Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Background
Human body is highly sensitive in temperature. Increase and decease by few degree Celsius causes several body imbalances such as vomiting, unconsciousness, headache and dizziness. Similarly, decrease in amount of oxygen and increase in carbon dioxide concentration above 700 ppm in the air we breathe leads to improper functioning of respiratory system decreasing metabolic rate of body. Dust, odor and toxic gas deteriorates air. Contamination of indoor air by presence and growth of bacteria, fungi, mold, viruses and mildew may lead to health problems such as tuberculosis, asthma, lung cancer, etc. Therefore air of our environment must be properly conditioned in order to promote health. So to create the comfort air condition inside the indoor environment HVAC is required. History of air conditioner and refrigeration was started in 1820s by making ice artificially as an experiment. Later, Willis Haviland Carrier invented the first air conditioner to control the temperature and humidity of a printing company. Discovery of Freon refrigerant, invention of rotary compressor and Heat pump equipments not only made air conditioning unit smaller and efficient but also allow cooling and heating cycle to occur in same machine that can be used to provide cooling during summer and heating during winter. Today, air conditioners have been said to be a partial cause for the changes in the South, and for most of us who have experienced its cooling benefits in times of searing heat waves, it is an invention that is hard to live without. The need of air conditioning system is increasing day-by-day in our country also. Its application is in residential, industrial and commercial building. One of the major expenditures in the life-cycle of these building is the expenditure on operation of HVAC system. HVAC system design not only increases initial cost but also augments running cost and can create severe indoor conditions. Therefore, it is important to follow ASHRAE recommended procedures from the design phase onwards to

minimize cost, maximize efficiency and to maintain a productive and comfortable indoor environment.

1.2 Main Objective:

To design Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning(HVAC) and Fire protection system of Building

1.3 Specific Objectives:

 To familiarize with different equipment HVAC.  To carry out cooling and heating load calculation for HVAC Design.  To calculate the estimated requirement of pipe and duct for the design of HVAC.  To design the fire protection system.  To select appropriate design and equipment for HVAC design in order to make energy efficient.  To estimate cost for HVAC design and installation in Building.  To learn the real challenges that may occur during HVAC design from Architectural, Civil and Electrical perspective.

1.4 Methodology
 Existing design of HVAC will be studied through field visit and by consulting with senior student, expert teacher and consultancy.  Necessary data and layout of building will be collected and interpreted.  Cooling and heating load of the building will be calculated.  Appropriate design of pipe and duct will be carried out.  Available material and equipment required for the HVAC and fire protection design will be searched.  Schematic layout of HVAC, working drawing, specification, material and construction method will be prepared.  Finally, the cost estimation will be carried out.

1.5 Limitations
 Actual field test will not be performed so actual heating and cooling load and actual plant efficiency will not be identified.  Sudden unexpected change in load may not be observed.  Designed material and equipments may not be available in market which would directly affect the performance of the system.  Designed system may not be eco-friendly.

Chapter 2

Literature review
2.1 Overview: Definition Air-conditioning or HVAC is a process that simultaneously conditions air;

distributes it combined with the outdoor air to the conditioned space; and at the same time controls and maintains the required spaces temperature, humidity, air movement, air cleanliness, sound level, and pressure differential within predetermined limits for the health and comfort of the occupants, for product processing, or both. An air-conditioning system consists of heating units, cooling units, air filter, humidifier, dehumidifier, ducts, etc arranged in sequential order. Classification of Air Conditioning Air conditioning can be classified based on various ways. The commonly used classifications of air conditioning are as follows: Based on Application The air conditioning systems are broadly classified into two groups on the basis of their application. a) Comfort air-conditioning: Comfort air-conditioning serves to provide an environment which is comfortable to majority of the occupants. In institutional, commercial, and residential buildings, airconditioning systems are mainly for the occupants health and comfort and are called Comfort air-conditioning systems and are subdivided into two groups. i. Summer air-conditioning: The objective of summer air-conditioning is to remove sensible heat and water vapor concentration present in the air by cooling and dehumidification. ii. Winter air-conditioning: Winter air-conditioning serves to the addition of sensible heat and water vapor content of air by heating and humidification. b) Industrial air-conditioning:

