Broadcasting a professional football game allows many members of the public to see the game free of charge, and

these broadcasts generally do not affect ticket sales. The team owner of a small arena football team has decided to increase interest in the team by transmitting the games over the Internet. Owners of other sports teams have disagreed with this action, contending that fans of the arena team will not want to attend games if they can instead watch the games on the Internet. However, the arena team owner believes that fans may become interested in the team by seeing the games on the Internet, and these individuals will be more likely to purchase tickets. 1. In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? A. The first is a justification that is opposed by the arena team owner's conclusion; the second is that conclusion. B. The first recognizes a factor that supports the arena team owner's plan; the second is a consideration again of that plan. C. The first is a forecast in support of the arena team owner; the second is data against that forecast. D. The first is a system of causality that the arena team owner predicts will be applicable to the situation at hand; the second is a general principle that the arena team owner believes is factual. E. The first is data that strengthens the strategy of the arena team owner; the second represents a pattern of causality that validates the strategy.

Numerous studies of chemotherapy patients over the last ten years have shown that patients who had regularly attended support groups or received counseling experienced significantly fewer side effects and shorter recovery times from chemotherapy than did patients who had not. Clearly, although the mainstream scientific community has been slow to acknowledge it, psychological support has an effect on the body's ability to heal. 2. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above? A. The survival rates for chemotherapy patients in the study were virtually identical regardless of whether or not they received support. B. The patients who did not attend support groups chose not to do so, even though they were healthy enough to attend. C. Many medical doctors believe that the mind plays a role in the causation and prevention of illness. D. The majority of chemotherapy patients must undergo more than one round of treatment. E. Some hospitals do not conduct support groups on their premises for chemotherapy patients and their families.

For service-minded medical practitioners working in economically fragile regions, podoconiosis is an especially frustrating disease because it disfigures and debilitates sufferers yet is easily prevented by the simplest of precautions: wearing closed shoes. The effects of podoconiosis, also called mossy foot or bigfoot disease, are very similar to those of elephantiasis, but its etiology differs. Whereas the causes of elephantiasis include infection and infestation by parasitic filarial worms, podoconiosis results when susceptible individuals walk barefoot on volcanic soils containing silica microparticles. In cultures where subsistence farmers work barefooted in volcanic soils, these microparticles slowly work their way into the flesh of the feet. Early symptoms manifest when sufferers are in their teens, beginning with swelling of the extremities, which may itch or burn, as microparticles begin to obstruct the lymphatic system, leading gradually to fibrosis. Untreated, podoconiosis advances through stages whose names describe the appearance of the feet and lower legs-water bag, rubbery, wooden-until the limbs become hyperkeratotic, the epidermis thickened and hardened such that patients cannot walk without pain. Treatment varies with the stage of progression. Elevation and compression reduce swelling in the water bag stage, but surgery to remove excess skin and tissue, following by grafting of the newly bare area, is necessary at the more advanced stages; however, opinions on effectiveness vary. Because most sufferers live in remote locations, the disease tends to have progressed before treatment is available. Because the disease causes disfigurement and pain, patients may become reclusive, dependent on others for care, and even socially ostracized. 3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would agree that

A. victims of this disease have brought their suffering on themselves. B. an emphasis on prevention of this disease is more practical than an emphasis on treatment. C. subsistence economies tend to promote disease in general. D. more medical practitioners should travel to areas where this disease occurs to treat sufferers. E. farming in volcanic soils is a practice that should be abandoned.

4. The author most likely refers to elephantiasis in order to A. provide a frame of reference to better understand the nature of podoconiosis. B. highlight the differences in the symptoms of the two diseases. C. warn that similar symptoms can be caused by different conditions. D. encourage pity for podoconiosis victims because both diseases cause suffering. E. emphasize that elephantiasis is more common than podoconiosis.

5. The author would most likely support which of the following plans of action as a humane and cost-effective way to address podoconiosis? A. Perform further research on the causes of podoconiosis. B. Settle the debate over the efficacy of surgical treatment for podoconiosis. C. Engage in intervention to lessen the occurrence of podoconiosis. D. Encourage sufferers to resume social and economic activities in their communities. E. Educate the populations in industrialized nations about the risks of this disease.

