Atlas of Human Anatomy

Plate 1: Bones of the skull.

1. The bones of the skull seen from the front. 2. The bones of the skull, lateral view. 3. The inner wall of the bones of the orbit, and the pterygopalatine fossa and their surroundings. 4. The external wall of the (left) nasal bones with their muscles. 5. The ethmoid bone, by its upper outer surface. 6. The ethmoid bone, from its interior surface. 7. The left palatine bone, from its media surface. 8. The hyoid bone, from the front. 1. The bones of the skull seen from the front. A) Frontal bone. B) Parietal Bone. C) Sphenoid bone, greater wing. D) Temporal bone. E) Zygomatic bone (origin of mm.zygomaticus major and minor). F) Maxilla. G) Nasal bones. H) Mandible. a) Coronal suture. b) Frontal suture. c) Squamus suture. d) Frontal eminence. e) Superciliary ridge (covered by m. corrugator supercilii). f) Glabella. g) Zygomatic process. h) Supraorbital margin. i) Supraorbital notch (or foramen) (for the passage of the supraorbital artery, vein and nerve). k) Frontal bone, nasal process. l) Nasal Spine. m) Nasal process of the maxilla (origin of mm frontalis, orbicularis palpebrum, and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, and zygomaticomaxillary suture and medial palpebral ligament). n) Zygomatic process of the maxilla. o) Alveolar process of the maxilla (origin of mm. compressor, depressor nasi, buccinator,and incisivi labii superioris and inferioris). p) Infraorbital foramen (exit of infraorbital canal carrying the infraorbital artery, vein, and nerve). q) Maxillary depression (origin of m. levator anguli oris). r) Anterior nasal spine (origin of m. orbicularis oris). s) Nasal pyriform aperature. t) Infraorbital margin (covered by the m. orbicularis palpebrum and origin of m. levator labii superioris proprius). u) Fossa of the lacrimal sac. v) Alveolar yokes. w) Maxillary process of the zygomatic bone (origin of m. zygomaticus minor).

x) Frontal of the zygomatic bone. y) Temporal process of the zygomatic bone. z) Zygomaticofacial foramen. (transmits the zygomaticofacial nerve). a)Mentum (chin), external mental spine. b) Mental foramen (exit for the mental artery, vein, and nerve). g) Mandibular angle (beginning of mm masseter and medial pterygoid). d) Mandibular ramus. e) Mastoid process. z)Optic foramen (for the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery). h) Superior orbital fissure. (between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone) (passage for the ophthalmic vein, nn. oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic, and abducens nerves). q) Inferior orbital fissure (between the greater wing of the sphenoid and maxillary bone) (passage for ophthalmic vein, infraorbital nerve, artery, and vein, and cutaneous nerve of the cheek). i) Zygomaticoorbital foramen (transmits zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal brs. to the temporal fossa). 2. The bones of the skull, lateral view. A) Frontal bone. B) Parietal bone. C) Temporal bone. D) Sphenoid bone, greater wing. E) Zygomatic bone. F) Maxilla. G) Nasal bone. H) Mandible. a) Frontal eminence (ossification center). b) Superciliary arch (covered by m. corrugator supercilii). d) Glabella (the frontal sinus behind). e) Supraorbital margin (covered by the external stratum of m. orbicularis palpebrarum). f) Superorbital fissure (in some skulls, a foramen) (passage for supraorbital artery, vein, and nerve). g) Zygomatic process. h) Temporal line. i) Semicircular line (the boundry of the planum semicircular from which m. temporalis originates). k) Coronal suture. l) Parietal eminence. m) Temporal bone, squamous part (origin of m temporalis). n) Temporal bone, mastoid part. o) Temporal bone, mastoid process. p) Mastoid notch or groove. q) External auditory meatus. r) Zygomatic arch (zygomatic process of the temporal bone) (origin of mm.masseter and attrahens auriculae and temporozygomatic suture). s) Zygomatic bone, temporal process. t) Zygomatic bone, frontal process (frontozygomatic

suture). u) Zygomatic bone, maxillary process. v) Zygomaticoorbital foramen (passage for zygomaticofacial nerve of the cheek). w) Maxilla bone, zygomatic process. x) Maxillary depression (origin of the m. levator anguli oris). y) Infraorbital foramen. z) Maxillary tuberosity. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Frontal process or superior maxillary nasal bone. Alveolar process of the maxillary bone, with the alveolar eminences. Pterygoid process, lateral ala (wing). Body of mandible. Spine or external mental protuberance. Mental foramen (exit of inferior alveolar canal, passage for mental artery, vein and nerve). Lateral oblique line (attachment site for buccinator muscle). Alveolar margin with alveolar ridge. Mandibular angle. Coronoid process of the mandible. Mandibular Condylar process. Mandibular notch. Pyriform aperture. Anterior nasal spine. Fossa for the lacrymal sac. Squamous suture. Mastoid suture. Transverse suture.