In industry, air conditioning is done to create a favorable environment so that manufacturing can be done in an efficient way with good indoor air quality. In food and beverage industries air-conditioning is necessary for the prevention of growth of bacteria, fungi, mold, viruses, mildews etc. and their contamination. Pharmaceutical industries require specific combination of temperature and humidity for the preparation and recycling of drugs. Industries such as cement industry, steel industry, paint industry requires specific humidity level for the production and storage of goods. The quality of electronic goods can be ascertained only in a completely air-conditioned environment. The common requirement in industrial air-conditioning is to control the temperature, humidity and air motion for creating a controlled environment. 1. Based on Air Conditioning Unit and Distribution System On the basis of type of air conditioning unit and distribution system air conditioning can be classified as: a. Central station air-conditioning system: In the central air conditioning system, all the components of the systems are grouped together in one central room and conditioned air is distributed from the central room to the required places through extensive network of duct and insulated pipe. The central air-conditioning system is generally used for the load above 25 TR and for 2500 m3/min. For many applications in auditorium, departmental store, large multistory buildings, hospitals, etc where duct and pipe work can be easily laid down the system proves to be most efficient. b. Unitary air-conditioning system: In unitary air conditioning system all the components are assembled in the factory itself. These assembled units are usually installed in or adjacent to the space to be conditioned. It is commonly preferred up to a load of 15 TR. It includes both Remote ac unit system and self contained ac unit system. c. District air-conditioning system: In district air-conditioning system a central unit conditions a large space. It is mostly suitable for concentrated load above 1500 TR. For this system, the larger is the size of plant, the larger is the advantage. Because of heavy initial investment these systems are rarely installed in developing countries. 2. Based on working Fluid Used

On the basis of types of fluid used for cooling or heating purpose the air conditioning systems can be classified as follows: a. All-water system: In all-water system, the air before passing into an air conditioned room is heated or cooled by using hot or cold water. The heating or cooling of the water is done by boiler or chiller located at some central place. This system has flexibility of adaptation in different size and shape of building. b. All air system: In all air syst0em, air-treating plant is remotely located in a central place (AHU unit) and the conditioned air is sent through insulated ducts and distributed into the air conditioned spaces through grills and diffusers. It is mostly applied in buildings requiring similar indoor conditions such as office buildings, schools, auditorium halls, and cinema halls. c. Air water system: In air water system the primary air comes from the central air conditioning equipment whereas the conditioned air is further heated or cooled by the water flowing through the fan coil unit (FCU). Individual room temperature control is obtained by varying the capacity of the coil within the room by regulation of either the water flow through it or the air flow over it. d. Direct expansion system: In this system cooling or heating effect is produced by direct expansion or compression of primary refrigerant used. 2.2 Thermal comfort and Indoor design condition :
Thermal comfort is defined as that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. A human body is very sensitive to temperature. The body temperature must be maintained within a narrow range to avoid discomfort, and within a somewhat wider range, to avoid danger from heat or cold stress. Studies show that at neutral condition, the temperatures should be:
o

Skin temperature, t

skin

33.7 C
o

Core temperature, t core 36.8 C

o

It is observed that when the core temperature is between 35 to 39 C, the body

o

experiences only a mild discomfort. When the temperature is lower than 35 C or higher than
o

39 C, then people suffer major loss in efficiency. It becomes lethal when the temperature falls

below 31 C or rises above 43 C. Thermal comfort is affected by Physiological factors such as age, activity, sex and health Insulating factor due to clothing and Environmental factors i.e. the dry bulb temperature affects heat transfer by convection and evaporation, the relative humidity affects heat loss by evaporation, air velocity influences both convective and evaporative heat transfer and the surrounding surface temperature affects the radiative heat transfer from body. ASHRAE has defined a comfort chart based on the effective and operative temperatures. It can be seen from the chart that the comfort zones are bounded by effective
o

temperature lines, a constant RH line of 60% and dew point temperature of 2 C. The upper
o

and lower limits of humidity (i.e. 60 % RH and 2 C DPT, respectively) are based on the moisture content related considerations of dry skin, eye irritation, respiratory health and microbial growth. The comfort chart is based on statistical sampling of a large number of occupants with activity levels less than 1.2 met. Based on the chart ASHARE makes the following recommendations: Inside design conditions for Winter:
o