According to the mayor, the average decibel level during peak traffic hours in this city has risen dramatically over the last ten years. Removing the horns from all of the city taxicabs will greatly lower the amount of sound during this time. 10. The mayor's claim relies on which of the following assumptions? A. Removing the horns from all of the city taxicabs will not cost an excessive amount. B. Over the last few years, there has not been a substantial change in the number of city taxicabs. C. City taxicab drivers often use their horns during nonpeak traffic hours. D. Taxicab horns cause almost all of the sound heard during peak traffic hours. E. City police do not issue tickets to every taxicab driver who unnecessarily uses the taxicab's horn.

7. Powered primarily by uranium fission, Oppenheimer and his contemporaries had developed the nuclear weapons that precipitated both the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. A. Oppenheimer and his contemporaries had developed the nuclear weapons that precipitated both the end of World War II and B. the nuclear weapons developed by Oppenheimer and his contemporaries precipitated both the end of World War II or C. Oppenheimer and his contemporaries developed the nuclear weapons that precipitated both the end of World War II or D. the nuclear weapons were developed by Oppenheimer and his contemporaries and precipitated both the end of World War II and also E. the nuclear weapons developed by Oppenheimer and his contemporaries precipitated both the end of World War II and

The federal funds rate (FFR) is the rate of interest at which the United States Federal Reserve lends money to U.S. banks and other depository institutions. The FFR was recently lowered, and banks began to loan money at very low interest rates, resulting in an abnormally high level of domestic consumer and commercial debt. The Federal Reserve has announced that it will gradually increase the FFR to its previous level. As the FFR increases, domestic consumer and commercial interest rates and debt will return to their previous levels. 8. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the prediction above? A. Mortgage rates often change in anticipation of changes to the FFR. B. Easy and inexpensive access to capital allowed many businesses to increase capacity, leading to lower levels of unemployment. C. According to standard monetary policy, a low FFR can soften the effects of a recession. D. Instability in international capital markets, which drives money into the United States and lowers interest rates, is likely to increase in the near future. E. The government is already considering placing stricter legal limits on lending practices.

9. Unlike carob, raw cocoa's flavor is quite bitter, requiring large amounts of sugar and fat to achieve a rich taste in the finished product. A. carob, raw cocoa's flavor is quite bitter B. carob, the flavor of raw cocoa is quite bitter C. carob, raw cocoa has a quite bitter flavor D. that of carob, cocoa has a flavor that is quite bitter E. that of carob, bitter is raw cocoa's flavor

According to the mayor, the average decibel level during peak traffic hours in this city has risen dramatically over the last ten years. Removing the horns from all of the city taxicabs will greatly lower the amount of sound during this time. 10. The mayor's claim relies on which of the following assumptions? A. Removing the horns from all of the city taxicabs will not cost an excessive amount. B. Over the last few years, there has not been a substantial change in the number of city taxicabs. C. City taxicab drivers often use their horns during nonpeak traffic hours. D. Taxicab horns cause almost all of the sound heard during peak traffic hours. E. City police do not issue tickets to every taxicab driver who unnecessarily uses the taxicab's horn.

11. Despite his historic reputation as an aggressive risk taker, Anatoly Karpov is deemed the ultimate positional player by some chess masters. A. Despite his historic reputation as an aggressive risk taker, Anatoly Karpov is deemed the ultimate positional player by some chess masters. B. Despite his reputation as an aggressive risk taker, Anatoly Karpov is historically deemed the ultimate positional player by some chess masters. C. Despite Anatoly Karpov's historic reputation as an aggressive risk taker, he is deemed by some chess masters to be the ultimate positional player. D. Although he is historically regarded as an aggressive risk taker, some chess masters deem Anatoly Karpov as the ultimate positional player. E. Although his reputation is historically regarded as an aggressive risk taker, Anatoly Karpov is deemed as being the ultimate positional player by some chess masters.

