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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM

88/201

January 1988

INFLUENCE OF SPECIMEN SIZE ON FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION OF WELDED HY1QO STEEL

Wolfgang Kreuzer

DTIC
ELECTE
JN2 21988

Defence Research Establishment Atlantic

Centre de Recherches pour la Defense VAAtlantique

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4

INFLUENCE OF SPECIMEN SIZE ON FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION OF WELDED HYIQO STEEL

Wolfgang Kreuzer Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut fur Mater ialuntersuchungen January 1988

Approved by L.J.Leggat DISTRIBUTION APPROVED BY

Director/Tecpg

Diiin

0/TO

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 88/201

Defence Research Establihen Centre do Recherches pour is Dfens.
ftR

Atlantic

Atlantique

Canada"

The assumption of a statistical distribution of the flaws in a component leads to a prediction of a correlation between crack initiation life and the size of a fatigue loaded part. The influence of the specimen size on the fatigue crack initiation behaviour was analysed for two series of welded HY 100 steel plates of different widths. The weldments were prepared with E12018M2 electrodes.------The applicability of the theory of the statistical size effect was shown in the range of finite endurance:>"The prediction of the number of cycles to crack initiation and of the allowable stresses for samples of a different size agreed v, well with the experimental results. (ka-7
S

Accession For 'r-,A&I NTIS DTIC TAB 11?rkrmo : c e d Li

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cop_. 114PEE
4

Distribution/

. AvailabilitY Code

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Dist Special

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L'hypoth~se d'une repartition statistique des fissures dans un 616ment conduit A l'4laboration d'une correlation entre la dur~e d'amorcage d'une fissure et la grandeur d'une piece soumis A des charges cycliques. L'effet de la grandeur de 1'6prouvette sur le comportement. de l1amorcage des fissure des fatigue a fait l'objet d'une analyse sur deux s6ries de t6les d'acier HY100 soud~es de diff~rentes largeurs. Les soudures ont 6t pratiqu~es a l'aide d'~lectrodes E12018M2. L'applicabilit6 de la th~orie de l'effet statistique de grandeur a dt6 d~montrde dans la gamme de l'endurance finie. La pr~diction touchant le nornbre de cycles d'amorcage de, fissures et les contraintes admissibles pour des 6prouvettes de diif6rentes grandeurs cadre bien avec les r~sultats exp~rimentaux.

L 66QaS

---

YFJJW.T

g.

Acknowledgments

This work was carried out at DREA while the author was on a Defence Research Fellowship offered by the Canadian Departement of National Defence. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Defence Research Establishment Atlantic for supporting this work and acknowledges the good cooperation with Halifax-Dartmouth Industries Limited, who were responsible for the welding procedures.

I1

lv*

~,

,_j'able of Contents

7
1. 2. 2.1. 2.2.

Abstract Acknowledgements List of Symbols Introduction ................................... Theory ......................................... Theory of the Statistical Size Effect ......... The Boundary Technique in the Range of Finite Endurance .............................. Material and Experimental Work ................ Material......................................... 1 2 22 4 7... 7 7 8 9 9... 11 11 12 12 13

3. 3.1.

3.1.1. Welding Procedu .. 3.1.2.'44etallography, ................................. 3.1.3. Preparation of the Samples .................... 3.2. Experimental, rocedure ........................ 4. 4.1. 4.2. 4.2.1. 4.2.2. Results ....................................... UWelded Plate s.................................. 75 mm Wide Plates ............................... 150 mm Wide Plates ............................

Unwelded Plates ...............................

5. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 6.

Discussion .................................... Prediction of the Number of Cycles toCrack Initiation ..................................... Prediction of the Allowable Stress Amplitude.. Examination of the Fracture Surfaces .......... Conclusions ...................................

15 15 16 17 18

%
-V-

7. 8. 9.

References ...................................... 19 Tables .......................................... 21 Figures ......................................... 29 Appendix Recordings of Test Results ....................... 48

-vi-

List of Symbols

g(x,y,z) h,ov k L/Lo m,Nv

function of stress distribution constants for distribution of allowable stresses parameter of W6hler-curve magnification factor constants for distribution of the number of cycles to crack initiation

Ni Nb Pfi A/Ao
0
0 max 0 low 0 high

number of cycles predetermined number of cycles probability of crack initiation magnification factor nominal stress maximum stress lower stress amplitude higher stress amplitude

.'I
I

ili

1.

Introduction

Fatigue strength evaluation of welded joints is essential since many fatigue loaded structures are fabricated by welding. The fatigue life of a component is determined by the sum of elapsed cycles required to initiate a fatigue crack and to propagate the crack from a subcritical size to critical dimensions. The behaviour of a cyclically loaded part can be fully understood only when these phases are evaluated individually. is well known that surface defects, especially in high strength steels, play an important role in crack initiation under cyclic loading. Since these defects are statistically distributed, fatigue life has a large scatter even if the test conditions are strictly specified. Therefore the crack initiation phase should be analysed from a probabilistic point of view. The statistical theory of the size effect was used successfully in the past to describe the fatigue crack initiation behaviour of homogeneous materials [1,2,3]. The objective of this report is to prove that the same theory is applicable for welded joints. It presents the results of an investigation of the specimen size effect on the fatigue crack initiation behaviour in SMAW weldments of HY 100 plates. The experiments were designed by the boundary technique in the range of finite endurance. Using the theory of the statistical size effect, the scatter of the number of cycles to crack initiation on a certain stress level as well as the allowable stress amplitudes for a given number of cycles could be explained and predicted for plates of different sizes. V It

..~

2.1. Theonry onf

the

Stntistical 912P Effect

Weibull and others [4,5] developed a model which uses the distribution of defects to describe the scatter of the ultimate strength of brittle materials. Because of the same type of fracture - local crack initiation and fracture without macroscopic plastic deformation - this model was transferred to the fatigue crack initiation behaviour of homogeneous materials [6]. The model assumes that the crack always starts from a surface defect. The crack initiation life of a part is therefore determined by the defect with the lowest resistance against crack initiation (weakest-link-concept). Considering the statistical distribution of the defects in a material, the scatter of the number of cycles Ni to generate a crack of a threshold size can be described by the Weibull-formula

I.-

S
Pf i - l-exp where Pfi is -(Ni/N.) m]i the probability of crack initiation and Nv and m !

are constants.

Since the probability to find a large defect is higher in a large surface than in a small one, the average crack initiation life of a series of large samples should be shorter than that of smaller ones tested under the same conditions [7]. To compare geometrically similar parts equation 1 has to be extended with the magnification factor A/Ao.

i
-.

M(2) Pfi " I-exp[- A/Ao(NIvIN)m]

A and Ao are the loaded surface areas of the different parts. The size of the highly loaded area in a fatiguing part depends also on the stress distribution and concentration around notches. The highly loaded area in a sample with a sharp notch will certainly be smaller than in an unnotched or only slightly notched specimen. Therefore, if one applies the of same maximum stress, the average crack initiation life ones.
%_-

N
0

notched specimens should be longer than that of unnotched To account for the non-uniform stress distribution
0 "

max g(x,y,z)

(3)

the probability of failure must be stress weighted.