T between 20.0 to 23.5 C at a RH of 60%

op o op o

T between 20.5 to 24.5 C at a DPT of 2 C Inside design conditions for Summer:

o

T between 22.5 to 26.0 C at a RH of 60%

op o op o

T between 23.5 to 27.0 C at a DPT of 2 C

Fig.

ASHRAE Comfort chartfor sedentary person

Air conditioning systems should be operated at as low a temperature as acceptable in winter and as high a temperature as acceptable in summer.

2.3 Thermal Load Calculation

Thermal load calculation refers to heating and cooling load calculation of the building and is essential for sizing of all the equipments, pipes and ducts along with system selection of A/C for the building. heating and cooling load calculations involve a systematic, stepwise procedure,

using which one can arrive at the required system capacity by taking into account all the building energy flows. In practice, a variety of methods ranging from simple rules -of-thumb to complex Transfer Function Methods are used in practice to arrive at the building loads. Rule of thumb method is inaccurate and leads to over -sized or under-sized of a/c system. More accurate load estimation methods involve a combination of analytical methods and empirical results obtained from actual data i.e. from Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) for estimating fabric heat gain and the use of Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) for estimating heat transfer through fenestration. These methods are very widely used and yield reasonably accurate results and estimations can be carried out manually in a relatively short time. Though Transfer function method is more accurate, it is still more expensive and time consuming and hence not used for normal calculation.

2.3.2. Heating Load Calculation:

Heating load calculations are carried out to estimate the heat loss from the building in winter so as to arrive at required heating capacities. Normally during winter months the peak heating load occurs before sunrise and the outdoor conditions do not vary significantly throughout the winter season. In addition, internal heat sources such as occupants or appliances are beneficial as they compensate some of the heat losses. As a result, normally, the heat load calculations are carried out assuming steady state conditions (no solar radiation and steady outdoor conditions) and neglecting internal heat source .
a. Building Heat Transfer Loss
Building heat transfer loss is the sum of heat loss due to transfer from outer walls, glazing surface, partition wall, doors, windows etc. Heat loss depends in the area, U-value and temperature difference between the outside region and conditioned region which is given as Q = A x U x TD eqn. (a)

b. Heat loss due to Infiltration and Ventilation

Heat is lost due to infiltration when the conditioned air flows out of the room from small pores, cracks, windows and door openings etc. Ventilation replaces inside conditioned air with the outside fresh air and thus extra heat is required to condition it. For our purpose we neglect the infiltrated air and only take ventilated air, as the volume of infiltrated air is very less in comparison with the ventilated air. Sensible and latent heat added due to ventilation is given as

QS = 1.1 x n x CFM x T QL = 0.68 x n x CFM x W Where, n number of people fresh air supplied to each person (ft3/min)

eqn. (b) eqn. (c)

CFM T W

temperature difference between fresh air and inside conditioned air difference in water content in outside and inside air (g/lb)

We considered the air flow rate as 15 CFM for each person inside the conditioned air as per ASHRAE standards.