12. The anteater owes its name to its diet of ants and termites, which it artfully hunts by digging with its sharp claws and darting tongue, and which meet all of its dietary needs. A. its diet of ants and termites, which it artfully hunts by digging with its sharp claws and darting tongue, and which meet all of its dietary needs B. its diet of ants and termites, which the animal artfully hunts and digs up with its sharp claws and darting tongue, thereby meeting all of its dietary needs C. the fact its diet consists of ants and termites, which the animal artfully hunts and digs up with its sharp claws and darting tongue, thereby meeting all of its dietary needs D. the fact that the animal digs up ants and termites, having consumed them with its sharp claws and darting tongue, to meet its dietary need E. the artful hunting of ants and termites that are dug up by the animal and consumed with its sharp claws and darting tongue to meet all of its dietary needs

African exploration in the late nineteenth century is almost entirely a story of white males: scientists, traders and missionaries. Mary Henrietta Kingsley stands out as an exception. Ostensibly, Kingsley planned her first trip to Africa so she could conduct research on fetishes and complete the academic treatise her father, an explorer, had begun. Privately, Kingsley told a friend she was traveling to Africa "to die," though she had dreamt of such an adventure since childhood. Nevertheless, she prepared for the trip carefully, interviewing friends, doctors, missionaries, and former explorers, all of whom advised her not to make the trek. Kingsley was undaunted and set off for West Africa carrying only £300, and chemicals and specimen cases designed to collect samples of unknown fish and insects for the British Museum. Kingsley sailed the coast, finally putting in at the mouth of the Congo. Recognizing that the natives were naturally suspicious of Europeans traveling without an obvious purpose, Kingsley purchased cloth and other goods in the port and traveled inland for six months as a trader, exchanging goods for food and shelter along the way. During this and her second trip in 1895, Kingsley demonstrated resourcefulness in dealing with such challenges as rescuing a native from cannibals, defeating a leopard with a bucket of water, learning to pilot a native canoe up the Ogooue River, and becoming the first white woman and third "Englishman" to climb the 14,435 foot Mount Cameroon. Upon her return to London, Kingsley campaigned for an enlightened African policy, published her bookTravels in West Africa and advocated a forum for the serious ethnological study of Africa. Kingsley's third trip was to Cape Town during the 1900 Boer War. There she encountered an epidemic of dysentery, volunteered to nurse prisoners of war, contracted typhoid, and died.

13. What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To demonstrate that even the most seasoned African explorers are at risk due to disease. B. To outline the early history of African exploration. C. To establish the need for a more tolerant colonial policy in 19
th

century England.

D. To discuss the achievements of one female explorer. E. To argue that the contributions made by women explorers in Africa were as important as those made by men.

14. The author suggests that Mary Kingsley may have gone to Africa for each of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. to serve as an Anglican missionary B. to complete her father's fetish research C. to fulfill a childhood dream D. to collect specimens of fish and insects for the British Museum E. to die

15. Mary Kingsley's reason for purchasing cloth and other supplies at the mouth of the Congo was: A. to be able to trade for food and shelter along the way B. to earn extra money to finance her trip C. to assuage the natives' concerns over her motives D. to acquire examples of fetish sculptures for her father's research E. to acquaint the natives with European goods

16. Why does the author insert the anecdotes about Kingsley's travels in paragraph three? A. To show that she was not afraid of wild beasts. B. To compare the obstacles faced by female travelers with those faced by male explorers of the day. C. To entice you into reading Kinsley's best-selling book Travels in West Africa. D. To emphasize the dangers Mary faced in her travels. E. To illustrate Kingsley's ability to conquer a variety of challenges.

