
by the Heidler grapho-analytical algorithm [5] and those computed by the Marquardt least squares
method for typical subsequent return stroke with input data: I
0
13 kA, n 5 and Q
0
50 mC.
In this case, the results computed by the proposed numerical algorithm and the Heidler grapho-
analytical algorithm [5] are relatively close. Although the relatively close results in this case, Heidler
grapho-analytical algorithm does not enable the separation of the input parameters, while the proposed
numerical algorithm can nd the best estimation of lightning current parameters depending on the used
set of input parameters.
9. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the lightning current parameters of Heidler function are computed using the Marquardt
least squares method to solve several different systems of nonlinear equations. Four cases for obtaining
the lighting current parameters are presented for the chosen set of input parameters. In the rst case,
two nonlinear equations require simultaneous solving, in the second and third cases, there are three
nonlinear equations, and in the fourth case, there are four nonlinear equations to solve simultaneously.
In all cases, four basic input parameters are prescribed, while an additional two input parameters
charge transfer at the striking point and the specic energymay be prescribed. The iterative process
of computing the lightning current parameters is illustrated in detail in four ow charts, which describe
Figure 7. Heidler representation of the subsequent stroke 0.25/100 ms for I
0
50 kA.
Table III. Comparison of the computed Heidler function parameters for typical subsequent return stroke.
h t
1
(ms) t
2
(ms)
Marquardt least squares method 0.837 0.265 3.607
Heidler grapho-analytical algorithm [5] 0.84 0.27 3.5
Percentage difference (%) 0.358 1.887 2.966
DOI: 10.1002/etep
the various segments of the solution process and thus provide general guidance for implementing these
algorithms in a computer program.
The proposed numerical algorithm represents an advancement in relation to the Heidler grapho-
analytical algorithm. The proposed algorithm is much more robust and suitable for software
implementation than the Heidler grapho-analytical algorithm. Besides these advantages, the proposed
numerical algorithm can take into account the specic energy of the lightning strike as an additional
input parameter. This parameter is important in determining the mechanical effects of the lightning
stroke, more specically the thermal effects. Since each of the lightning current parameters tends to
dominate each failure mechanism, introduction of the specic energy as the input parameter is an
advancement in analysing the mechanical effects of lightning strike. Furthermore, disregarding the fact
that this numerical algorithm improves the lightning current parameter computation, it also enables the
separation of the input parameters, while the Heidler grapho-analytical algorithmdoes not allowfor the
separation of the input parameters.
Unlike the Heidler grapho-analytical algorithm, the proposed numerical algorithm can be easily
modied to accommodate the need of computing the parameters of any other lightning current function
approximation used in electric power engineering as well as in research on electromagnetic
compatibility.
REFERENCES
1. Berger K, Anderson RB, Kroninger H. Parameters of lightning ashes. Electra 1975; 41:2337.
2. Anderson RB, Erikson AJ. Lightning parameters for engineering application. Electra 1980; 69:65101.
3. Heidler F, Cvetic J. A class of analytical functions to study the lightning effects associated with the current front.
European Transaction on Electric Power (ETEP) 2002; 12(2):141150.
4. IEC 62305-1: Protection Against Lightning - Part 1: General Principles, 2006.
5. Heidler F, Cvetic J, Stanic BV. Calculation of lightning current parameters. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1999; 14(2):399404.
6. Marquardt DW. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. Journal of the Society for
Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1963; 11(2):431441.
7. Lill SA. Optimization in Action. Academic Press: London, 1976.
8. Vujevic S, Kurtovic M. Direct and iterative automatic interpretation of resistivity sounding data. International Journal
for Engineering Modelling 1992; 5(34):65118.
9. Vujevic S. A combined analysis of earthing grids in karstic soil. PhD Thesis, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture: Split 1994. (in Croatian).
APPENDIX A: NOMENCLATURE
(di/dt)
max
maximum of the current steepness
F
1
starting nonlinear equation for computing the parameter t
1
F
max
max
F
s
s
I
0
current peak value
n current steepness factor
Q
0
charge transfer at the striking point
T
1
front duration
T
2
(virtual) time to half value
t
0
virtual starting time
t
1
time to 10% of peak value
t
2
time to 90% of peak value
t
g
time parameter used for approximation of Heidler function
t
h
total time to half value of the peak value
t
max
time to the peak value
t
s
time when the current derivative attains its maximum
W
0
specic energy
DOI: 10.1002/etep
342 S. VUJEVIC
, D. LOVRIC
AND I. JURIC
-GRGIC
x(t) rise function

y(t) decay function
h correction coefcient of the current peak value
l arbitrarily chosen constant with a positive value
t
1
time constant determining current rise-time
t
2
time constant determining current decay-time
APPENDIX B
The current i(t) attains its peak value I
0
at the time t
max
. After substituting I I
0
and t t
max
in
Equations (1)(3), the following equation is obtained:
I
0