2.3.2 Cooling Load Calculation

For estimating cooling loads, one has to consider the unsteady state processes, as the peak cooling load occurs during the day time and the outside conditions also vary significantly throughout the day due to solar radiation. In addition, all internal sources add on to the cooling loads and neglecting them would lead to underestimation of the required cooling capacity and the possibility of not being able to maintain the required indoor conditions. The
various heat added to the conditioned area are calculated as follows. a) Conduction through exterior wall, roof and glass:

The heat transfer rate through opaque surfaces such as walls, roof, floor, doors, glass etc. is given by:
Q = A x U x CLTD Where, U A eqn. (d)

overall heat transfer coefficient

area of wall or ceiling or glass

Through extensive experimentation ASHRAE assigned reference CLTD value for an indoor temperature of 780F and outdoor average temperature of 860F for July 21 taken at latitude of 400N. For HVAC design at other regions with different indoor and outdoor temperature correction in CLTD should be made. The corrected CLTD (CLTDC) is given as CLTDC = CLTD + LM + (78 - TR) + (Tom - 85) And for the glass eqn. (e)

CLTDC = CLTD + (78 - TR) + (Tom 85) Where, LM TR Tom Tom correction factor for latitude and month temperature of the conditioned area average temperature of outside environment

eqn. (f)

= Tmax- (Daily Range/2)

b) Conduction through Interior Structure

Interior structures such as partition wall, glass partition, windows, doors etc. conducts heat which is given as Q = A x U x TD Where, TD Temperature Difference between conditioned and unconditioned space. eqn. (g)

When the temperature of the unconditioned space inside the building is not known, then 60% of the temperature difference between outside and inside air is taken as the temperature difference.

c) Solar Radiation through Glass

The solar radiation entering from the transparent glass produces heating effect inside the room. This increase in room heat is calculated using Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) and Cooling Load Factor (CLF). SHGF gives the maximum amount of cooling load produced due to solar heat transmitted through the glazing surface. It is always same for a particular latitude and direction in a particular solar day. CLF then assigns a value by which this SHGF reduces in a particular solar hour. The heat addition due to this solar radiation is given by Qglaz = A x SC x SHGF x CLF Where, SC SHGF CLF shading coefficient Solar Heat Gain Factor Cooling Load Factor eqn. (h)

d) Heat addition from Lighting

The heat addition due to the lighting is given as Q = 3.4 x W x BF x CLF Where, eqn. (i)

W BF CLF

lighting capacity (watts) Ballast Factor Cooling Load Factor for lighting

BF accounts for heat loss in the ballast in fluorescent lamps. It is usually taken 1.25 for fluorescent lamps. CLF accounts for heat storage effect in the walls of room.

e) Heat addition from People

Heat is added from people as sensible heat and latent heat. Latent heat is added in the form of sweat. The sensible and latent heat added are calculated as QS = SHG x n x CLF QL = n x LHG Where, n number of people eqn. (j) eqn. (k)

SHG and LHG are the sensible and latent heat released from body. SHG and LHG depend upon the activity level of people..

f) Heat addition from Equipment:

Equipments add heat in the conditioned space in the form of sensible heat or latent heat or both. The heat ejected is obtained either directly from manufacturers catalogue or is calculated as Q = W input x FL x CLF Where, Winput FL CLF equipment. rated power input of the equipment load factor which is a product of usage factor and radiation factor cooling load factor, which depends on the scheduled hours and housing of

g) Heat addition due to Infiltration and Ventila tion:

Heat is added in the conditioned room in the form of both sensible heat and latent heat when air gets infiltrated or is brought inside from ventilation. The process of calculating heat gain through ventilation is same as that of heating load calculation.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

3.1 Design Conditions We obtained climatic data for the proposed site from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM). The climatic data was based on instrument installed in Kathmandu Airport at a latitude of 27.70, longitude -85.20 and elevation of 4388 ft. As the climatic data for the given site i.e.Chabahil is not available, we took the data of Airport which is nearer to it. The climatic data as described in Appendix A, the average extreme maximum outside temperature lies in the month June while average extreme minimum temperature occurs in the month of January. So, we decided to take outdoor dry bulb temperature as 91.90F for summer and 32.60F for winter. According to DHM, RH value for different site of Nepal is recorded only two times a day i.e. 8:45am and 17:45 pm. So, we decided to take consider valueof evening only. The mean value of RH for the month of Jun (i.e. for summer design) is 71.5% and for Jan (i.e. for winter design) is 65.2%. Also, the daily range for summer condition is taken as average difference between the average maximum and average minimum evaluated from 2004 to 2009 A.D. and is found to be 17.430F. Hence, the daily range is taken to be 17.430F for the purpose of calculating corrected CLTD value From the comfort chart, we took the indoor temperature to be 75 0F and RH 50% for summer condition and 700F and RH 50% for winter condition. Hence, the design indoor and outdoor conditions for Buddha, Kathmandu are summarized below: Summer Indoor: Outdoor: Winter 75 0F and RH 50% 91.90F and RH 71.5%