17. Christopher Columbus, though long regarded as being the discoverer of North America or the American Continents, was the subject of recent conjecture that he was not the first European to land on the continent so often associated with him. A. as being the discoverer of North America or the American Continents, was the subject of recent conjecture that he was not the first European to land on the continent so often associated with B. the discoverer of North America or the American Continents, has been the subject of recent conjecture that he was not the first European to land on the continent so often associated to C. as the discoverer of North America or the American Continents, has been the subject of recent conjecture that he was not the first European to land on the continent so often associated with D. to be the discoverer of North America or the American Continents, was the subject of recent conjecture that he was not the first European to land on the continent so often associated with E. to be the discoverer of North America, was recently the subject of conjecture that he had not been the first European to land on the continent so often associated to

The anaerobic threshold, or AT, is the level of effort at which lactate begins to accumulate in the bloodstream. Running or performing other exercise at one's AT leads to physiological changes that enable the body to process more oxygen, and so increases the AT for future exercise. For a recent study, subjects spent at least 20 minutes at a time running at AT, at least three days per week. All subjects showed increases in oxygen-processing ability, with the greatest increases observed among those who spent the greatest number of minutes at AT. 18. If the statements above are true, then which of the following can be inferred on their basis? A. Competitive runners and recreational runners will respond to anaerobic threshold training in the same way. B. Runners who substitute anaerobic threshold training for some long, slow runs should expect improvements in performance. C. Some subjects in the study spent more than an hour each week at anaerobic threshold. D. The relationship between lactate accumulation and performance is well understood. E. Lactate accumulation causes the physiological changes that lead to improved oxygen processing ability.

19. Overwhelmed by tropical diseases and unfamiliar weather, it was not unusual for the first British regiments posted to India to lose by deserting or from death so many troops that they were unable to perform their duties. A. it was not unusual for the first British regiments posted to India to lose by deserting or from death so many troops that they were unable to perform their duties B. it was not unusual for the first British regiments posted to India to lose to desertion and death so many troops that those remaining were unable to perform the regiment's duties C. the first British regiments posted to India often lost so many troops to desertion and death that those remaining were unable to perform the regiment's duties D. the first British regiments posted to India often lost so many troops by deserting and death that those remaining were unable to perform their duties E. the first British regiments posted to India often lost so many troops by deserting and to death that they were unable to perform the regiment's duties

20. Despite the negative expectations of many financial analysts, demand for the new cell phone was so great that it sold out only after a day of sales. A. so great that it sold out only after a day of sales B. so great that it was sold out after only a day of sales C. so great that only after a day of sales it sold out D. great enough that it sold out only after a day of sales E. great enough that it was sold out after only a day of sales

21. To run for public office is to invite scrutiny, not only because voters have a legitimate interest in the character of their representative, but also because party politics are inherently adversarial. A. To run for public office is to invite scrutiny, not only because voters have a legitimate interest in the character of their representative, but also because B. To run for public office is inviting scrutiny, not only because voters have a legitimate interest in the character of their representative, but also because C. Running for public office is inviting scrutiny, because not only voters have a legitimate interest in the character of their representative, but also D. Running for public office is to invite scrutiny, not only because voters have a legitimate interest in the character of their representative, and also E. Running for public office is to invite scrutiny, not only because voters have a legitimate interest in the character of their representative, but because

Most public employee unions in County X endorse Candidate A, who promises not to cut government-funded social services, but the prison guards' union endorses his opponent, Candidate B, who promises to increase County X's prison capacity. This difference demonstrates that prison guards in County X are more concerned with matters of crime and punishment than they are with social services. 22. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends? A. The endorsements made by the prison guards' union accurately reflect the political concerns of its members. B. Prison guards have a more realistic view of the threat posed by criminals than do other public employees. C. Candidate A and Candidate B differ in their positions on a range of other issues. D. Public employee unions generally place the economic interests of their members ahead of the wider public good. E. It is in the economic interest of most public employees that government funding for social services be preserved.

23. Of all the possible threats that affect American national security, the possibility of electromagnetic attack is maybe the more difficult for analysis. A. is maybe the more difficult for analysis B. is probably the most difficult to analyze C. is maybe the most difficult for analysis D. is probably the more difficult to analyze E. is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult

In an effort to reduce the burden on a local landfill, Santa Cristina Grocery has announced that it will soon remove disposable plastic bags from check-out lanes and rely solely upon paper bags and reusable bags. 24. The answer to which question below would be LEAST important in determining how well the policy will serve its stated end? A. Are paper bags more expensive than plastic bags? B. How are paper bags disposed of? C. How many of Santa Cristina's customers live in the area served by the landfill? D. Do Santa Cristina's customers reuse plastic grocery bags for purposes that would otherwise require the purchase of plastic bags? E. Which places a greater burden on the landfill, plastic bags or paper bags?