s) Pterygoid canal (Vidian canal). t) Styloid process. 4. The external wall of the (left) nasal bones with their muscles. A) Frontal bone, frontal part. B) Sphenoid bone, body. C) Pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. D) Palatine bone, perpendicular part. E) Palatine bone, horizontal part. F) Maxillary bone, palatine process. G) Inferior concha, inferior turbinate bone. H) Nasal lamina, ethmoid labyrinth. I) Frontal process (nasalis of the maxillary bone). K) Nasal bone. a) Frontal sinus. b) Ethmoidal sinus. c) Sphenoidal sinus. d) Superior concha, highest turbinate bone. e) Middle concha, middle turbinate bone. f) Pterygopalatine foramen, in the perpendicular part of the palatine bone. g) Pterygoid process, medial wing. h) Pterygoid process, lateral wing. i) Lacrymal canal, exit. k) Incisive canal (for the passage of the nasopalatine artey, vein, and nerve). l) Sulcus for the external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoid nerve. 5. The ethmoid bone, by its upper outer surface. A) Lamina cribrosa (horizontalis). B) Ethmoidal, labryinth. C) Lamina perpendicularis. a) Crista galli. b) Winged processes. c) Foramina cribrosa. d) Lamina papyracea. 6. The ethmoid bone, from its interior surface. A) Labyrinthus ethmoidalis (consists of sinus ethmoidales, lamina papyracea, and lamina nasalis with the middle and superior conchae). B) Lamina perpendicularis. C) Lamina cribrosis. a) Uncinate process. b) Middle concha, middle turbinate of nasal bone. c) Superior concha, upper turbinate of nasal bone. 7. The left palatine bone, from its media surface. A) Perpendicular part (palatine bone). B) Horizontal part.

3. The inner wall of the bones of the orbit, and the pterygopalatine fossa and their surroundings. A. Frontal bone. B. Nasal bone C. Maxillary bone. D. Palatine bone (perpendicular part; pterygopalatine fossa). E. Ethmoidal bone (lamina papyracea). F. Lacrymal bone. G. Sphenoid bone. a) Fossa for lacrymal sac. b) Infraorbital foramen. c) Ethmoidal foramen. e) Maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore). f) Pterygoid process. g) Pterygopalatine canal. h) Pterygopalatine foramen. i) Orbital process, palatine bone. k) Sphenoid process, palatine bone. l) Orbital part of the frontal bone. m) Anterior clinoid process. n) Sella turcica. o) Optic foramen. p) Posterior clinoid process. q) Carotid canal. r) Lingula.

a) Nasal crest. b) Posterior nasal spine. c) Inferior turbinate crest. d) Superior turbinate crest. e) Orbital process. f) Sphenoidal process. g) Pterygopalatine foramen. h) Nasal process. i) Pyramidal process. 8. The hyoid bone, from the front. a) Corpus (body) (transverse line a for m. mylohyoideus, depression, bfor mm. geniohyoid. Support for mm. digastricus, mylo-, genio-, stylo-, sterno-, thyreo-, and omohyoideus, hyoglossus and thyreoideus). b) Greater horn. c) Lesser horn (origin of mm. chondroglossus and chondropharyngeus, ligament stylohyoideus). e) Head of the greater horn (for ligamentum hyothyreoideum).

and nn oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens). n) Foramen rotundum (for maxillary nerve). o) Foramen ovale (for mandibular nerve). p) Foramen spinosum (for middle meningeal artery, occasionally for the lesser superficial petrosal nerve). q) Canal or Hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve (passage for the nerve of the pterygoid canal). r) Internal auditory meatus (passage for acoustic artery, vein, and nerve and the facial nerve). s) Vestibular aqueduct. t) Jugular foramen (passage for internal jugular vein, nn glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory). u) Fossa for the medulla oblongata. v) Clinoid process. w) Anterior condyloid foramen (passage for hypoglossal nerve). x) Posterior condyloid foramen (passage for Santorini emissary vein; often absent). y) Mastoid foramen. z) Foramen magnum (passage for medulla oblongata, accessory nerve, vertebral artery and vein and spinal arteries). a) Sigmoid fossa (a part of the transverse sulcus). b) Internal occipital spine (cruciate eminence). g) Internal occipital ridge (for the falx cerebelli). d) Foramin cecum. e) Ephippium with the clivus. z) Foramen cecum. h) Lingula. q) Transverse sulcus. i) Condyloid process of the occipital bone. 2. The inferior or outer surface of the skull base. A) Palatine process of the maxilla. B) Alveolar processes of the maxilla. C) Maxilla bone. D) Horizontal part of the palatine bone. E) Pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. F) Greater wing of the sphenoid bone. G) Vomer. H) Squamous part of the temporal bone. I) Mastoid part of the temporal bone. K) Petrous portion of the temporal bone. L) Basilar part of the occipital bone. M) Condyloid part of the occipital bone. N) Occipital part of the occipital bone. O) Zygomatic arch. a) Incisive foramen (incisive canal) (passage for nasopalatine artery, vein, and nerve). b) Posterior nasal spine (origin of the uvula). c) Palatine foramen (passage for arteries, veins, and the palatine nerves). d) Medial wing of the pterygoid process (pterygoid hamulus, origin of pterygopharyngeal part of the superior pharyngeal constrictor). e) Pterygoid fossa (origin of medial pterygoid muscle). f) Lateral wing of the pterygoid process (origin of the m

Plate 2: Bones of the skull.

1. The interior base of the skull. 2. The inferior or outer surface of the skull base. 3. The left temporal bone seen from the outside. 4. The left temporal bone inner surface. 5. The os sphenoid, from its upper or its brain surface. 6. The anterior surface of the sphenoid bone. 7. The mandible seen from its anterior surface. 8. The mandible is placed to see the inner surface. 1. The interior base of the skull. A) Frontal bone (orbital part). B) Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. C) Greater wing of the sphenoid bone. D) Squama of the temporal bone. E) Petrous portion of the temporal bone. F) Mastoid process of the temporal bone. G) Occipital part of the occipital bone. H) Basilar part of the occipital bone. I) Lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone. a) Cerebral ridge. b) Digitate impressions. c) Internal frontal spine, located in the longitudinal sulcus and it is attached to the falx cerebri. d) Crista galli is connected to the falx cerebri. e) Foramina cribrosa allowing passage of olfactoria nerve. f) Anterior clinoid process. g) Optic foramen for the passage of the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. h) Middle clinoid process. i) Sella turcica, the fossa for the hypophysis gland. k) Posterior clinoid process. l) Carotid sulcus and exit of the carotid canal. m) Superior orbital fissure (passage for ophthalmic vein,