Indoor: Outdoor:

70 0F and RH 50% 32.60F and RH 65.2%

3.2 Building Description Detail drawing of Mall is presented in Appendix B, is a multistory with two basement floor. The floor height is 11-ft excluding ceiling and floor thickness. As shown in drawing sheet, mall is north faced. As, we have not received enough data regarding window and door, we assumed north face contain 70% of the glass and remaining other as wall. Similarly, we assumed east and west face contains 50% glass and south face contains 30% glass. This Mall is attached to adjacent building in east side whose height is up to second floor of Mall. Architect for the design of this Mall has provided space for A/C plant in the top floor of the building. Here, we have assumed that the A/C will be supplied only to the rental areas of Mall. It is even not supplied to the upper and lower basement form the view of load on the Mall. The physical dimensions of the various floors and their functional area are presented in Appendix B. Main door lies in the unconditioned spaces so it doesnt play role for Load calculation. Also, the door of each room is assumed to be made of Glass and its effect is included in partitionglass wall only. So, the dimension of entrance main door and door of each room are not presented in the Appendix B.
o Outer Wall:

 

4 face brick+ 8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 on inner side of wall For Screen 1 and 2, 4 face brick+ 8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 and 2 glass wool on inner side of wall

o Partition Wall:

   

8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 on both side of wall For screen 1 &2, 8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 on both side of wall with 2 in glass wool in inner side of wall 1/2 clear-in glass

o Ceiling/ floor:

6 light weight Concrete without suspended ceiling for all expect for the ceiling of Screen 1 and 2 of sixth floor.

6 light weight concrete slab with 2 glass wool with false ceiling for the Screen 1 and 2 of sixth floor.

o Window: 1/4" Reflecting Glass with aluminum frame

3.3 Space Heati Space heati

L ad Calculati

l ad measure the maximum possi le heat loss from the conditioned

space. The space heating load is composed of t o major components. First is the heating load required to handle transmission losses due to heat transfer from the air inside the mall to outside, through the walls, floor, roof, and various windows and doors. Secon is the d, heating load required to account for outside air infiltration through doors, windows, etc. Assumption made during the heating load calculation is listed below:  
It is carried out assuming steady state conditions (no solar radiation and steady outdoor conditions) and neglecting internal heat sources. Infiltration air is not considered as it is assumed that the window and door are air sealed. Although, the ventilation of 15 CFM per person is provided in each conditioned space.

Temperature between the conditioned and un-conditioned space is taken as 0.6 times difference between their temperature for transmission loss calculation.

So the heat lose due to transmission from the building is obtained using general equation i.e

Where,

'U' is the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for the component A is the surface area of the component, 'ti' is the inside airtemperature, and 'to' is the outside air temperature.

Wall

Altogether, there are three types of walls in building i.e. building outer wall, partition

wall and wall of Cinema Hall. The various sub-components of these walls ha ve their own

heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer coefficients for the convection losses on the outside and inside wall surfaces must also be included to obtain overall heat transfer coefficient for the building. Hence, using the data from Edward G. Pita,U-value for the differentwalls of Mall is calculated below in Tables.