Pfi ,

"-exp

-l/Ao(NiINv) mJ[glx,y,z)

houJ

(4)

Using these formulas,

it

is

possible to predict the

fatigue initiation life of parts of different size and shape for a given stress from the test results of only one type of sample. and (7) As a corollary it is possible using equations (5), (6) to predict the allowable stress levels for specimens with different sizes and shapes with predetermined fatigue

lives.

i Pv-ep (00'
Pfji -x
-3-,

.4.S

()..
,..'. V

,4..'

L~

Pfji

1-exp [-A/Ao ( 0 / 0 )h]

(6) q

and

Pfj i

1-exp l-/A (Oma/ov) J [g (x, Yz)hA 0

(.7)

where o is the nominal stress, oax is the maximum stress in the notch tip and ov and h are parameters. A detailed deriviation of these formulas can be found [1] and [8].

in

2.2. The Boundary Technique in the Range of Finite Endurance In order to prove the applicability of the theory for welded joints an experimental method which gave statistically reliable results had to be used. The tests were therefore designed by the boundary technique in the range of finite endurance, which is a specimen-saving method for the evaluation of specific values in this range [9]. It enables one to evaluate the allowable stress of defined probability of failure at a predetermined number of cycles Nb as well as the distribution of the number of cycles to crack initiation at two given stress levels.
This technique starts with a test at a stress level

that is expected to lead to crack initiation at Nb cycles (Figure 1). This test can have only two results: failure or no failure before Nb cycles. The next samples are, depending on
40

-4

-C

LI

the result, tested at gradually higher or lower stress levels until the opposite result of the first test occurs. Half of the samples are tested at this first stress level. The probability of failure at this level and the slope of the Wdhler-curve determine the distance to the second stress level. The information about the slope of the W6hler-curve can come either from former tests or the literature. For a good statistical analysis of the data both stress levels should lie as far apart as possible in a given scatter band (e.g. 10%-90% probability of failure). Depending on the stress level which was found first, one of these two formulas is used to find the second stress level:
log oNxhigh-lOgNb)/k+lghigh (8)

lOg 9 high

(logNxlow-logNb) /k+logolow

(9)

Ohigh,low are the stress levels, Nxhigh,low are the number of cycles for a defined probability of failure x, and 1/k is the slope of the W~hler-curve. After finishing the tests with the rest of the samples at the second stress level, the distribution of the number of cycles to crack initiation at both stress levels (horizontal analysis) as well as the allowable stress of any probability of failure at Nb cycles (vertical analysis) can be determined. In this study the 2-parameter Weibull-formula was used in both cases. The parameters NV and m for the distribution of the crack initiation lives were determined with a computer program using the Likelihood-method. From this analysis one gets two voiples of values, .

-5

... .....

~..

y ~ \ ..

(Pf 1 , 01) and (Pf 2 , 02),

which mark the probability of failure Using equation 5

for Nb cycles (Pfi) on each stress level (oi).

the two parameters ov and h of the distribution function for the fatigue strength at Nb cycles can be determined with

ln(-ln(l-Pf2)) - ln(-ln(1-Pfl)) k -(10)

ln02 lno1

-v

exp{lnf

[ln(-lnl(-Pf 1 ))/h}

11)

With these formulas the distribution function is known and the allowable stress o(Pfi) of any probability of failure for Nb cycles can be calculated with

0(Pfi) -

exp{lnov + [ln(-ln(l-Pfi))]/h}

(12)

This additional vertical analysis of the data in the range of finite endurance gives more information than the simple horizontal analysis of the two stress levels and very often allows a certain correction of the Wdhler-curve in this range.

-6-

IUa

3.

Material and Experimental Work

3.1.

Materila

The tests were performed with 25 mm thick plates of HY 100. The steel was certified to meet the requirements of MIL-S-16216J(SH) for grade HY 100 steel. The chemical composition and mechanical properties are shown in Tables I and II. The electrodes used in this project originated from Alloy Rods and were certified to meet the requirements of MIL-E-0022200/1OA(SH) for MIL-12018-M2 Class 1 electrodes. Two sizes were used and the chemistry and mechanical properties can be found in Tables III and IV.

3.1.1.

Welding Procedure

Six plates, 1500 mm x 300 mm, were welded in the flat position to give three complete weldments (10]. The plates were cut out by oxy-acetylene flame cutting and squared by machining approximately 2 mm from the burned surface to remove any heat affected zone. The test bevels were prepared with a double Vee groove (60") with a 1/3 - 2/3 offset.

The plates were slowly brought up to the minimum preheat temperature of 100"C. The electrodes were baked at 400"C - 475"C for three hours prior to being used. The pass sequence used is shown in Figure 2. The first three passes on each side were deposited with a 3.2 mm diameter electrode with a heat input of 1.77 kJ/mm. All subsequent passes were deposited with a 4 mm diameter electrode also with a heat input of 1.77 kJ/mm. Side two of the welded test plates was backgouged by grinding to sound metal, and magnetic particle inspection was used to ensure that the gouged groove was crack

.-7.

free. After welding, the minimum preheat temperature was maintained for at least four hours. After the plates had cooled to room temperature, they were left for a minimum of 72 hours before being radiographed for compliance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII. The plates were also ultrasonically tested for compliance with D.G. Ships/PS/9022-C and D.G. Ships/G/10000 B. All plates were found to be free of unacceptable defects. All welds were also of acceptable quality. Examples of all three weldments are shown in Figures 3 to 5.

kp
S

3.1.2. Metallography Samples, transverse to the welding direction, were cut from approximately the center of each plate for metallographic examination. The macrographs of three plates are shown in Figures 6 to 8. The welds were symmetrical with a narrow heat affected zone (HAZ) of about 3mm. The weldment in plate 3 showed a misalignment of 1.2 mm. A little undercut (0.3 mm) was found in several locations. The macrographs did not reveal the presence of any cracks, confirming the results from NDT. In plate 1 a little pore which is not relevant to the fatigue crack initiation was found in the weld metal. In the macrographs of plates 1 and 3, which were made after the test, three fatigue cracks can be seen. All three weldments had the same microstructure (Figure 9): 90% of the microstructure in the weld metal was fine, acicular ferrite with a minimum of coarse polygonal or proeutectoid ferrite. The HAZ showed a mainly bainitic-martensitic structure. Knoop microhardness (500 g) traverses were made across

-8-

the weld zone. The diagrams (Figures 10 - 12) show little difference between the three weldments. The base metal hardness was found to be 250 KN5 00 . The maximum hardness occurring in the HAZ was between 350 KN500 and 380 KN 0 for 50 all plates. The hardness in the weld metal varied from 200 KN 0 0 to 330 KN 0 0 with the highest values near the fusion 5 5 line.

3.1.3.