lateral pterygoid). g) Choanae narium, posterior opening of the nose. h) Foramen ovale (passage for the maxillary nerve). i) Foramen spinosum (passage for middle meningeal artery and lesser superficial petrosal nerve). k) Inferior orbital fissure (between the greater wing of the pterygoid and maxilla; passage of the facial ophthalmic vein, infraorbital artery, vein and nerve and cutaneus nerve of the cheek). l) Articular fossa (for mandibular condyle). m) Articular tubercle. n) Petrotympanic fissure (passage for tympanic artery, chorda tympani and m tensor typani). o) Eustacian tube (Auditory tube). p) External auditory meatus. q) Entrance to the carotid canal (passage for internal carotid artery and the carotid nerve). r) Styloid process (origin for mm stylohyoid, styloglossus, stylopharyngeus and of stylohyoid ligament). s) Stylomastoid foramen (passage for the facial nerve and for the stylomastoid artery). t) Cochlear aquaduct. u) Jugular foramen (passage for internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves). v) Petrosal fossa (for the petrosal ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve). w) Condyle of the occipital bone (connected to the atlas by a hinge joint). x) Anterior condyloid foramen s. hypoglossal canal (passage for the hypoglossal nerve). y) Posterior condyloid foramen (passage for Santorini s emissary vein; often absent). z) Mastoid process (attachment site for mm sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis and mm retahentes auriculae [auricularis posterior]). a) Mastoid incisure (origin of m digastricus). b) Mastoid foramen (passage for an emissary vein of Santorini or posterior meningeal artery). g) External occipital spine. d) External occipital crest (protuberance) (origin of ligamentun nuchae). e) Inferior nuchal line (attachment site for mm rectus capitis posterior major and minor, and supeior capitis oblique). z) Superior nuchal line (attachment site for mm trapezius, digastricus, semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoideus). h) Spinous process (origin of mm tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani). 3. The left temporal bone seen from the outside. A) Squamous part. B) Mastoid part. C) Petrosal part. a) Zygomatic process. b) Articular tubercle. c) Articular fossa.

d) Petrotympanic fissure. e) External auditory meatus. f) Mastoid process. g) Mastoid foramen (stylomastoid ). h) Mastoid incisure (digastric or mastoid groove). 4. The left temporal bone inner surface. A) Squamous part. B) Mastoid part. C) Petrosal part. a) Digitate impressions. b) Juga cerebralia or Cerebral ridge. c) Articular fossa. d) Mastoid process. e) Sigmoid fossa or sigmoid sulcus. f) Mastoid foramen. g) Styloid process. h) Point of the petrous part with opening of carotid canal. i) Internal auditory meatus. k) Petrous margin or angle (posterior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone). l) Vestibular aquduct. m) Arcuate eminence. 5. The os sphenoid, from its upper or its brain surface. A) Body or base. B) Lesser wing or ensiform process of the sphenoid. C) Greater wing (cerebral outer surface). a) Medial clinoid process. b) Sella Turcica, the fossa for the hypophysis gland. c) Posterior clinoid process. d) Carotid sulcus. e) Anterior clinoid process. f) Optic foramen. g) Superior orbital fissure. h) Foramen rotundum. i) Foramen ovale. k) Foramen spinosum. l) Spinous process. m) Lingula. n) Sphenoid crest. o) Superior margin (articulates with the frontal bone). p) Posterior margin (articulates with squamous part of temporal bone). q) Posterior inferior part (placed on the petrus part of the temporal bone). r) Clivus. 6. The anterior surface of the sphenoid bone. A) Body of the sphenoid bone. B) Lesser wing of the sphenoid. C) Greater wing of the sphenoid (orbital surface). D) Pterygoid process.

a) Posterior clinoid process. b) Sella turcica (fossa for the hypophysis). c) Orifice of the sphenoid sinus. d) Sphenoid crest. e) Superior orbital fissure. f) Orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. g) Foramen rotundum. h) Vidian canal (pterygoid canal). i) Spinous process. k) Pterygoid sulcus or palatine sulcus (the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine canal). l) Lateral wing of the pterygoid process. m) Medial wing of the pterygoid process. n) Pterygoid notch. o) Pterygoid hamulus. 7. The mandible seen from its anterior surface. A) Body, horizontal part. B) Ramus. a) Inferior surface of the body; the base (attachment site for mm scalene, quadratus menti, platysma, and digastricus). b) Alveolar margin, with sixteen alveoli. c) External mental protuberance. d) Mental foramen (passage for mental artery, vein, and nerve; exit for the inferior alveolar canal). e) External oblique line (origin for the m buccinator). f) Mandibular angle (insertion for m masseter). g) Condyloid process (from the neck). h) Coronoid process (insertion for m temporalis). i) Semilunar incisure. k) Incisure teeth. l) Canine teeth. m) Molar teeth. 8. The mandible is placed to see the inner surface.

Plate 3: Bones of the trunk.