.
Table: Outer wall

Sn. 1

Description

Thermal Resistance, R (ft2-hroF/Btu) 0.17 0.44 1.6 0.32 0.68 3.21 0.312

Outer surface Resistance (moving air 15 MPH winter) 3 4 face brick 4 8 Common brick 5 0.5 Plaster Inner surface Resistance (Still air, 6 vertical) Total Resistance Overall Heat transfer coefficient (U=1/R), Btu/ft2-hr-oF

Note: 8" common brick is not available in the ref. so R-value is interpolated for this thickness from 4" common brick Table: Outer Wall of Cinema hall of sixth floor

Sn. 1 3 4 5 6 7

Description Thermal Resistance, R (ft2-hr-oF/Btu) Outer surface Resistance 0.17 (moving air 15 MPH winter) 4 face brick 0.44 8 Common brick 1.6 0.5 Plaster 0.32 glass wool 2" 7 Inner surface Resistance (Still air, vertical) 0.68 Total Resistance 10.21 Overall Heat transfer coefficient (U=1/R), 0.098 Btu/ft2-hr-oF

Table is for outer wall of cinema hall of sixth floor but for the partition wall of cinema hall of sixth floor, U-value is 0.094 Btu/ft2-hr-oF.So using eqn. (a), heat loss through wall can be calculated. Window: As described in building Description article, no specific dimension of the window will be chosen due to the lack of detailed drawing. Windows as specified are glass with reflecting type. The overall heat transfer coefficient for this glass window is 1.10 Btu/ft2-hr-oF. Heat loss through it is obtained from eqn.(a). Partition: Two type of partition are in the mall. First one is wall type and other is glass type. The partition wall is 8 common brick with plaster of 0.5 on both side of wall

while for glass partition Clear in type Glass is used. The U-value is provided in the table for wall partition while for glass partition, U-value is directly obtained as 0.410Btu/ft2-hr-oF. When U, A and TD is known, then heat loss for partition can be obtained
Table: Partition Wall

Sn. 1 2 3 4 5

Description Outer surface Resistance (Still air, vertical) 0.5 Plaster (light agg.) 8 common brick 0.5 Plaster Inner surface Resistance (Still air, vertical) Total Resistance Overall Heat transfer coefficient (U=1/R), Btu/ft2-hr-oF

Thermal Resistance, R (ft2-hr-oF/Btu) 0.68 0.32 1.6 0.32 0.68 3.6 0.278

Note: 8" common brick was not available in the ref. so R-value is interpolated for this thickness from 4" common brick

Ceiling: Ceiling or floor of each floor of the building is made of up 6 concrete slab. In addition to this, there is glass wool of 2 thickness with false ceiling in the ceiling of Screen 1 & 2 of sixth floor. Due to the movement of air above the surface of top floor ceiling, resistance due to this moving air should be taken into account resulting U-value differ for top floor and other floor. The specified ceiling component, their thermal resistance with their overall heat transfer coefficient is provided in the table below for Top floor, other floor and for Screen 1&2.
Table: Top floor Ceiling

Sn. 1 2 3 4 5

Description Outer surface Resistance (moving air 15 MPH winter) 0.5 Plaster (light agg.) 6" l.w. concrete slab 0.5 Plaster (light agg.) Inner surface Resistance (Still air, horizontal) Total Resistance Overall Heat transfer coefficient (U=1/R), Btu/ft2-hr-oF

Thermal Resistance, R (ft2-hr-oF/Btu) 0.17 0.32 6.32 0.32 0.92 8.05 0.124

Table: Ceiling for cinema hall of sixth floor

Sn. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Description Outer surface Resistance (moving air 15 MPH winter) 0.5 Plaster (light agg.) 6" l.w. concrete slab 0.5 Plaster Air space (Horizontal) 2 glass wool Inner surface Resistance (Still air, horizontal) Total Resistance Overall Heat transfer coefficient (U=1/R), Btu/ft2-hr-oF

Thermal Resistance, R (ft2-hr-oF/Btu) 0.17 0.32 6.32 0.32 0.78 7 0.92 15.83 0.063

Note: 2" glass was not available so R-value is interpolated for this thickness from 1" glass from table A-4 of ref.