Although many people in the United States enjoy taking daily baths, taking a bath wastes water and is not ecologically friendly. An average bath requires 30 to 50 gallons of water, whereas a four-minute shower uses only 20 gallons of water, or 10 gallons if a low-flow showerhead has been installed. Thus, U.S. citizens should take showers instead of baths in order to reduce depletion of the planet's precious water resources. 25. This argument is predicated on which of the following assumptions? A. In the United States, total showers taken consume less water than total baths taken. B. The cost of water has risen over the last few years because of the increasing scarcity of water. C. Bath taking has become more popular as people look for new ways to reduce stress and relax. D. Showers are rarely longer than four minutes. E. Many United States' citizens are not concerned with ecology and value personal preference over environmental benefit.

26. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance do not apply to small, emergent economies in the same way they apply to established economies, because they are developing and are not in equilibrium. A. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance do not apply to small, emergent economies in the same way they apply to established economies, because they are developing and are not in equilibrium B. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium, formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance do not apply to small, emergent economies in the same way they apply to established economies C. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium, small, emergent economies are not subject to the same applicability of formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance as established economies D. Because small, emergent economies are developing and are not in equilibrium, formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance do not apply to them in the same way they apply to established economies E. Small, emergent economies are not subject to the applicability of formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance in the same way as established economies, because they are developing and are not in equilibrium

Last year, the state legislature passed a bedbug control law that attempts to halt the spread of bedbugs by aggressively policing hotels and suspending the operations of those found to have bedbugs. The new law states that hotel premises may be thoroughly searched at any time if a report of bedbugs in the hotel is made to the new bedbug prevention commission, or if the commission has any other reason to believe that there may be bedbugs in the hotel. Consumer protection agencies applaud this action, stating that the potential health and financial toll of hotel bedbug infestations is a risk against which the public must be protected. However, hotel industry groups vociferously protest the law, predicting that unannounced inspections will cause tremendous expense to and upheaval in their businesses. 27. Which of the following is best supported by the passage above? A. Previous state consumer protection laws were ineffective in dealing with the hotel bedbug problem. B. Consumer protection groups, rather than hotel industry groups, are most able to decide how to best protect the public from bedbugs. C. The bedbug control law conflicts with rights accorded to all businesses in the state. D. Regulations comparable to the bedbug control law have greatly reduced the spread of bedbugs in other states. E. Before the bedbug control law, hotels might not have been subject to unannounced searches.

The Piedmont City Council argues that increasing the admission fee for use of the community pool will allow Piedmont to make significant improvements to the pool facility. The council points out that at current rates of use, a 20 percent increase in user fees will provide the capital to replace the aging restrooms and to add a dedicated diving pool. 28. An answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the council's argument? A. How have other towns with similar resources financed improvements to recreational facilities? B. Is the facility available to users who do not reside in Piedmont? C. How would the increase in user fees affect rates of use? D. What features are offered by other pools within driving distance of Piedmont? E. What budget does Piedmont have for pools and other recreational facilities?

29. Many coast redwoods, or Sequoia sempervirens, often grow to more than 300 feet, although the tallest measured, the Hyperion Tree, reaches almost 380 feet. A. often grow to more than 300 feet, although the tallest measured, the Hyperion Tree, reaches almost 380 feet B. often grow to more than 300 feet, the tallest measured, the Hyperion Tree, even reaches almost 380 feet C. grow to more than 300 feet, often, although the tallest measured, the Hyperion Tree, reaches almost 380 feet D. grow to more than 300 feet, and the tallest measured, the Hyperion Tree, reaches almost 380 feet E. grow to more than 300 feet, and the Hyperion Tree, the tallest measured, reaches 380 feet almost