I
0
h

tmax
t1

n
1
tmax
t
1

n
e
tmax
t
2 (B.1)
After dividing both sides of Equation (B.1) by I
0
/h, the equation for computing correction
coefcient h is obtained:
h
tmax
t
1

n
1
tmax
t
1

n
e
tmax
t
2 (B.2)
APPENDIX C
The time derivative of Heidler function described by Equations (1)(3) equals zero for t t
max
when
the lightning current attains its peak value:
di
dt
ttmax
I
0
h

dx
dt
y x
dy
dt

ttmax
0 (C.1)
where the time derivative of the rise function x described by Equation (2) is:
dx
dt

n
t
1
t
t
1

n1
1
t
t
1

n

n
t
1
t
t
1

n1
t
t
1

n
1
t
t
1

n

2

n
t
1
t
t
1

n1
1
t
t
1

n

2
(C.2)
while the time derivative of the decay function y described by Equation (3) is:
dy
dt

1
t
2
e
t
t
2 (C.3)
After substituting Equations (2), (3), (C.2) and (C.3) into Equation (C.1), the following equation for
t t
max
can be obtained:
n
t1
tmax
t1

n1
e
tmax
t
2 1
tmax
t1

n

tmax
t1

n
1
t
2
e
tmax
t
2
1
tmax
t1

n

2
0 (C.4)
The numerator of Equation (C.4), which is equal to zero, can be written in the next form:
e
tmax
t
2
n
t
1
t
max
t
1

n1
t
max
t
1

n
1
t
2
t
max
t
1

2n
1
t
2

0 (C.5)
DOI: 10.1002/etep
From Equation (C.5) follows equation:
t
max
t
1

2n
t
max
t
1

n
n t
2
t
1
t
max
t
1

n1
0 (C.6)
which can be transformed into the next nonlinear equation for computing t
max
:
F
max

t
max
t
1

n1
t
max
t
1

n t
2
t
1
0 (C.7)
The Jacobian J
max
of F
max
is dened by:
J
max

@F
max
@t
max
(C.8)
Substitution of Equation (C.7) into Equation (C.8) and partial differentiation with respect to t
max
yields:
J
max

@F
max
@t
max
n 1
t
1
t
max
t
1

n
1
t
1
1
t
1
1 n 1
t
max
t
1

n

(C.9)
APPENDIX D
The current i(t) attains 10% of the peak current value I
0
at the time t
1
. After substituting I 0.1I
0
and
t t
1
in Equations (1)(3), the following equation is obtained:
0:1 I
0

I
0
h

t
1
t1

n
1
t
1
t1

n
e
t
1
t
2 (D.1)
After dividing both sides of Equation (D.1) by I
0
/h, follows the next equation:
0:1 h
t1
t
1

n
e
t
1
t
2
1
t1
t
1

n
(D.2)
Rearranging the previous expression the next nonlinear equation for computing t
1
is obtained:
F
1
0:1 h
t
1
t
1

n
0:1 h e
t
1
t
2

0 (D.3)
The Jacobian J
1
of F
1
is dened by:
J
1

@F
1
@t
1
(D.4)
Substitution of Equation (D.3) into Equation (D.4) and partial differentiation with respect to t
1
yields:
J
1

@F
1
@t
1
n
t
1
t
1
t
1

n1
0:1 h e
t
1
t
2

1
t
2
t
1
t
1

n
e
t
1
t
2 (D.5)
DOI: 10.1002/etep
344 S. VUJEVIC
, D. LOVRIC
AND I. JURIC
-GRGIC

Least Squares Heidler

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Least Squares Heidler

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Least squares estimation of Heidler function parameters

3. SET OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

Figure 2. Estimation of the lightning current parameters.

In each rth and kth iteration, the parameter t

7. COMPUTING THE MAXIMUM OF THE CURRENT STEEPNESS

x(t) rise function

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