Table: Ceiling for other floor

Sn. 1 2 3 4 5

Description Inner surface Resistance (Still air, horizontal) 0.5 Plaster 6" l.w. concrete slab 0.5 Plaster Inner surface Resistance (Still air, horizontal)
Total Resistance

Thermal Resistance, R (ft2-hr-oF/Btu) 0.92 0.32 6.32 0.32 0.92

8.8

Overall Heat transfer coefficient (U=1/R), Btu/ft2-hr-oF

0.114

Note: 8" common brick was not available in the ref. so R-value is interpolated for this thickness from 4" common brick

Ventilation: We have assumed that the 15 CFM per person is required to ventilate the room so that no infiltrated air will enter into the space. Because of this, we have neglected the infiltration through window and door. Occupant number differ zone wise so we adapted the recommended occupant level in different zone of space from the book of Edward. G. Pita. But, in actual, the data provided there does not suit in the context of our country so we decided to assume that occupant number will be half only for zone area more than 1000 sq ft and for lesser area, the occupants number will be as it is. After we

knew the value of CFM and no. of occupant, sensible and latent heat loss due to ventilation can be obtained from eqn. (b) and (c). The space heating load due to transmission through the building ceiling, walls, floor, windows and doors is combined with the space heating load due to ventilation to give total space sensible and latent heating load The Floor wisespace heating load in . which both sensible and latent are summed upare tabulated in Table below:
HEATING LOAD CALCULATION Floor Heating Load (BTU/hr) Ground 339,589.28 First 306,451.00 Second 383,388.34 Third 282,581.41 Forth 955,505.76 Fifth 444,578.13 Sixth 421,565.15 Seventh 77,492.67 Eighth 166,099.79 Top 106,890.78 Total 3,484,142.31

Sn. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Table: Fl

wi e Heati

l ad Calculati

HE TI

O D

U
Ground 10%

TIO
First 9% Second 11%

Top Seventh Eighth 5% 3% 2% Sixth 12%

Fifth 13% Forth 27%

Third 8%

Chart: Fl

r wi e Heati

l ad Calculati

i Percentage basis

3.4 Space Cooling Load Calculation To determine the space cooling load for the Mall, we employed the CLTD/SCL/CLF method. The time that the maximum cooling load occurs was not provided so we did space cooling loadcalculation for several times i.e. from 1:00 pm to 5:00 pm in hourly basis, in an iterativefashion, in order to select the maximum cooling load. Each contributingcomponent of the space cooling load is calculated separately as follows; Wall: The U-value for cooling load calculation slightly differs from heating load calculation due the different value of outside surface resistance in summer. Instead of putting R-value of outside surface resistance of moving air (15MPH), R-value of outside surface resistance of moving air 7.5 MPH results in the change in U-value of outer wall and wall of screen 1 & 2. U-value for the partition wall is same for both cooling and heating load. So, Overall heat transfer coefficient for outer wall, partition wall, outer wall for screen 1& 2 and partition wall for screen 1 &2 are 0.302,0.278, 0.097 and 0.094respectively. For the wall, the CLTD value must be determined. The component of outer wall is 4 face brick and 8 common brick with plaster in inner side. Wall Group no. for this combination is not available in the data book, so we took wall group no. B for 4 face brick + 8 common brick. CLTD Data for wall group B for time 1 to 5 pm are obtained from the ref. table of CLTD for calculating cooling load form sunlit wall. Similarly, for the wall of screen 1 & 2, we assumed 4 face brick+insulation+8 common brick. So, its wall type is A and CLTD value for it is tabulated below for different time and direction of wall. But this CLTD value must be corrected for the Chabahil using eqn. (e). But for partition wall, there is no need to calculate CLTD. Only, 0.6 times the temperat ure difference between outdoor and indoor design temperature is required to calculate heat gain through partition wall. Heat gain due to wall is calculated from eqn. (d) and (g). Ceiling/ Floor: Ceiling of each floor of the building is made of up 6 concrete slab expect cinema hall which in addition to it contain glass wool of 2 thickness with false ceiling. U-value for these ceiling differ from the heating load only from the outer surface resistance. Outer surface resistance for summer is 0.25. Replacing with this value in table of ceiling, U-value for top floor ceiling, ceiling for cinema hall and ceiling for other floor can be calculated and are 0.123, 0.063and 0.114 Btu/ft2-hr-oF respectively.