Preparation of the Samiep

The samples of two different widths (75 mm and 150 mm) were saw cut according to Figure 13. To avoid any influence of inhomogeneties in the parent material, the wide and narrow samples were cut out of the plates in random sequence. After cutting, the edges were rounded with a radius of 12 mm by machine grinding. The final grinding, especially around the weldments, was done by hand with 400 grit sandpaper.

3.2. Experimental Procedure The test device needed for this study had to be capable of performing fatigue tests on heavy plates of different sizes up to high loads. Considering the equipment available at DREA, a 4-point-bending test was determined to be most suitable. For

the tests a servohydraulic testing machine (Instron 1335, 1000 kN) was used. The general set-up for the test is shown in Figure 14.

-9

VV

The tests were performed under load control with a frequency of 2 Hertz. For static strain measurements on the surface of the samples, the load, stroke and strain signals could be displayed on the readout module and recorded with an x-y recorder. To make sure that each sample was loaded with the same stress, strain measurements were made with strain gauges or an extensometer on each sample. During the dynamic test, the stroke and load signals were monitored with a Tektronix 4052. To determine the point of crack initiaton, the expected number of cycles for the test was divided into 1000 steps. At the end of every step the computer determined the maximum and the minimum values for the load and stroke signals and displayed them as a function of the number of elapsed cycles on the screen. The data were stored on a magnetic tape for further analysis. Changes in the stroke signal, which was nearly identical with the deflection of the sample under the two inner rollers, reflected variations in the resistance of the sample against bending. This change meant, if all other test conditions were constant, a decrease of the cross section caused by a crack, and could be used for the determination of crack initiation. To obtain good results with this technique it was very important that the applied load be constant and that the sample be held motionless on the bending jig during the test. Recordings of the test results are shown in the Appendix.

1S0
-

10

4. Ritagn
4.1. Unwelded P1ates

To check the suitability of the experimental procedure some tests were first conducted on unwelded plates. The applied stress of 900 MPa was chosen to obtain crack initiation at around 90000 cycles. It was possible to determine small changes of the deflection (<0.05 mm) reliably. That meant that the cracks could be detected in an early stage of crack growth. The results are shown in Table V. The tests were continued until the change of the deflection reached 2 mm. At this stage all plates showed more than one crack. Since in a 4-point-bending test the stress between the two inner rollers is theoretically constant, the distribution of the crack initiation points on the plate verified the quality of the test device. The cracks should be randomly distributed over the whole surface between the two inner rollers. The cracks were concentrated under the two rollers in all samples along their longitudinal axes. This agreed with the measurements of the strain distribution on the surface of the samples. The stress was not equal between the two inner rollers, as theoretically expected for the 4-point-bending test, because of the warping of the samples; the stress maximum was always found under one of the two rollers. The maximum difference in the stress was 10%. However, because the weld was in the middle of the two rollers and could be loaded in each test in the same way, the difference in the stress under the rollers did not affect the test results. More important was the distribution of the crack

11

initiation points over the width of the samples. The cracks were nearly equally distributed in this direction, as Figure 15 shows. This proved that the test device applied the load equally and that the preparation of the samples avoided any edge effect on the results.

4.2.

R WeIded Plates

In the welded plates all cracks started at the weld toe. Most of the cracks were found in the heat affected zone close to the fusion line (Figure 7). In some samples the cracks originated in the weld metal. In these samples the transition between the base metal and the weld metal was very flat. The location with the highest stress concentration was shifted into the weld metal (Figure 6). The cracks started randomly either on the left or right side of the weld metal and were statistically distributed over the width of the plates (Figure 16, 17). Some plates had cracks on both sides of the weld (Figure 18).

4.2.1. 75 mm Wide PlateR The tests were made using the boundary technique in the range of finite endurance according to section 2.2 with Nb - 90000 cycles. The stress ratio was Olow/Whigh
-

0.28. The

first sample was tested with a stress amplitude of 475 MPa and showed a crack after 22900 cycles. Decreasing the stress amplitude stepwise by 25 MPa, the third sample failed after 122400 cycles. The first stress level was set to 425 MPa. To find the second stress level the standardized Wdhler-curve for weldments of mild steels [11] was used. This was considered

12

- .,.....

reasonable because according to results found in the literature (12] for HY 80 this Wdhler-curve seemed to fit the HY steels. Using equation 8 with x - 30% and k - 3.5 the second stress level was determined to be 375 MPa. The results of the individual tests are shown in Table VI. The horizontal analysis ac-ording to section 2.2 gave the following results:
425 MPa: Pfj -

l-expf-(Ni/78868)

"2 3 ]

(13)

375 MPa: Pfi M 1-exp[-(Ni/167455)

"3 8 ]

(14)

The parameters h and ov were determined using equations 10 and 11 for the vertical analysis.
Pfj -

1-exp[-(oi/413)

15

"2 2 ]

(15)

If one assumed that the horizontal analysis as well as the vertical analysis had the same importance, the Wohler-curve shown in Figure 19 could be drawn with the corrected parameters k and ox% from Table VIII.

4,2.2.

150 mm Wide Plates

To obtain comparable results the 150 mm wide samples were tested at the same stress levels as the narrow ones. The results are shown in Table VII. Using the same procedure as in
-

13 -

V."

V.

4.2.1 the final results were the following: horizontal analysis 425 MPa: Pfj - 1-exp[ -(Ni/64666) 375 MPa: Pfi M 1-exp[-(Nj/l11510) vertical analysis Pfi - 1-exp[-(oi/390)
16] 4

" 1 5] ]

(16) (17)

2 . 91

(18)

The Wbhler-curve is shown in Figure 20. A complete summary of all important results of the statistical analysis can be found in Table VIII. At the 425 M~a-stress level the mean crack initiation life N5 0 % of the 75 mm wide samples was 19% higher than of the 150 mm wide samples. For the samples tested at the 375 MPa stress level the difference of N50, was 46%. The allowable stress amplitude

o50% increases 6% for the narrow samples. A comparison of the two Wbhler-curves is shown in Figure 21. the size effect was bigger than the 10% It
-

can be seen that 90% scatter band.

14 m|

Discussion

.p

5.-.

Prediction of the Number of Cyvclp

to Crack Initiation

Since in this study the weldments of all plates had the same shape, the lengths L and Lo of the weldments were the only parameters which described the difference between wide and narrow plates. Therefore the equations 2 and 6 could be used to describe a possible size effect. They were simplified to
m

Pfi -

1-exp[-L/Lo(Ni/Nv)

(2a)

Pfi

1-exp[-L/Lo(0i/0v)h]

(6a)

Using equation 2a,

L/Lo -

13, 14 and the magnification factor

150/75 the two formulas for the prediction are:

425 MPa: Pfj -

1-exp[ -150/75(Ni/78868)

"2 3 ]

(19)

375 MPa: Pfi = 1-exp[-150/75(Ni/167455)2.38]

(20)

The Figures 22 and 23 show the frequency distribution of the test results with the fitted distribution functions, equations (13) and (14) for the narrow samples and the predicted distribution functions, equations (19) and (20) for the wide samples.