1. The vertebrae of the thorax, with the cervical, lumbar and shoulder; on the right side and seen from the front. 2. The bones of the pelvis, from its anterior side. 3. Two ribs seen from the lateral and medial sides. 4. The sternum seen from its anterior surface. 5. The right innominate (coxal) bone, seen from within, and through the lines of union of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones. 6. The left pelvis, seen from the outside. 7. The os coccygis seen from the front. 8. The os coccygis seen from behind. 1. The vertebrae of the thorax, with the cervical, lumbar and shoulder; on the right side and seen from the front. a) Atlas, first cervical vertebra. b) Axis (epistropheus), second cervical vertebra. c) Seventh cervical vertebra. d) Vertebral canal. e) Odontoid process of the axis. f) First thoracic vertebra. g) Twelfth thoracic vertebra. h) First lumbar vertebra. i) Fifth lumbar vertebra. k) First (true) rib. l) Seventh (true) rib. m) First false or eighth rib. n) Last (twelfth) rib. o) Manubrium sterni. p) Body of sternum. q) Xiphoid process sterni. r) Clavicle. s) Scapula. t) Glenoid cavity of scapula (for the head of the humerus). 2. The bones of the pelvis, from its anterior side.

A) Body or horizontal part of the mandible. B) Ramus of the mandible. a) Base or inferior surface. b) Alveolar margin. c) Internal mental spine (origin for mm geniohyoid and genioglossus). d) Internal oblique line (origin for mm mylohyoid and for mylopharyngeus or superior pharyngeal constrictor). e) Inferior mandibular angle. f) Condyloid process. g) Coronoid process. h) Semilunar incisure. i) Inferior alveolar foramen (entrance to inferior alveolar canal). k) Mylohyoid sulcus, for the mylohyoid nerve from the inferior alveolar nerve.

A) Sacral bone (os). B) Coxal bone. C) Os ilium. D) Os ischii. E) Os pubis. a) Superior oblique process of sacral bone. b) Body of the sacral bone (with the prominence [sacral vertebral angle]). c) Internal arcuate line (marks true from false pelvis). d) Anterior sacral foramen. e) Internal arcuate line of the ilium. f) Sacro-iliac symphysis. g) Iliac crest. h) Anterior superior iliac spine. i) Anterior inferior iliac spine. k) Anterior semilunar incisure of the iliac bone. l) Ischial spine. m) Iliopectinate tubercle (pubic tubercle). n) Acetabulum.

o) Acetabular lip p) Acetabular notch. q) Obturator foramen. r) Horizontal ramus of the pelvic bone. s) Pubic spine. t) Descending ramus of the pubic bone. u) Symphysis of the pubic bone (beneath, the pubic angle or arch). v) Ascending ramus of the ischial bone. w) Ischial tuberosity. x) Descending ramus of the ischial bone. 3. Two ribs seen from the lateral and medial sides. A) Posterior extremity of rib. B) Body of the rib. C) Anterior extremity of rib. a) Capitulum (head). b) Collum (Neck). c) Tubercle. d) Angle. e) Upper margin. f) Lower margin. g) Outer surface. h) Inner surface. i) Costal sulcus or groove for intercostal artery, vein, and nerve. 4. The sternum seen from its anterior surface. A) Manubrium. B) Body. C) Xiphoid (ensiform) process. a) Superior semilunar incisure (sternal notch). b) Clavicular cavity or notch. c) Notch for 1st rib. d) Notch for 2nd rib. e) Costal notches (articular fovea). f) Lateral semilunar notches. g) Transverse line. h) Suprasternal ossiculum. 5. The right innominate (coxal) bone, seen from within, and through the lines of union of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones. A. Ilium. B. Ischium. C. Pubis. D. Obturator foramen (passage by a small aperature for the obturator artery, vein, and nerve). a) Iliac crest (origin for mm quadratus femoris and latissimous dorsi; with an external lip for m external abdominal oblique, internal lip for m. internal oblique and intermediate line for m transverses abdominus). b) Anterior superior iliac spine (origin for mm sartorius

and tensor fasciae latae). c) Anterior inferior iliac spine (origin for m rectus femoris). d) Posterior superior iliac spine. e) Posterior inferior iliac spine. f) Anterior semilunar notch. g) Posterior semilunar notch. h) Tubercle of the iliac bone. i) Auricular face (formed with the auricular face of the sacral bone of the sacral ilica symphysis). k) Internal arcuate or terminal line (or the line demarking the greater and lesser (or true) pelvis). l) Greater sciatic notch (passage for m piriformis and inferior gluteal artery, vein and nn inferior gluteal, sciatic, and pudendal). m) Body of the ischial bone (with the continuation of the greater sciatic notch). n) Descending ramus of the ischium. o) Ascending ramus of the ischium (origin for mm ischiocavernosus, gracilis, adductor magnus, and transversus prostatae). p) Ischial spine (origin for sacrospinous ligament, mm gemulus superior and coccygeus). q) Ischial tuberosity (origin for sacrotuberous ligament, mm gemulus inferior, quadatus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor magnus, tranverse pernei profundus). r) Lesser sciatic foramen (passage for m obturator internus, artery, vein and internal pudendal nerve). s) Horizontal ramus of the pubic bone. t) Descending ramus of the pubic bone. u) Iliopectineal tuberosity. v) Pubic crest (origin of m pectineus). w) Pubic spine (attachment for the inguinal ligament). x) Pubic symphysis. y) Iliac fossa (inner concave surface of the ilium and the origin of m. internal iliac). 6. The left pelvis, seen from the outside. A) Ilium. B) Ischium. C) Pubis. D) Obturator foramen (passage by a small aperature for the obturator artery, vein, and nerve). E) Acetabulum (for the head of the femoral bone). a) Iliac crest (origin for mm quadratus femoris and latissimous dorsi; with an external lip for m external abdominal oblique, internal lip for m. internal oblique and intermediate line for m transverses abdominus). b) Anterior superior iliac spine (origin for mm sartorius and tensor fasciae latae). c) Anterior inferior iliac spine (origin for m rectus femoris). d) Posterior superior iliac spine. e) Posterior inferior iliac spine. f) Anterior semilunar notch. g) Posterior semilunar notch. h) Tubercle of the iliac bone.