30. Hedge funds are so named not because they are particularly safe, but the investment strategies they exploit were originally developed to manage risk. A. but the investment strategies they exploit were B. but also because they exploit investment strategies C. but because they exploit investment strategies D. but they exploit investment strategies E. and also the investment strategies they exploit were

31. One reason some particle physicists are switching to astronomy late in their careers is that they tire of spending years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments; astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal. A. One reason some particle physicists are switching to astronomy late in their careers is that they tire of spending years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments; astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal B. Late in their careers, one reason that some particle physicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by the fact that particle physicists must spend years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments, while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal C. Late in their careers, one reason that some particle physicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by the fact that particle physicists must spend years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments, while an infinite and ready-made supply of environments is at the disposal of astronomers D. The fact that particle physicists must spend years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments while astronomers have an infinite and readymade supply of environments at their disposal is one reason, late in their careers, some particle physicists are switching to astronomy E. The existence of an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at the disposal of astronomers compared with the fact that particle physicists must spend years constructing environments in which they can conduct experiments suggests one reason some particle physicists are switching to astronomy late in their careers

To pitch an idea successfully, one has to communicate the elements of an argument without seeming to argue. A successful pitch sounds more like an extraordinarily brief narrative than like a syllogism. Therefore, theater training does more than debate training in developing the skills necessary to pitch an idea. 32. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument above? A. Successful pitching of an idea requires that the pitcher and his or her audience share a common set of cultural references. B. Neither acting nor debating develops the ability to present an argument as though it is a story. C. Pitching an idea is an increasingly important skill even outside of the entertainment industry. D. The most effective way to develop one's ability to pitch an idea is by practicing humorous expository speaking. E. Training in improvisational theater teaches one to regard interruptions and challenges as opportunities, an element of successful idea pitching.

33. As soon as regulators are able to require a significant radiation waste-level reduction without it impeding cost-effective methods, nuclear reactors will become a viable option for states and nations seeking alternative power sources. A. As soon as regulators are able to require a significant radiation waste-level reduction without it impeding costeffective methods B. As soon as regulators are able to require a significant radiation waste-level reduction without impeding costeffective methods C. As soon as regulators are able to require a significant radiation waste-level reduction without impeding methods that are cost-effective D. As soon as regulators may reduce radiation wastelevels significantly without it acting as an impediment to cost-effective methods E. As soon as regulators may reduce radiation wastelevels significantly without it impeding cost-effective methods

34. Modern economics has determined that long-term economic growth is likely a consequence not of spending by the government or executing good monetary policy, but favorable corporate tax policy that allows for increased hiring, stable cash flows, and long-term planning. A. spending by the government or executing good monetary policy, but B. spending by the government or executing good monetary policy, but that of C. stimulus spending or executing good monetary policy, but D. stimulus spending or the execution of good monetary policy, but of E. stimulus spending or the execution of good monetary policy, but

35. One attribute of the best professional football teams is that they have a tendency to focus more training time on a smaller, simpler set of a number of offensive plays as opposed to other teams. A. that they have a tendency to focus more training time on a smaller, simpler set of a number of offensive plays as opposed to B. that they have a tendency to have focused greater training time on practicing a smaller, simpler set of a number offensive plays than is the case with C. they tend to focus more training time on practicing a smaller, simpler set of a number of offensive plays than toward D. the tendency to focus a greater amount of training time on practicing a simple and small set of offensive plays as opposed to E. that they tend to focus more training time on a smaller, simpler set of offensive plays than do

A severe accident that destroyed an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico has led to a large drop in oil drilling and production. The wholesale price of unrefined crude oil has risen significantly and is not likely to decrease in the near future. As such, the retail price of home heating oil is guaranteed to increase within three months. 36. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? A. Consumers may use other fuels to heat their homes if the price of heating oil increases. B. The owner of the destroyed rig is able to move a new rig to the Gulf of Mexico. C. Light crude oil will be affected more significantly than dark crude oil. D. The price of home heating oil has dropped every year for the past four years. E. The vast majority of home heating oil that will be sold by wholesalers to consumers over the next three months was purchased at a price that was fixed more than a year prior to the rig explosion.