-15

L~\

~I

%.;

N.'.

In spite of the relatively small number of samples for statistical analysis, the prediction for the lower stress level (375 MPa) agrees well with the test results. The size effect (46%) can be clearly seen. The predicted mean value NS%- 107300 was only 9% higher than the test result. The size effect in the higher stress level (425 M~a) was smaller (19%). The predicted mean value N50%
-

56800 was 4%

lower than the test result. The prediction describes the test results very well, especially if one considers that only six 150 mm wide samples were tested. However, because the size effect was smaller and the deviation of the test results from the theoretical Weibull-Distribution therefore more striking, the difference cannot be seen as clearly as in the lower stress level. A comparison of the predicted Wbhler-curve with the test result is shown in Figure 24.

5.2. Prediction of the Allowable Stress Amplitude For the prediction of the allowable stress amplitude at 90000 cycles the results of the tests at both stress levels were used. Therefore the calculation should be more reliable and accurate than the prediction of the number of cycles to crack initiation at the individual stress levels. With equation 6a, 15 and the magnification factor L/Lo
-

150/75 the

behaviour of the wide samples can be predicted with

2 Pfj " 1-exp[-150/75(0i/413)1 5 " 2 ]".

(21)

The individual values with a probability of failure of 10%, 50% and 90% are shown in Table IX.

The very good agreement between prediction and test results (difference of the median values <1%) is also demonstrated in Figure 25, which shows the distribution of the allowable stresses for the 75 mm and 150 mm wide plates together with the distribution predicted by equation 21 for the 150 mm sample.

.3.

Exmirnation of the Fracture Surfay

_S

p From the examination of the fracture surfaces it was found that there were a number of randomly distributed initial cracks along the weld toe. The small cracks, as they grew deeper, joined into a single almost straight fronted crack. The number and location of these cracks depended on the applied stress (Figure 26, 27). The density of the initial cracks was lower in the samples which were tested at the 375 MPa-stress level. This was reasonable because only the more severe defects caused crack initiation at the lower stress level. The 150 mm wide samples had an average of 9.6 initial cracks compared with 6.9 initial cracks in the samples tested at the 375 MPa-stress level. The same behaviour was found for the narrow samples. There the ratio between the initial cracks was 5.7 : 3.5. The samples which were tested at the 425 HPa-stress level also showed more initial cracks on both sides of the weld metal (5 : 2). The importance of the size effect depends on the density of defects in the material. The size effect will be strong when the density of defects is low. Then the

-17-

probability of finding a defect severe enough to create a crack depends more on the size of the part. On the other hand, if theoretically the density of the defects is high enough that a severe defect can be found in any small and large part with a probability of 100%, no size effect should be seen. The test results of this study agree with this consideration. initial At the 425 MPa-stress level the density of cracks was 40% higher than at the 375 MPa-stress level. The effect of specimen size on the mean value of the fatigue life at the 375 MPa-stress level was twice as strong as at the 425 MPa-stress level.

6.

Conclusions

Four point bending tests were conducted to investigate the fatigue crack initiation behaviour of welded HY 100 steel plates of two different sizes in the range of finite endurance. The applicability of the statistical theory of the size effect was shown. Overall, the predicted results agreed well with the experimental data: the effect of specimen size on fatigue life a statistical was estimated correctly and the examination of variation in the severity of potential fatigue the fracture surfaces confirmed the theoretical assumptions of initiation sites.

.N

-18-d

7- Referpnncs

[1]

Bbhm,J.

"Zur Vorhersage der Dauerschwingfestigkeiten ungekcerbter und gekerbter Bauteile tinter BerOcksichtigung des statistischen Grdsseneinflusses", Diss. TU Mi~nchen (1980) "Experimentelle Untersuchung des statistischen Grbsseneinflusses im Dauerschwingversuch an ungekerbten Stahiproben", Z.f.Werkstofftechriik 6
(1975), 52-54

[2)

Heckel,K.

[3]

Ziebart,W.

"Ein Verfahren zur Berechnung des Kerbund Grbsseneinflusses bei Schwingbeanspruchung", Diss. TU Mi~nchen
(1980)

[4]

Weibull,W.

"A Statistical Theory of the Strength of Material", IVA Stockholm, Handlingar 151 (1939) "Statistical Approach to Brittle Fracture", Vol.11, 591-619, Acad. Press New York (1968) "On the Statistical Interpretation of Fatigue Tests", Proc. of the Royal Soc. 216 (1953), 309-332

(5]

Freudenthal,A.

[6]

Freudenthal,A. Gumbel,E.J.

-19-

%,

NNIs

.'

No

17]

Kdhler,J. Heckel,K.

"Scatter and Statistical Size Effect at the Fatigue Behaviour of Metallic Specimens", Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Mech. Beh. of Mat. 1976, Boston, Spec.Vol. 193-211 "Statistischer Gr6sseneinfluss bei unregelin~ssiger Schwingbeanspruchung", Diss. ESEW Milnchen 1983 "The Boundary Technique in the Range of Finite Endurance", Z.Materialpriifung 27 (1985), 216-222 "Shielded Metal Arc Welding of HY 100 Steel Plate with E12018M2 Electrodes", DREA TC/871310, May 1987 "Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten von Schweissverbindungen", VDI-Berichte Nr.268 (1976), 179-192 "Effect of weld Stress on the Fatigue Life of HY 80 Plate", DREA Contract Report CR 87/417 Apr. 1987, unpublished manuscript

[8)

Schweiger,G.

[9]

Maennig,W.W.

[10] R.Robichaud Crimpbell,I. Kreuzer,W. [11] Haibach, E.

[12) Kazi,H.A.

-20

1 l 1-% 1 11 1'111 1111 1 1 I 18 11, d 'll111 ''

I~ I-

20
i II!

LMSMO

Table I Table II Table III Table IV Table V Table VI

Chemical analysis of HY 100 steel plate Mechanical Properties of HY 100 steel plate Chemical analysis of electrodes E12018M2 Mechanical properties of electrode E12018M2 Test results of unwelded plates Test results of 75 mm wide welded plates

Table VII

Test results of 150 mm wide welded plates

Table VIII Table IX

Statistical analysis of the test results Prediction of the number of cycles to crack initiation and allowable stress amplitudes

21

-~

Chemical analysis of HY 100 steel plate

Material or Specification C Mg P

Elements in

% by weight

Si

Ni

Cr

Mo

Va

Ti

Cu

BY 100 1)

0.14

0.27

0.005

0.007

0.28

2.55

1.40

0.36

0.001

0.001

0.16

MIL-Spec.