i) Auricular face (formed with the auricular face of the sacral bone of the sacral ilica symphysis). k) Internal arcuate or terminal line (or the line demarking the greater and lesser (or true) pelvis). l) Greater sciatic notch (passage for m piriformis and inferior gluteal artery, vein and nn inferior gluteal, sciatic, and pudendal). m) Body of the ischial bone (with the continuation of the greater sciatic notch). n) Descending ramus of the ischium. o) Ascending ramus of the ischium (origin for mm ischiocavernosus, gracilis, adductor magnus, and transversus prostatae). p) Ischial spine (origin for sacrospinous ligament, mm gemulus superior and coccygeus). q) Ischial tuberosity (origin for sacrotuberous ligament, mm gemulus inferior, quadatus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor magnus, tranverse pernei profundus). r) Lesser sciatic foramen (passage for m obturator internus, artery, vein and internal pudendal nerve). s) Horizontal ramus of the pubic bone. t) Descending ramus of the pubic bone. u) Iliopectineal tuberosity. v) Pubic crest (origin of m pectineus). w) Pubic spine (attachment for the inguinal ligament). x) Pubic symphysis. y) Iliac fossa (inner concave surface of the ilium and the origin of m. internal iliac). a) Acetabular supercilium. b) Lunate face (with two horns). g) Fossa for ligament capitis femoris. d) Acetabular notch. 7. The os coccygis seen from the front. a) d) First to fourth (false) vertebrae. e) Articular cavity ( for the point of the sacral bone). f) Coccygeal cornu. g) Transverse process. 8. The os coccygis seen from behind. a) d) First to fourth (false) vertebrae. e) Articular cavity ( for the point of the sacral bone). f) Coccygeal cornu. g) Transverse process.

8. and 9.A thoracic (fig. 8) and a lumbar (fig. 9) vertebra. 1. The bones of the trunk with the left scapula, seen from the back. a) First cervical vertebra, atlas. (See also figures 2 and 3, 4 and 5.) b) Second cervical vertebra, axis (epistropheus). (See also figures 2 and 3, and 6.) c) Seventh cervical (last) vertebra (vertebra prominens). d) First thoracic vertebra. e) Twelfth (last) thoracic vertebra. f) First lumbar vertebra. g) Fifth (last) lumbar vertebra. h) Spinous process. i) Transverse process. k) Intervertebral foramen. l) First (true) rib. m) Twelfth rib. n) Clavicle. o) Scapula. p) Sacral bone. q) Coccygeal bone. r) Ilium (part of the innominate bone). s) Ischium (part of the innominate bone). t) Pubic bone (part of the innominate [coxal] bone). u) Sacral canal (entrance). v) Superior oblique process of the sacral bone. w) False spinous process. x) Spurious oblique and transverse process. y) Posterior sacral foramina. z) Sacral horn. a) Exit of sacral canal. b) coccygeal horn. g) Iliac crest. d) Posterior superior iliac spine. e) Posterior semilunar incisure of the ilium. z) Posterior inferior iliac spine. h) Greater sciatic notch. q) Semicircular line (superior external arcuate line). i)Arcuate line (inferior arcuate line). k) Acetabulum. l) Descending ramus of the arcuate line. m) Ischial tuberosity. x) Lesser sciatic foramen. p) Obturator foramen. r) Ascending ramus of the ischium. s) Descending ramus of the pubic bone (see also Plate 3, figures 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8). 2. and 3. The first two cervical vertebra, Atlas and Axis, seen from the front and back. a) Atlas (first cervical vertebra). b) Axis (second cervical vertebra) reversed. c) Odontoid process of the axis. d) Condyloid process of the atlas. (See also figures 4 and 5, and 6).

Plate 4: Bones of the trunk.

1. The bones of the trunk with the left scapula, seen from the back. 2. and 3.The first two cervical vertebra, Atlas and Axis, seen from the front and back. 4. and 5.The first cervical vertebra, Atlas, seen from above and behind and from below. 6. The second cervical vertebra, axis, seen from the front. 7. This figure is of a cervical vertebra seen from the front.

4. and 5. The first cervical vertebra, Atlas, seen from above and behind and from below. a) Anterior arch of the atlas (attachment site for rectus capitis anterior minor, anterior atlanto-occipital ligament). b) Posterior arch. c) Lateral mass. d) Posterior tubercle of the atlas (origin of rectus capitis posterior minor). e) Fovea dentis atlantis. f) Condyloid fossa of the superior oblique process (formed by the condyle of the occipital bone; a hinge joint). g) Transverse atlantic process (attachment site for mm rectus capitis lateralis, superior and inferior capitis oblique). h) Vertebral foramen (transverse foramen) (vertebral canal for the vertebral artery. i) Groove for the vertebral artery. k) Lateral tubercle for ligamentum transversum. (lig. Cruciforme atlantis). l) Vertebral foramen or canal. m) Anterior atlantic tubercle (attachment for m. longus colli, and anterior longitudinal ligament). n) Superficial articular site for the axis. 6. The second cervical vertebra, axis, seen from the front. a) Body of the axis. b) Odontoin process. c) Neck of the odontoid process. d) Fovea for dentis atlantis. e) Apex of the odontoid process. f) Superior oblique process (it forms, with the atlas, a rotation joint). g) Inferior oblique process. h) Transverse process, with the vertebral foramen or vertebral canal for the vertebral canal. 7. This figure is of a cervical vertebra seen from the front. a) Body. b) Arch. c) Spinous process (short and broad). d) Notch in the spinous process for ligamentum nuchae. e) Transverse process (broad, with a groove and hole). f) Superior oblique process (above the continuation of the joint). g) Vertebral foramen (the 7 vertebral foramina for the vertebral arteries and veins. h) Spinal foramen and canal. 8. and 9. A thoracic (fig. 8) and a lumbar (fig. 9) vertebra. a) Body. b) Arch. c) Vertebral notch (forms an intervertebral foramen for spinal nerves and branches of spinal arteries).

d) Spinous process. e) Transverse process. f) Joint surface for a rib tubercle. g) Superior oblique process.

