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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Training is an agglomeration of theoretical, practical & technical concepts, which enhances our skills in the field of Technology. This seems to be an opportune moment for me to express my feelings towards all those who have untiringly helped me in the completion of my training and project work. I feel my first and foremost duty to express a deep sense of gratitude and pay a sincere thanks to Dr. Pawan Kapur (Director), for his endearing attitude, centering guidance and motivation. I am especially thankful to Sh. S.K. Mittal (Scientist F) who has shown confidence and faith in me and assigned to me such a wonderful and dynamic project. He shared his knowledge, experience, took pains to respond to my questionnaires. He maintained a friendly rapport with me and his willing assistance was ever at hand to solve any kind of problem relating to any sphere whatsoever. I am also obliged to Mr. Manjit Singh and Sh. Ajay Saxena for their expertise guidance in the project and was right there from the starting point to the check point. My special thanks to Mr. Suresh Kumar (HOD, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department) without whose permission I would not have been able to do my training at CSIO. Last but not the least I extremely appreciate the benevolence of my friends for their genuine and thought provoking views, veracity and wholehearted co-operation. (TARUN JOSHI)

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ABSTRACT
The project is based on Measurement of temperature of soil using microcontroller. Soil is a thin layer of material on the Earth's surface in which plants have their roots. It is made up of many things, such as weathered rock and decayed plant and animal matter. Soil is formed over a long period of time. In this we have interfaced microcontroller with LCD and keypad. We use the keypad to give input and the output is displayed on LCD. Then we have done interfacing with dc motor, relay and stepper motor which has been operated using the concept of self automation. After this we have done interfacing with ADC and used temperature sensor (LM35) to display the temperature on LCD. All the programming is done in the keil micro vision3 in c language.

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.
Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3 Fig.4

TITLE
Five Different horizons of soil Size of soil particles Pin Diagram of Microcontroller Block diagram of Microcontroller Architecture

PAGE NO.
27 33 48 53

Fig.5 Fig.6 Fig.7 Fig.8 Fig.9 Fig.10 Fig.11 Fig.12 Fig.13 Fig.14 Fig.15 Fig.16 Fig.17

Block diagram of Features Flowchart Introduction to Keil Software Power supply Laminated Transformer used in Power supply Voltage regulator IC 7805 Voltage regulator Alphanumeric LCD Graphical LCD Pin diagram of LCD Schematic diagram of LCD LCD modules Keypad Connections

55 58 61 77 78 79 79 81 81 82 83 84 90

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Fig.18 Fig.19 Fig.20 Fig.21 Fig.22 Fig.22 (a) Fig.22 (b) Fig.23 Fig.24 Fig.25 Fig.25 (a) Fig.26 Fig.27 Fig.28 Fig.28 (a) Fig.29 Fig.30 Fig. 31 Fig. 32 Fig. 33 Fig. 34

Interfacing of Keypad with Microcontroller Interfacing between LCD and Microcontroller Interfacing diagram of Component tester Pin diagram of ADC Basic centigrade Temperature sensors Connection diagram of LM35 sensor Pin diagram of LM35 Temperature sensor Relay diagram Electromagnetic solenoid valve One complete rotation of a Stepper motor Electromagnetic positions of Stepper motor Stepper windings configurations Pin diagram of IC 741 PN Junction diode VI characteristics of PN junction diode Transistor Pin diagram of IC 555 Interfacing between LCD and Microcontroller Interfacing of DC Motor with Microcontroller Interfacing of stepper motor with microcontroller

91 92 93 95 100 101 103 105 106 108 109 112 113 114 114 115 116 126 127 128

Interfacing of Temperature Sensor with Microcontroller 129

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Fig.35

Working Diagram of Component Tester

130

List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature


1. LCD- Liquid Crystal Display

2. LED- Light Emitting Diode 3. ADC- Analog to Digital Converter 4. MCU- Microprocessor 5. OTP- One time programmable 6. IC-Integrated circuits 7. DC-Direct current 8. KU-3-Keil micro vision 3 9. CISC- Complex Instruction Set Computer 10. RISC- Reduced Instruction Set Computer 11. PWM- Pulse width modulation