0.100.22

0.100.45

< 0.02

< 0.02

0.120.38

2.183.37

0.941.86

0.170.63

< 0.03

< 0.02

< 0.25 1)

from Certification Phoenix Steel Corporation,

16.August 1982 TY II, BY-100

Mechanical Properties of HY 100 steel plate

Material or Specification BY 100 1)

Tensile Strength in Mpa 778

Yield Strength in Mpa 694

Elongation in 45 %

Reduction of Area in % 65 > 45 BY-100

MIL-S-16216J(SH)

2)

690-790

> X8 16.August 1982 TYII,

1) from Certification Phoenix Steel Corporation, 2) to be recorded for information only

-22-

Chemical analysis of electrodes E12018M2

Electrodes
or Specification C mg

Elements in 0 by weight

Si

Cr

Ki

No0

Va

E1201ON2 3.2 mm 1)

0.03

1.43

0.19

0.017

0.007

0.06

3.58

0.2?

0.01

E12016142 4 m

1)

0.03

1.19

0.24

0.014

0.011

0.03

3.51

0.57

0.0

MIL-E-0022200/20A(SR)

< 0.10

0.801.85

<<1.500.65 0.03 0.012 0.65 4.00

<

0.90

0.05

1) from Alloy Rods Corporation Certification of Quality Conformance Test No. 2-7430-02 and 2-7431-01

Mechanical properties of electrodes E12018M2

Electrodes or Specificatin

Tensile Strength in MPa

Yield Strength in l!Pa

Elongation in 8

Reduction of Area in %

E12018142 1/8" 1)

845

748

19

63

E22018142 5/32- 1) MIL-E-0022200/lOA(SH)

793
-700-785

714

19 > 16e

58

1) from Alloy Rods Corporation Certification of Quality Conformance Test No.

2-7430-02 and 2-7431-01

-23-

11 11,11 11 - I 1*1

1 17

4*,

p
TabI Test results of unwelded plates
stress amplitude 900 MPa,

V
0.28

stress ratio -

Sample No.
1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of cycles to crack initiation

108000 127000 77500 66600 77000 90500

Number of initial cracks

2 7 3 3 2 4

r
-24

AW

Test results of 75 mm wide welded plates

sample No

Stress Amplitude in MPa

Number of cycles to crack initiation 162000 124300 67600 81000 122100 106500 198700 171700 297000

Number of initial cracks 4r 3r 31 4r 5r 51 31 3r lr

1.3 1.8 3.1 3.7 3.11 3.13 5.1 5.2 5.8

375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375

1.4 1.7 3.4 3.5 3.8 5.10 5.11 5.14 5.12

425 425 425 425 425 425 425 425 450

122400 72100 58500 82300 67100 53000 46400 64900 58500

4r 9r 4r,51 41 Sr 51 41 Sr

4r

3.3

475

22900

51

r: crack initiation on the right side of the welding seam 1: crack initiation on the left side of the welding seam

-25~t

Test results of 150 mm wide welded plates

Sample No.

Stress Amplitude in MPa

Number of cycles to crack initiation

Number of initial cracks

1.1 1.5 3.2 3.9 3.12 3.14 5.3 5.13

375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375

168500 123500 61300 68000 63000 79300 134200 95200

31 ll,2r 101 6r 91 41,2r 111 71

1.6 3.6 3.10 5.4 5.5 5.9

425 425 425 425 425 425

57300 46700 45100 79300 79700 43700

10r,21 11r 91,4r 5r 9r 7r,51

r: crack initiation on the right side of the welding seam 1: crack initiation on the left side of the welding seam

26-

TA AVT Statistical analysis of the test results

75 mu wide samples

150 mm wide samples

375 MWa

425 MPa

375 MPa

425 MPa

p10%k N50% Horizontal M1900%

64711 cycles 143600 cycles 237600 cycles

39300 cycles 70400 cycles 104800 cycles

55000 cycles 98400 cycles 148400 cycles

37600 cycles 59200 cycles 77597 cycles

Analysis

010% 050% 090%

346 M4Pa 407 MPa 433 MPa

299 MPa 383 KPa 414 liPa

Vertical

Ol10% 050%

357 MPa 403 I4Pa 437 MP&

339 l4Pa 381 MP a 411 MPa

Analysis

09016

610% 050% Corrected

U9Qo

351 MP& 405 MPa 435 liPs

319 MPa 382 liPa 413 liPa

values

k1 0 % k5%5.6 kok6.5

3.9

3.0 4.0 5.2

-27-

Prediction of the number of cycles to crack initiation and allowable stress amplitudes

Predicted Value*

Deviation from Teat Result

N1%31700

cycles 56800 cycles 84600 cycles

-16 P4 -4 4A +9 %

425 MP&

N50% N90%

N1%48400 375 M~a N0, N9%

cycles 107300 cycles 177600 cycles

-12 % +9 % +19 'k

6101k 050% 01k416

335 MPa 385 lIPa lIPa

+5 % 07 +0.1%

-28~~Ok-

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

1: Procedure of the boundary technique in the range of finite endurance 2: Pass sequence 3: Typical weldment in plate 1 4: Typical weldment in plate 3 5: Typical weldment in plate 5 6: Cross Section of the weldment in plate 1 with a crack at the top 7: Cross Section of the weldment in plate 3 with cracks at the top 8: Cross Section of the weldment in plate 5 9: Typical microstucture of the HAZ and weld metal 10: Microhardness across the weldment in plate 1 11: Microhardness across the weldment in plate 3 12: Microhardness across the weldment in plate 5 13: Sampling plan 14: Test set-up for 4-point-bending fatigue test 15: Distribution of the crack initiation points over the width of the unwelded samples 16: Distribution of the crack initiation points over the width of the 75 mm wide samples 17: Distribution of the crack initiation points over the width of the 150 mm wide samples 18: Weldment with several initial fatigue cracks on both sides of the weld metal 19: W6hler-curve of the 75 mm wide samples 20: Wdhler-curve of the 150 mm wide samples 21: Comparision between the W(hler-curves of 75mm and 150 mm wide samples 22: Prediction of the number of cycles to crack initiation of the 150 mm wide samples tested at the 375 MPa-stress level

-29-

or.

Figure 23: Prediction of the number of cycles to crack initiation of the 150 mm wide samples tested at the 425 MPa-stress level Figure 24: Comparision between the predicted W6hler-curve and the test results Figure 25: Prediction of the allowable stress amplitudes of the 150 mm wide samples at 90000 cycles Figure 26: Typical fracture surface of a sample tested at the 375 NPa stress level Figure 27: Typical fracture surface of a sample tested at the 425 MPa stress level
.

%.

I,

-30-

Sample 2

E411

Stress Level

U)

2.Stress Level 10%

I

9%
90

N
Number of Cycles

Fiur

Procedure of the boundary technique in the range of finite endurance

100

Xigure

2..Pass sequence

NA

Al

3-N-Jv'rJwr

F F F F 1*

.9
.9

#9

'A A.

#hE!!1
fl.gnx.....M Typical weldmnent in plate 1
(2 x) r
'It

I.

'V

'S

'A 'Ii' S.

.9 4.

Zigiart.Ai Typical weldment in plate 3

At

(2 x)

S.

S.

I'
-

32

'4'

*( )NA%'V

,.'