37. As indicated by a large research study of over 10,000 employed women, the percentage of women serving as the sole wage earners in their households will increase by three times within the next ten years. A. will increase by three times B. is likely to triple C. are likely to increase by three times D. are likely to triple E. will increase three times

38. Snake oil is commonly known as an example of poison disguised as medicine because of such issues as unsafe side effects, terrible flavors, and lacking an effectiveness at treating any of the maladies it claimed to cure. A. lacking an effectiveness B. because it was ineffective C. being ineffective D. an ineffectiveness E. that they were ineffective

Adult citizens of the United States should commit more of their free time to exercising. Most U.S. citizens learn adult exercise habits in childhood from their parents, and studies show that during the era in which most adults currently between the ages of 25 and 65 were living with their parents, national exercise patterns were far from adequate to sustain overall good health. In fact, current research shows that more than half of adult U.S citizens are overweight, and only a minority can meet basic physical fitness benchmarks. If these inactive adults do not adopt better exercise habits, they will notice a decrease in their mobility and overall health over time, and they will jeopardize their abilities to work and to engage in basic physical activities. 39. In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? A. The first is data that the author believes has been disregarded in the present circumstance; the second describes that circumstance. B. The first provides the background for the author's main argument; the second is that argument. C. The first provides facts to strengthen the author's conclusion; the second provides proof as to the veracity of these facts. D. The first provides background for the current situation; the second is a forecast based on that situation. E. The first is data that weakens the author's main point; the second is that main point.

The price of a good and the demand for its substitutes are directly related. An increase in the price of a good leads to an increase in the demand for its substitutes. Conversely, when the price of a good drops, the demand for its substitutes drops. 40. Which of the following statements provides an example of the relationship described above? A. An increase in the price of computer terminals leads to an increase in the demand for keyboards. B. An increase in the price of running shoes leads to an increase in the demand for running shorts. C. A decrease in the price of olive oil leads to an increase in the price of canola oil. D. A decrease in the price of hotdogs leads to a decrease in the demand for buns. E. A decrease in the price of Cola X leads to a decrease in the demand for Cola Y.

A company sells audio books in two forms: CDs and downloads. Last year, the company's CD sales totaled $10 million and their download sales totaled $6 million. This year, the company's CD sales will be $9 million and their download sales will be $7 million. An industry analyst predicts that the company's profits will decline, because downloads typically sell for less than CDs. 41. The analyst's prediction is based on which of the following assumptions? A. Audio books in both forms are easy for customers to copy and share, depriving the company of revenue. B. The company's shift to download sales is too gradual to keep pace with changing customer preferences. C. The slight shift from CDs to downloaded audio books confers no market advantage. D. The low cost of publishing audio books invites competition and makes it difficult for the company to make a profit. E. The cost of producing and distributing downloads is not significantly less than the cost of producing and distributing CDs.

The California ground squirrel must constantly balance the conflicting demands of self-preservation and predator assessment. Because predator assessment requires a fairly high degree of proximity and sensory contact, the ground squirrel can only safely assess predators from whom there is little to no immediate threat. For example, when avian predators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle, launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservation must take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge. Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediate danger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity for predator assessment. Predator assessment might normally be hampered by the inherent danger of the rattlesnake's lethal bite. But while squirrels constitute almost 70 percent of the rattlesnake's diet, adult ground squirrels are all but immune to rattlesnakes. Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey, in marked contrast to sudden avian attacks. And even though a rattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move much faster. More important, any danger posed by a snakebite is mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that confer resistance to rattlesnake venom. Adult ground squirrels will generally survive a rattlesnake bite that could prove lethal to a grown human. Indeed, it is the squirrel pups that are most susceptible to rattlesnake bites, because their smaller bodies cannot neutralize a full bite's worth of venom. This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to change the dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationship and approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire useful information regarding size and body temperature. Larger snakes, which deliver more venom per strike, are naturally more dangerous, as are warmer snakes, which can strike faster, from a greater distance, and with greater accuracy. Visual cues can be helpful, but the squirrel is often hampered by the