Plate 5: Bones of the upper limb.

1. The left clavicle from the front and above. 2. The left clavicle, showing its inferior and posterior surface. 3. The left scapula, from its posterior or outer surface. 4. The left scapula seen from anterior face or the medial side. 5. The left scapula seen from the front and outside. 6. The left humerus (os brachii), is seen from the posterior or dorsal surface. 7. The left humerus seen from the front or volar (palmar) side. 8. The left ulna seen from behind or from its dorsal surface. 9. The left ulna seen from the volar surface. 10. The left radius seen from the volar surface. 11. The left radius seen from its outer side or dorsum. 12. The bones of the right hand and their assemblage seen from the dorsal surface. 13. Carpal and metacarpal bones seen from the posterior or dorsal surface. 14. The bones of the left carpus and hand viewed from the palmar or volar side. 15. The bones of the left carpus (upper row) seen from their volar surface. 16. The bones of the left carpus (lower row) seen from the metacarpal surface. 17. The upper row of carpal bones seen from their distal or digitial surfaces. 18. The lower row of carpal bones of the left hand from their digital surfaces. 1. The left clavicle from the front and above. a) Body or diaphysis. b) Sternal or medial end (thick, triangular and lies in the clavicular notches of the manubrium sterni; origin of mm pectoralis major and sternocleidomastoideus). c) Acromial or scapular end (flat and broad, united with the acromion scapulae; Insertion of mm triangularis and deltoideus. d) Superficial articular end to be joined to the acromion. 2. The left clavicle, showing its inferior and posterior surface. a) Body, with a rough line for the m subclavius. b) Sternal end with articular surface. c) Conoid tubercle. d) Impression of the costoclavicular ligament. e) Acromial articular surface.

3. The left scapula, from its posterior or outer surface. a) Supraspinous fossa (origin for the supraspinous muscle). b) Infraspinous fossa (origin for the infraspinous muscle). c) Scapular spine with its superior and inferior lip (insertion for mm trapezius and deltoideus). d) Acromion (insertion for mm trapezius and deltoideus). e) Glenoid surface (acromial clavicular extremity). f) Coracoid process (insertion for ligaments trapezoideum, conoidium, and coraco-acromial; mm pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and short head of biceps brachii). g) Scapular notch (ligamentum transversum forms a foramenfor the suprascapular artery and vein and suprascapular nerve). h) Superior margin, upper edge (origin for m omohyoideus). i) Superior angle (insertion for m levator [anguli] scapulae). k) Posterior scapular margin, with lateral and medial lip (insertion for mm rhomboideus minor and levator scapulae). l) Inferior angle (occasional origin of latissimus dorsi). m) Lateral margin (origin for mm teres major and minor and triceps). n) Scapular condyle s. anterior angle. o) Neck with the notch of the scapular neck. p) Glenoid cavity, for the humeral head. 4. The left scapula seen from anterior face or the medial side. a) Subscapular fossa (origin for m subscapularis). b) Articular capsule. c) Glenoid cavity (for the head of the humerus). d) Glenoid lip (origin for glenohumeral ligament). e) Acromion. f) Surface for the acromial extremity. g) Coracoid process (coracoid-acromial ligament) h) Scapular notch. i) Superior margin. k) Superior angle. l) Medial border. m) Inferior angle. n) Lateral border. o) Tuberosity (for the origin of the long head of the triceps muscle). 5. The left scapula seen from the front and outside. a) Glenoid cavity (for the head of the humerus). b) Glenoid lip. c) Lateral border. d) Inferior angle.

e) Scapular spine. f) Acromion. g) Supraspinous fossa. h) Superior angle. i) Coracoid process. k) Tuberosity, for the long head of m. biceps brachii (neck of scapula). l) Subscapular fossa. 6. The left humerus (os brachii), is seen from the posterior or dorsal surface. a) Head of the humerus. b) Greater tubercle of humerus. c) Neck of the humerus (insertion of capsular ligament). d) Body of the humerus, diaphysis. e) Groove for radial nerve. f) Margin of medial angle (origin for m. triceps, medial head). g) Medial condyle (flexor) (with groove for ulnar nerve and origin for mm pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis and ligament laterale internum). h) Lateral condyle (extensor) (origin for mm triceps, lateral head, supinator longus and brevis, extensor carpi radialis and brevis, extensors digitorum and for ligament laterale externum). i) Trochlea of humerus. k) Olecranon fossa. 7. The left humerus seen from the front or volar (palmar) side. a) Humeral head. b) Humeral neck. c) Greater tubercle (insertion for mm supra- and infraspinatus and teres minor). d) Lesser tubercle (insertion for m subcapsularis). e) Intertubercular sulcus (passage for tendon for long head of biceps). f) Crest of the lesser tubercle (insertion mm teres major, lattisimus dorsi, and coracobrachialis). g) Crest of the greater tubercle (insertion for mm deltoideus and pectoralis major. h) Body, diaphysis of humerus (origin for m brachialis). i) Medial margin. k) Insertion of muscle brachioradialis. l) Medial epicondyle (origin of mm flexores and m palmaris longus). m) Lateral epicondyle. n) Humeral elbow joint. o) Trochlea of humerus. p) Trochlear groove. q) Capitulum. r) Radial fossa.