"

'

41*.

Fiue5

Typical weldinent in plate 5

(2 x)

0
;-_" 4%

33--

Lgiaur

7: Cross section of the weidment in plate 3 with cracks at the top (2.5 x)

34

-.

F~igure

9: Typical microstucture of the HAZ (right) and weld metal (left) (500 x)

400 350 n300

0250 '-

*****

15010 50 0t 0
metalp

weld

HAZ. metalmea

base

6 a 10 12 Distance from Weld Center In mm

14

16

LEIjbr

10

Microhardness across the weidment in plate 1

-35

400-

3501
K 300 .u** IK n o 250E-u.

0
p 5 200-

0
0

150 g10A 50 weld metal HZbase metal

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Distance from Weld Center In mm 14 16

Figure11:. Microhardness across the weldxnent in plate 3

400-

350Aa

K 300
n
o0250
0p

,a/'
* oonN
P

200
150-

5
0

0 g 1050 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Distance from Weld Center In mm% 14 16 weld metal HAZ base metal

Fiue

2 Microhardness across the weidment in plate 5

36

N'

%*V

plate 5 51
52 5.3 54

plate 3

plate I 11
" 1.2 E 1.3 1.4

313.1
3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

55 2E
_3.9

3.6

15
1.6 E

S5.6 3.7
3.8

5.7
_

5.8
5.9
5.10 5.11 5.12

1.7 1.8
3.10

311 13.11
3.12

5.14
!5.13

3.13
,3.14 1800 mm

Fiaure 13-L Sampling plan

Contolle

Tape Unit

I
Loa

Loa~do,,[

~. =e.

Sa.AiTest

set-up for 4-point-bending fatigue test

-37-

ra

1.0

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 accumulated numbers 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 width of sample In mm 120 140

rigure 15*

Distribution of the crack initiation points over

the width of the unwelded samples
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 width of the sample In mm 40 45 50 r

accumulated numbers

Fgue ii

Distribution of the crack initiation points over the width of the 75 mm wide samples

-38-

0.6..

0.3
0.2 0.1 0.40

20

100 40 s0 s0 width of the sample In mm

120

140

Fiue

Distribution of the crack initiation points over the width of the 150 mmn wide samples

Fiue

Weidment with several initial fatigue cracks on (2 x) both sides of the weld metal

-39

see
475S

4S8

lox

Box4

0
0.

\
4+ +!

Sax \vl 1hi

X:42Sf C 400

OL376

+4 474++

32S

Number of Cycles to Crock In~tctioton

Figure 19: Wbhler-curve of the 75 mm. wide samples hi, h2 = horizontal analysis v 1 , v2 = vertical analysis

-40-

VVYTK1N7T1T1-o11.1

see
475 411% i42S lox
SOX

p375AA

tA

325

N
h2j
m
"