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Acknowledgment

PAGE NO.
i

Abstract List of figures List of abbreviations

ii iii-iv v

CHAPTER 1
ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW 1-21

CHAPTER 2
PROFILE OF THE PROBLEM 2.1 About project 2.2 Description of the project 2.3 Object and Scope 2.4 Innovativeness and usefulness 22-25

CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM 3.1 INTRODUCTION OF SOIL 3.1(a) Soil Characteristics 3.1(b) Physical Properties of Soil 26-58

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3.1(c) Types of Soil 3.1(d) Soil Parameter Measurement 3.2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM 3.2(a) Features 3.3 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER 3.3 (a) What is Microcontroller? 3.3 (b) Criteria for choosing Microcontroller 3.3 (c) Pin Diagram Of Microcontroller 3.3 (d) Port Description Of Microcontroller 3.4 PROGRAMMING OF MICROCONTROLLER 3.4 (a) Applications Of 8051 Microcontrollers 3.4 (b) Characteristics of Microcontroller 3.5 MICROCONTROLLER AND ITS ARCHITECTURE 3.5(a) The 8051 Microcontroller 3.5(b) Important features 3.5(c) 8052 Microcontroller 3.6 DFD FOR PRESENT PROJECT OF INTERFACING

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 4.1 ORCAD 4.1(a) The Schematic Page Editor 59-90

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4.1(b) Building the Schematic for the Project carried at CSIO 4.2 PROGRAMMING 4.3 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL SOFTWARE 4.3(a) How To Use Keil Software? 4.3(b) Steps To Create The Hex File 4.4 SUPERPRO 280 PROGRAMMER 4.5 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 4.5(a) Components used in the project 4.5(b)Description 4.6 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD): ODM 16216 4.6(a) LCD Technology An Overview 4.6(b) LCD Backgorund 4.6(c) Types of LCDs 4.6(d) Pin Diagram and Description 4.6(e) Pin Description 4.7 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LCD 4.7(a) Circuit Description 4.8 AN EXAMPLE - Hardware configuration 4.8(a) Checking the busy status of the LCD 4.8(b) Initializing the LCD 4.8(c) Clearing the display

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4.8(d) Writing text to the LCD 4.9 KEYPAD 4.9(a) Connection diagrams

CHAPTER 5
DESIGNING IN ORCAD 5.1 INTERFACING OF KEYPAD WITH MICROCONTROLLER 5.1(a) Interfacing Of LCD With Microcontroller 5.1(b) Interfacing Diagram of Component Tester 5.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION OF ADC 5.2(a) Simple ADC 5.2(b) Pin diagram 5.2(c) ADC Structures 5.2(d) Applications Of ADC 5.3 PRECISION CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURE SENSORS 5.3(a) General Description Of LM35 5.3(b) Features 5.3(c) Typical applications 5.3(d) Applications 5.4 COMPONENTS USED IN DC MOTOR INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER 5.4(a) RELAY 91-117

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5.4(b) Electromagnetic Solenoid Valve 5.4(c) Working Principle 5.4(d) Types of D.C. motor 5.5 INTRODUCTION OF STEPPER MOTOR 5.5(a) Stepper motor 5.5(b) How Stepper Motors Work 5.5(c) Types of stepper motor 5.5(d) Stepper motor ratings and specifications 5.5(e) Applications 5.5(f) Stepper motor characteristics 5.6 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED IN COMPONENT TESTER 5.6(a) IC 741 5.6(b) Pn Junction Diode 5.6(c) Transistor 5.6(d) Types of transistor 5.6(e) IC 555 5.6(f) PIN DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 6
TESTING 6.1 PROGRAM 118-125

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6.1(a) Interfacing Of LCD And Keyboard In Assembly Language 6.1(b) Interfacing Of LCD And Keyboard In C 6.1(c) Interfacing Of DC Motor with Microcontroller 6.1(d) Interfacing Of Stepper Motor with Microcontroller 6.1(e) Interfacing Of Temperature Sensor and ADC with Microcontroller

CHAPTER 7
RESULTS AFTER TESTING 7. 1 Working Diagram of interfacing between LCD and Microcontroller 7. 2 Working diagram of DC Motor 7. 3 Working diagram of Stepper motor 7. 4 Working Diagram of Temperature Sensor and ADC 7. 5 Working Diagram of Component Tester For Checking Continuity 126-130

8. CONCLUSION 9. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

131-132 133-134

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