8. The left ulna seen from behind or from its dorsal surface. a) Olecranon. b) Coronoid process. c) Olecranon fossa. d) Body of ulna (site of origin of extensor indicis). e) Medial angle (site of origin of extensor pollicis longus). f) Lateral angle (site of origin of flexor pollicis longus). g) Capitulum, head of ulna. h) Styloid process. 9. The left ulna seen from the volar surface. a) Olecranon. b) Coronoid process. c) Trochlear notch. d) Radial notch (for the radial capitulum). e) Body. f) Ulnar head. g) Styloid process. 10. The left radius seen from the volar surface. a) Head of the radius. b) Glenoid cavity. c) Circumferential articular surface. d) Neck of radius. e) Radial tuberosity (insertion site of m biceps brachii). f) Body of the radius. g) Distal extremity of the radius. h) Styloid process of radius. i) Ulnar notch. k) Distal glenoid cavity. l) Radial crest. 11. The left radius seen from its outer side or dorsum. a) Capitulum of radius. b) Circumferential articular surface. c) Neck of radius. d) Body of radius. e) Radial crest. f) Distal radial extremity. g) Styloid process, depression for mm abductor longus and extensor pollicis brevis. h) Ulnar notch. i) glenoid notch. 12. The bones of the right hand and their assemblage seen from the dorsal surface. A) Carpal bones. B) metacarpal bones C) Phalanges. a) Os Scaphoid. b) Os Lunate. c) Os Triquetrum.

d) Os Trapezium. e) Os Trapezoid. f) Os Capitate. g) Os Hamate. h) Os metacarpal (pollicis). i) Os metacarpal (indicis). k) Os metacarpal (middle). l) Os metacarpal (ring). m) Os metacarpal (digiti minimi) quintum. n) Os Metacarpal, distal end. o) Os Metacarpal bones, proximal ends. p) Os phalangi I, pollicis. q) Os phalangi II, pollicis. r) Ossa phalangium I. s) Ossa phalangium II. t) Ossa phalangium III. 13. Carpal and metacarpal bones seen from the posterior or dorsal surface. a) Os scaphoid. b) Os Lunate. c) Os Triquetrum. d) Os Pisiform. e) Os Trapezium. f) Os Trapezoid. g) Os Capitate. h) Os Hamate. i) Ossa metacarpi. k) Ossa metacarpi, bases. l) Ossa metacarpi, heads. m) Ossa Sesamoids. 14. The bones of the left carpus and hand viewed from the palmar or volar side. a) Os scaphoid. b) Os Lunate. c) Os Triquetrum. d) Os Pisiform. e) Os Trapezium. f) Os Trapezoid. g) Os Capitate. h) Os Hamate. i) Os Hamate, hamulus or hook of. k) Ossa metacarpi. l) Ossa metacarpi, bases. m) Ossa metacarpi, heads. 15. The bones of the left carpus (upper row) seen from their volar surface. a) Os Scaphoid. b) Os Lunate. c) Os triquetrum. d) Os Pisiform. e) Os Trapezium. f) Os Hamate, hook of.

g) Radial carpal eminence I. h) Radial carpal eminence II. i) Ulnar carpal eminence I. k) Ulnar carpal eminence II. 16. The bones of the left carpus (lower row) seen from the metacarpal surface. a) Os Trapezium. b) Os trapezoid. c) Os Capitate. d) Os Hamate. e) Os Hamate, hook of. 17. The upper row of carpal bones seen from their distal or digitial surfaces. a) Os Scaphoid. b) Os Lunate. c) Os Triquetrum. d) Os Pisiform. 18. The lower row of carpal bones of the left hand from their digital surfaces. a) Os Trapezium. b) Oz Trapezoid. c) Os Capitate. d) Os Hamate. e) Os Hamate, hook of. f). Os Pisiform.

c) Femoral neck. d) Greater trochanter (insertion site for mm gluteus medius and minimus, piriformis, gemelli, obturator and quadratus femoris). e) Lesser trochanter (insertion site for mm psoas major and internal iliac. f) Anterior intertrochanteric line (origin for m vastus lateralis). g) Body (or diaphysis). h) Lateral femoral condyle (origin for m popliteus and plantaris). i) Medial femoral condyle (origin for the medial head of gastrocnemius). k) Articular groove for the patella. 2. This figure is of the left femur (os femoris) from its posterior or dorsal surface. a) Head of the femoral bone (bound to the Acetabulum an enarthosis). b) Femoral head fossa for the round ligament. c) Femoral neck. d) Greater trochanter (insertion site for mm gluteus medius and minimus, piriformis, gemelli, obturator and quadratus femoris). e) Lesser trochanter (insertion site for mm psoas major and internal iliac). f) Posterior intertrochanteric line (insertion for m quadratus femoris). g) Upper limb of the linea aspera. h) Linea aspera (insertion for pecineus, gluteus maximus, femoral adductors, vasti and adductor brevis). i) Lower limb of the linea aspera. k) Femoral body. l) Popliteal fossa. m) Lateral condyle. n) Medial condyle. o) Intercondylar fossa. 3. The left patella from the volar or anterior surface. a) Base of the patella. b) Body. c) Apex. d) Medial margin (edge). e) Lateral margin (edge). 4. The left patellar inner or posterior surface. a) Base. b) Body. c) Medial margin. d) Lateral margin. e) Superior articular surface. 5. The left tibia seen from the anterior or volar surface. a) Medial condyle. b) Lateral condyle.