Num~ber of Cycles to Crock Initiation

gore20:~ w~hler-curve of the 150 mm wide samples

hi, h2
v1, v2 -

horizontal analysis
vertical analysis

-416',

wpql

475 450 X: 425

.~40010

0. 376

*350L
(I)
-

UohJur-awr'. 76 WO~~crv B

M. e

325

Number of Cycles to Crock Irnitiatione

Fiue

and L Coniparision between the Wbhler-curves of 75mm 150 mm wide samples

-42-

j0

00

0.3v

--

-+ rdctddsrbto

~~~~~SM ~
Nubro

1118

200 +08
/N A'

S
+

100

ylstoCakIiito

Fiur

22.

Prdcino
intato

h ee

Iubro

ylst

rc
etda h

ofte10mIesape

375et MI-te

-43-

% %/

T.7KJF WOPil

rwA

S. 7

4.-

o+
0.

0. 3t

L2

Prdcto 42

0 L oftenuboof cycules t5on crc

level
0-

toaotts

16 a

3000 GO-ze

6000 12003

1222

Cyces Numbr o nititio Crck

Figure~ ~

~ ~ubro

ylst~ ~

~ ~ 23:W Prdcino rc~

I,.

47S-

SSG

325

wlwae

re h

et6Wj

350

?dvmb~r Of Cycle. to 01ock Inltaotlor

Figurtm 24*. Comparision

between the predicted Wohier-curve and the test results (lines for a probability of failure of 10%, 50% and 90%)

45--

IM,

75 tes

am

reul

0.7'

44-

0I

9.3

a'

0S

l
e~e%

~
2O 20a 30
8.5%
Figur Preicio

350

Aloo l Stes Ap
oftealoalesrssapitdso

00 itue

40

se

-46-

%.

1P
9.,"

Figure 26: Typical fracture surface of a sample tested at the 375 MPa-stress level

p
r

Figure 27a Typical fracture surface of a sample tested at the 425 MPa-stress level

-47-

Recordings of Test Results

.4

I.

|!

I-

'DREA
Dockyard Lob e 75
0 50 r

*C
0 -- 0.25

DETERMINATION OF CRACKI

8
8

el.09

INITIATION

II
10

I I

S-0.25

Plote 5.3,150mr.
min mox 14IS, : HlY 100 Mat, 520 rio Stress 0. 76

Elec.

fi t rice. : Eit1Sm2
20000 W. Kreuzar 28. July 1987

-IsI
60089.

,"42*e
116809 W0OO0 Number of Cycles
140900 170
D

DREA
Dockyard Lob .

-C

0.2S

"

DETFRMINAT7IN OF CRACKINITIATION

o 0.2.

[
I

Io

"

P olae S.13 ISl~m,

,', "

Stress mn max
14S ,

-S75

1
8s28
-)

Mot. : HY 100 Elec.: E12018M2I Pow. f flat

1. loom

66908

esee6

il1oee000

35000

W vr, . ,1907 . e .. , 22. July

49
-

N umb e o f, yc es1' r c l

DREA
Dockyard Lob
0. 76

-4

~ E
C

0 DETERMINATION OF CRACKINITIATION
4-.
-

4-~a

C a

Plots 3.3/7SmmI
Stress mini max MaL. ; Y 100 Elec.; E120111i
Pon.
:flat
__ _ __ _ _-_ __ _ __ _ __o

22"9

LW.
Kreuzer
June 24.

Seges
_ -..

10e00

16e

28008
_

2S008

38888

1987

Number of Cycles
-

IDREAee
Dkd Lab0.7Sf DokyrLo

c 850
CI
IDETFRMINATONN

0 2S
-.

OF CRACK--~'*

0.88

IN17IATICN
_0.o2s

00 Polat 5.12/76mmi IStress mill max 180, 020 MPo

Mat.

Ellec.:

tIY 190

E12018112

Pon. ri:t
24. .j.ina 1087.. -50 NmsofCycles

Sassof
4

I% Bil I

.e*,A

I*44*Ii .i****

ID.>ckyard

DREAI
Lob
E

87
C0.50,

:0

DETERMINATION OF CRACKIINITIATION ,
I..

8.25

--

I
0

6 oo
PlaLe 1685. Ma E . I.4/l7mm 590 MPo : fly I cc -0.75

Stress min max i

-Z2.

Elec.: El2918M2: Pes. : flat

20090 2 45800

I
70000 owe8 120OO

M1450.,

W. Kreuzer

Number
-. .

of Cycles
..

L24.

June ~~ 1987

. . .. ....

... ...

DREA
DockyaIyrd Lob :
1E

3.75

- 02
DETERMINATION : OF CRACKINITIATION
-08.25

e~sI

-,.25 . "

CS
.1

Plots.= Ih .7/75m
07 I 7,1 Us

'"%
'

Stress min max 165. 590 MPo 'Mat. : My 1600 Eloc. El20TSM2. P.. float

W, Kreuzer

Numberoof Cycles

8. July 1 8 7

-51-,

*-

~ ~

*.*,~t

DREA
Dockyardt Lob00

07

IDETERMINATION OF CRACKINI7IATION

.0. L .2
-

IC Plate 3.4/76mm *Stress min max *165. 590 fiP. MY 100 I Mat.

-7

7W.

Kreuzer~

F-1
~
Jun 198
0.75 C 0.2S

-~

f709

990

190

NubrofCce

DREA
Dockyard Lob

DETERMINATION--

I
I

OF CRACKINITIATION

*-0.2S
Plate 3.5/7Smm
Stress min max f 16G' 598 MPo Mat. :MY IO Elc:E12018M21 Po. flat

-n s
-07

189

30000

60909Goe

70008

c00o0

11 ISS

~Kruzeoe 7

Num'ber of Cycles

52

Dckyard Lob4

3.7S

CI

IDETERMINATION
OF CRACK-

0.25

INITIATION

IElec.t

Plate 3 .8/7.5"mm* Stress min, :eC 165, 590 t4PoMaot. :NY 100

05

E1201SM2:I
les Use S9ea30ga50
-..

710080
.--

s00me

items
-

Kr euzer

-.

7Juy1987

Number of Cycles

DREA
Dokyard Lob

DETERMINATION OF CRACK-

0.25
-

INITIATION

Plot* 5.P/7Sam *Stress mmI Inax

*16S, S9ooMPG : lY 100 07

Mat

Elc:E1201SM21
po.-flat
.

*
I sewS
-87

.~

80
S0a9a

309000

9008 ee0

Items

$3

Jrulyr

Ntamber of Cycle&.

-53-

Room~.-

iky~r

Lob

04.75

DETERMINATION

OF CRACKINITIATION

0.0

0 -.
IPlate 5.11/7Smm'
Stroes min max

s1

E12018M2 IElse.::flat Pon.

I185. 590 MPO Mat. : Y0

,9 L......
18809

4
34088

*~

48419 Sa8m 78W80

22908

46098

4.June 1987

[DREA
IDockyard
Lob

i
I

O
87S

0J.6

*0 INITIATION :0 -C Plate S.14/75mml Stress min me~ l~. 90We flat. - MY 100 Elec.: E128l8M2! I11 Pon. :flat

OU

*
U4. Kreuzer 6. jlel./1 987

.*j

10980

30008

50880 Neme

70e08 -ubrof Cycles

be 0K

"S 1II

-54-

1,1 11 1

IDREA
Dockyard Lob 07

.-

-..

DETERMINATION
OF CRACKINI71ATION

;0.25St
-

0-0.25

Plate `l.8/7Swm Straus min max 145, S20 mp Mot.. : HY 1080 Elec.: E12018M2i flat Porn.

-. 7

14S

14.

euly19r

Number of Cycles

0.7S

DocyrEd

Lab

DETERMINATION OF CRACKINITIATION

S0
qp

-0.2s 0.

Plat* 3.1/715mm
Stress min max 14s, 5ze Mpa Mot.. : Y 1I0; Elec.: EiMS1M21 Porn. :flat -0. 765
-,70

IL
460 109 N- -bar of Cycles 2S 1.0

16.

ZK rez

87r

-55-

1 DREA
Dockyard Lob

IS

IDETERMINATION
OF CRACK-

9! .25

INITIATION
'0

PlIat*

IElsect

Stress min max 14S, 520 MPao Mot. MY 1109

3 11 /75mm1 5

E12218M2; Poo. :flat

L1221
1
*1--'e

....

W. Krouzer

of Cycles

DREA
Dockyard Lob
C

9.75

9.50

C
DETERMINATZWN
-.-

OF CRACKINITIATION

V
I Stress min maxI
520 MPa hot. :NY 1990 Ele:E128ISMZ
145,

*-9.2S

IPlate

3.13/7Smmi

"N
-0 76 -l.ouseI

-.---

25999

580909

75998

199999

125811

KrouzerNumber

6f Cycle&

-56-

DREA
Dockyard Lob

07

0.7S

E
C 0.50 0.2 DETERMINATION 2
I

OF CRACKINITIATION

I'..

I
9.2

Plate S. 1/75mm Stress min, max

14S5

IPCs.

Mat. :,HY 1008 Elec.: E12018M2-

S20 MPo

-0 7s

:flat

sao0

lU.e

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Ureae losse:L to:

215000

22 5000

DREA
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0.7
07

DETERMINATION
OF CRACK-

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02
0.0

INITIATION

.5 Plot* 5.2/75mm Stress man ma

Elec. E201M2~ 07

I'a

2$000 W98
1 ". Ju ly 19 75

asoce

105000

1Is000

165000

225001'

'LuerNimber of Cycles

-~X

or

auckyorcl Lob05