surrounding vegetation and darkness of burrows. Auditory cues are generally more reliable. For this reason, the ground squirrel will engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwing in an attempt to put the snake on the defensive, and coax the snake into rattling its tail. The sound of a particular snake's rattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and body temperature. Not only does this information allow the squirrel to accurately assess the surrounding danger to itself and its pups, but it also allows the squirrel to communicate this danger (or lack thereof) to other squirrels by additional tail-flagging. 42. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about adult ground squirrels on the basis of the passage? A. They are found exclusively in California. B. They have always been immune to rattlesnake venom. C. They are sometimes vulnerable to a rattlesnake's venom. D. They generally stay away from rattlesnakes in order to protect their young. E. They have only avian and reptilian predators.

43. According to the passage, the adult ground squirrel generally does NOT engage in which of the following? A. The self-application of snake scent B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size C. Biting rattlesnakes D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels

44. The author mentions the hunting method of rattlesnakes in order to A. show how the rattlesnake can sneak up on a ground squirrel engaged in predator assessment. B. give an example of an attack against which the adult ground squirrel must defend itself in order to survive. C. explain why 70 percent of squirrels are eaten by rattlesnakes. D. show how the rattlesnake is different from the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle. E. provide a secondary explanation for the adult California ground squirrel's ability to safely approach the rattlesnake.

45. The passage suggests which of the following about predator-prey relationships? A. They only allow for predator assessment when there is no danger from the predator. B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predator assessment. C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution. D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity. E. They are the same regardless of the species in question.

This year on Island Z, boat building companies have stopped purchasing raw materials, their laborers are struggling to find work for long patches of time, and specialists such as sonar and radio technicians are making a living off retrofitting old boats. Clearly, there must be fewer new boating enthusiasts visiting or relocating to Island Z than ever before. 46. Which of the following, if true, best undermines the above conclusion? A. The costs of raw boat materials such as wood and fiberglass have fallen over the past 12 months. B. Purchases of other durable goods such as cars and homes have held near historic averages during the past 12 months. C. Island Z recently imported dozens of boats after its government removed a long standing import tariff on nautical vessels. D. The median length of a new vessel has increased greatly over the last few years. E. New boater registration on Island Z was up five percent this year and only two percent last year.

47. According to a survey conducted by the school administration, incoming seniors planning to attend college prefer not only rigorous courses, like honors and advanced placement courses, over those that require less work but also science and math courses over those in the humanities. A. like honors and advanced placement courses, over those that require less work but also science and math courses over B. such as honors and advanced placement courses, to those that require less work but also science and math courses to C. like honors and advanced placement courses, to those requiring less work but they prefer science and math courses to D. such as honors and advanced placement courses, more than those that require less work but also science and math courses more than E. such as honors and advanced placement courses, more than those requiring less work and also science and math courses more than

According to a leading education journal, less than 2 percent of the nation's universities require the majority of students to complete a course in calculus. The editor of the journal cited this statistic as proof of the further erosion of mathematical aptitude in the country. 48. Which of the following is an assumption on the part of the editor? A. Most universities ought to require students to take highlevel math courses. B. Mathematical aptitude cannot be cultivated by courses other than calculus. C. Mathematical aptitude is more important than other kinds of aptitude. D. Among universities that do not require a majority of their students to complete a calculus course, most required less than 10 percent of the students to take such a course. E. The trend toward fewer university degree programs requiring calculus will continue.

49. Until Copernicus' work was published in 1543, the sun revolving around the earth was a theory that had been strongly supported by leading scientific minds as well as the Catholic Church. A. the sun revolving around the earth was a theory that had been strongly supported by leading scientific minds as well as the Catholic Church B. the sun revolving around the earth, a theory that had been strongly supported by leading scientific minds, was also being supported by the Catholic Church C. many astronomers had believed that the sun revolving around the earth was a theory strongly supported by leading scientific minds as well as the Catholic Church D. many astronomers had believed that the sun revolved around the earth, a theory strongly supported by leading scientific minds as well as the Catholic Church E. many astronomers believed that the sun revolving around the earth was a theory strongly supported by leading scientific minds as well as the Catholic Church