Plate 6: Bones of the lower limb.

1. The left femur (os femoris) from its anterior (volar) surface. 2. The left femur (os femoris) from its posterior or dorsal surface. 3. The left patella from the volar or anterior surface. 4. The left patellar inner or posterior surface. 5. The left tibia seen from the anterior or volar surface. 6. Posterior surface of the left tibia. 7. The left fibula seen from the posterior or the dorsal surface. 8. The left fibula seen from behind (or the dorsal surface). 9. The bones of the right foot from their articular surfaces. 10. The bones of the right foot from their plantar or ventral surface. 11. The ossa tarsi and metatarsi, of the left foot, from the ventral or plantar surface. 12. The tarsal and metatarsal bones of the left foot from their plantar and anterior (or sole) surface. 1. The left femur (os femoris) from its anterior (volar) surface. a) Head of the femoral bone (bound to the Acetabulum an enarthosis). b) Femoral head fossa for the round ligament.

c) Medial condylar cavity. d) Lateral condylar cavity. e) Intercondylar eminence (insertion for cruciate ligaments). f) Superfical peroneal glenoid (socket) (for the fibular head). g) Tibial spine s tuberosity (insertion site for patellar ligament). h) Tibial body. i) Tibial crest (sharp anterior edge). k) Fibular notch (for the lower end of the fibula). l) Articular fossa for the talus. m) Medial malleolus (with two rims, one for the tendons of mm tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus, and the other for m flexor hallucis longus). n) Inner (medial) surface (for m extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis. 6. Posterior surface of the left tibia. a) Medial condyle. b) Lateral condyle. c) Medial condylar cavity. d) Lateral condylar cavity. e) Intercondylar eminence (insertion for cruciate ligaments). f) Superfical peroneal glenoid (socket) (for the fibular head). g) Oblique line of the tibia (insertion site for mm popliteus and plantaris and soleus. h) Body, posterior surface. i) Medial malleolus. k) Fibular notch. l) Groove for mm tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus. 7. The left fibula seen from the posterior or the dorsal surface. a) Fibular head. b) Superficial articular surface (lying adjacent to the lateral condyle of the tibia). c) Body (or diaphysis) of fibula. d) Lateral malleolus (attachment site for tibiofibular ligaments). e) Tibial joint surface. f) Surface of fibula adjacent to the lateral side of the talus. 8. The left fibula seen from behind (or the dorsal surface). a) Fibular head. b) Superficial articular surface (lying adjacent to the lateral condyle of the tibia). c) Body (or diaphysis) of fibula. d) Lateral malleolus (attachment site for tibiofibular ligaments). e) Tibial joint surface. f) Surface of fibula adjacent to the lateral side of the talus.

9. The bones of the right foot from their articular surfaces. a) Talus. b) Calcaneus. c) Os navicular. d) Os cuneiform, I. e) Os cuneiform, II. f) Os cuneiform, III. g) Os cuboid. h) Os metatarsal of the great toe. i) Ossa metatarsal bones. k) Os phalanx I, great toe. l) Os phalanx II, great toe. m) Ossa phalangum, I. n) Ossa phalangum, II. o) Ossa phalangum, III. 10. The bones of the right foot from their plantar or ventral surface. a) Talus. b) Calcaneus. c) Os navicular. d) Os cuneiform, I. e) Os cuneiform, II. f) Os cuneiform, III. g) Os cuboid. h) Os metatarsal of the great toe. i) Ossa metatarsal bones. k) Os phalanx I, great toe. l) Os phalanx II, great toe. m) Ossa phalangum, I. n) Ossa phalangum, II. o) Ossa phalangum, III. 11. The ossa tarsi and metatarsi, of the left foot, from the ventral or plantar surface. I) Talus. a) Body. b) Neck. c) Head. d) Superior condylar surface. II) Calcaneus. e) Body f) Tuberosity g) Fibular (peroneal) trochlea (anterior process). h) Posteror talar articular surface. i) Middle talar articular surface. k) Lateral articular surface (for the head of the talus). l) Anterior talar articular surface. III) Os Navicular

m) Tuberosity of the navicular bone (for the insertion of m tibialis posterior). IV) Os cuneiform, I. V) Os cuneiform, II. VI) Os cuneiform, III. VII) Os Cuboid n) Body of metatarsal bone. o) Base of cuboid. p) Head of cuboid. q) Tuberosity of ossa metatarsi V. r) Ossa sesamoides of great toe. 12. The tarsal and metatarsal bones of the left foot from their plantar and anterior (or sole) surface. I) Talus. a) Body. b) Neck. c) Head. d) Inferior articular surface (for the body of the calcaneus). e) Anterior articular surface (for the anterior process of the calcaneus). f) Superior surface of the trochlea. II) Calcaneus g) Peroneal trochlea of calcaneus. h) Tuberosity of calcaneus. i) Anterior process of the calcaneus. k) Anterior cuboidal surface. l) Sustentacular tali (lateral process). III) Os Navicular. IV) Os cuneiform, I. V) Os cuneiform, II. VI) Os cuneiform, III. VII) Os Cuboid. m) Sulcus of os cuboid (for the tendon of m peroneus longus). n) Body of metatarsal bone. o) Base of cuboid. p) Head of cuboid. q) Tuberosity of ossa metatarsi V. r) Ossa sesamoides of great toe. s) Plantar tubercle of ossis metatarsal of the great toe. t) Tuberosity of os navicular.