C0.59
C

VFTEPIMA7014
OF CR'ACK-rc,.

.25
-W

*0.
0 .0 .2 .0 C
P I t

Stress min mox 165. 590 ?mPo FY Ho. too

Ps
** -

Elec.: C1201SM2:
fio
ill

S738.. 38089
Bases

70000

o9we8

I laws

P7.

.7Number

of Cyr-I ..

'DREA
i

19

Dockyard Lob

07

DETEP.MIIJATION * OF CRACKINITIATION

3.6/lS0.60 *Stress min max

g MU.ty 100
*Elee. l S2 *Porn. :flat

L
1 000e

--

f69 B0ses -70000 9900 losses0N.

SONS0

i . Krouzer P6. *J-,r-a Mq7

Mli.,ber of Cyclter.

-58-

rDREA

Dockyard Lob

0.7

IC

DETERMINATION OF CRACKINITIATION

~
J
I'gg

-8.25

Plote 3.1.115mm
Stress min max

-e.

Mat.
Porn.

: Y 100I
flat loose108 25888 49088
S-

Elec.: E12018M2!
55088 780W0

85=~.

W. Kreuzsr 30. June 1987

Number of Cycles

DREA
IDocyrd Lob

87

DETERMINA71ON

.2

OF CRACKINITIATION
4.-

0.25.
CS

Plate S.4/15emmi Stress ml a

l5S, 590 MPaO, Mlat. :Y M2
Pors.
:flat

-07 -070000
I
---------

I--* 1--

2 L3 .

14 Keuer JUNE 1987 j---

iNumber

lease

3901111

5008

780000

00000

11laws

of Cycles

1.80

DREA
Dockydrd Lob
S

0.75

O. 50

"

DETERMINATION OF CRACKINITIATION

0.2S

:a 0-.25 t

Plot* 5.5/150m": Streamos mim ma n POrIC ax

I-

16S. I HY too Mot. s90 MPo Elec.-- E12018M2 Poo. , flat

-0.75

.teo

30000

Sao

70088

90009

11 'O

W. Kwe.jzer 25. Junre 1987

Number of Cycles

DREA
Dockyard Lob
C

DETERMINATION OF CRACK-*

8.25 0

INITIATION
'

I
0

SStress
Pon.

Plote 5.9/1

1*

-0.50

I0mm

min Maox 16S, 59 Po Mot. : MY 100 Else.-. E120I8M21

riot
,

0.7 - .80

......

.. '"

I.

43 437

...........

i oeo
W'. Kreiper

30000

SeOao

70800

90900

116009

23.

JUNE 1987

Nuifber of Cycle.

60

_~~~ .

...

A E#

1.99

DREA
Dockyard Lob 0.75

DETERMINATION OF CRACKINITIATION

C.

0- 0 . 2 S C . . . . . . . . .1 . .

'-I.

.o

I.*

S-

Plot. 1.l/ISImm Stress min max 145, 520 MPo Hat. : HY 100 Elec.: EIS201 2 Po -. : fla t

-u e 11Gese Number 14808 of Cycles

170"08 290009

"

.1`1
-Is

-.

60890

fW. . Kreuz1.0 uzer

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DREA
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c
C DETERMINATION
-?

0.50

U"

0.2b% I

OF CRACKINITIATION

c - 0.00

I 3.2,'18~mmi mmmo~ Plot. Sres

180 HOt0. P lot ie.:E I2218MI2 fla. S1r6e ! HY'100 7

-.S-072

I
I

,4S,

S2OMPo

I
. 02/

j. 1H
U"

I
..... .. ..

Nmibnr
i-

of Cymax.

61J-

61

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DETERMINATION
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K"euzer r. 1987 26. July

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SECLVI1Y- CL ASSIFICATION Of fte dmcVWeiL 4sWraUlWMCIty 9101144048e spocial wwrnq Wellof vlatucob inva

Defence Research Establishment Atlantic P.O. Box 1012, Dartmouth, N.S. B2.Y 3V7
,ieOW an' O 1S a woman"e A tI offtot as W"

UNCLASSIFIED

INFLUENCE OF SPECIMEN SIZE OX FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION OF WELDED HYlOG STEEL

4. AUTWORS Lam sow 9km amr. nodde WnwL it mwy. Vwew
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Kreuzer, Wolfgang A. S.
9.JANUARY

DATE OF PUSICATMO

boom ow veo of puAksgi

of

4OF PAGES

Oslo

OF 6b. NOQ RIPS ho6w ctu m

1988
6. OISCRIPTIVI NOTES

AlnstAIwl.*

12

Vteoo of lse or awlrnwmmL of epepw. o6mr w Mw. uep~y of die doeoemo. Lt wtewi~li roer%, woomw 0 feWi. LS iNWtdii PrWsL. &AWAoY. mAW Or fibl. Ile" 01 fthlWie 9Me 110100 ieeliC OWjW4 setmd it LOVeted)

Technical Memorandum
6.SPONSORING ACTIVITY
Ovi ft" of vie ocyvume pftpae offia ot Ideoty Woo"n *@ VUW~h go deqpWele*eid bociui vis

Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, P.O. Box 1012, Dartmouth, N.S.

B2Y 3V7____________________
Mie *oIplIe research 9& PROJECT OR GRANT KO. Of we0rmopese. i dteimeft V4. "Veooee.m vegect of ruam emuote ~ weuhasA

Waswelft

Pas.oeetfy uflih peject Or$rod Flom

II 9b. CONTRACT NCLOf Vireon. wmnI 0~g S-aemmeet~ WOe

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DREA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 88/201 11.

OOCL*ALWN AVAILAII1.J mny duutowusi an fume alseemaetoea of9 soocimem. ~memol vies. oveme by setwrty glossafmcataf

KEQ

Iw~m~ed duiuineav (I horibiltima, kvated is aefeei depol lw adoafw. eGovaterts k o fotive, ewbee soly a owvelf f I Difvabuse Iuisd deluem oswvrm'o and Cwmodl" oefeleie fet11FC fiie'OIVICh ita eely asowace o a I isOvibim"e "oted is gevWhoe deunmen an *pawe~cs: fwi diavor~wa m~y @woedee k~ or 41*O Wed e IIDiumaleeleiod U deface 61NOeN1111111 * ote b*oy 1

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OUCWIYY 06AhSSCATI@N OP POPIN

sewu 1 ds. It Is 61"~ 5919 I&. *MS7ACT (eif a1 & f~ wsvii of ot demefiL ft me also soew Woswer ain a kEf of. m 00 W110 of sA if wa n ae4atu Wh ISO e ue if Ve aswam 0 41111111s 11111,81 cuiinale opam5 ke uwagsmuEeit 1111 Of *1 gmeww "itf is oncititowg rwegseeied as M, 0. M1.V U. frnWaftWI 601~auume isisy 461nadIw s t ber silSk ea k a m- asomm"w IbWkf Iss a rn 61 f fed 1@1141 VM OWX S bitiepadl

The assumption of a statistical distribution of the flaws in a component leads to a predictiont of a correlation between crack initiation life and the size of a fatigue loaded part. The influence of the specimen size on the fatigue crack initiation behaviour was analyzed for two series

of welded HY1OO steel plates of different widths. prepared with E12018H2 electrodes.

The weldments were

The applicability of the theory of the statistical size effect was shown in the range of finite endurance. The prediction of the number of cycles to crack initiation and of the allowable stresses for samples of a different size agreed well with the experimental results.

14, KIYWORDS. DEXCRP1OAS or eff1 in 00ee04loe dw~ileftu

ma" hkyWV4S 01u be ISelCte lcIsMIM die be meie~o~ If PIe~ Model detiaptm aft ftvae. rnmltw y'je' iNO 11111" I~ VrnAMw "MSldui,eIt is Pat peSSme t if flee a " 1l~le 6*681us e~g. ThaMWVI of blifesurol NedSelatrtflc Term Tll ) 119nWI gom wfare Mltt UN CIN11fied. fte cusawutefaaa of ewelSued be MI a se w InWWtffaj s e sowlect t inea"n

"e terwasedeer~ 4 u&W awd eld EW4TUSRS "t~caIy milsungfW MlIts Vr ~e 0Ive a6 04NI is They ~lul Me SOIee is awi in soeevw uomisesofataurgqWeg. Idlieeis". II

FATIGUE INITIATION IJELDMENTS HIGH STRENGTH STEEL SIZE EFFECTS

UNCLASSIFIED
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