Glass(Conduction):For the heat gain through window glass, a CLTD value and Uvalue must be determined. The U-value for the reflecting type glass is obtained directly from the data-book as 1.04. And CLTD value for the conduction though glass can be obtained data book table for different hour as given below: Hour CLTD, F 1300 11 1400 1500 13 13.5 1600 14 1700 13

But, for partition glass, 0.6 times the temperature difference between outdoor and indoor design temperature is required instead of CLTD to calculate heat gain through it. U-value for the partition glass is 0.7 Glass (Solar): To determine the Solar contribution to the space cooling load from windows using eqn.(h), maximum solar heat gain factors (SHGF), a Shading Coefficient (SC) and Solar Cooling Load Factor (CLF) must be found for corresponding glass type and given orientation. The windows are in reflecting type glass. Our proposed site is at Chabahil, Kathmandu whose latitude is 27.70 N. Interpolation between 240 N and 320 N is done to extract the value of SHGF for required latitude from table of data book. SC is obtained directly from the Data book for reflective coated glass without interior shading and is equal to 0.30. CLF accounts for the storage of part of the solar heat gain. Its value differswith time; orientation and type of construction (i.e. light, medium or heavy). Here, we have assumed that the construction type is light and value of CLF for 1300 to 1700 hour and for different orientation are obtained from the data book. Internal Light:To determine heat gain through internal light from eqn. (i), rated capacity of lights in use (W),Ballast factor (BF) and Cooling load factor (CLF) must be determined. We have collected installed capacity of light from different Mall located in Kathmandu for obtaining actual possible wattage. For BF, we use the typical value of 1.25 assuming fluorescent lighting. As CLF table for lighting is not provided in data book and also it recommend that value of 1 can be used for day operation So, we assigned . CLF value as 1. People:Both the sensible and latent portion of the instantaneous heat gain due to the occupants requires the determination of occupant level and activity level. Moreover, the sensible heat gain also requires the determination of cooling load factor (CLF). For CLF of people, we assumed that Mall will open at 7 am and close at 9 pm (14 hours in space).

And at the point of 1300 hour, people will have been in the space for 5 hours. From the data book, the CLF value for this case is 0.80. Similarly, at the point of 1400, 1500, 1600 & 1700 hours, the CLF value is 0.83, 0.85, 0.86 & 0.89 respectively. Sensible and latent heat are obtained from datebook for different degree of activity and for typical application while the no. of occupant in each zone are described earlier in Ventilation Article of Heating load calculation. Equipment: Heat gain through equipment installed in different zone of conditioned space is directly obtained from the data-book. The estimation of equipment in different zone like restaurant, branded electronic showroom, coffee shop etc.aredone with the field visit to different mall of Kathmandu. Ventilation: Procedure for calculating heat gain/loss through the ventilation is same in both heating and cooling load calculation. Difference lies only in the indoor and outdoor design condition for summer and winter.

A summary of all calculated space cooling loads for floor wise are tabulated below in table:

Cooling load Calculation

Commercial Building
Buddha, Kathmandu

SN.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

floor
Ground First second third forth fifth sixth seventh eighth top total

1pm 30.14 29.93 31.40 38.94 169.57 61.07 56.42 5.89 21.71 14.46 459.52

2pm 31.53 31.62 34.16 41.59 171.20 78.80 57.86 5.89 26.20 15.51 494.35

cooling load (TR) 3pm 32.62 32.89 36.75 43.99 172.29 79.31 59.00 5.89 26.57 15.98 505.29

4pm 33.50 33.87 38.99 46.03 173.37 79.83 60.65 5.89 26.97 16.92 516.01

5pm 33.81 34.06 39.99 46.89 173.84 79.99 61.44 5.89 27.14 17.17 520.23

Table: Floor wise cooling load calculation summary

Cooling load at 5pm

ighth, 27.14 top, 17.17 Ground, 33.81
First, 34.06

nth, .8

s ond, 3 . sixth, 61.44

fifth, 7 .

forth, 173.84

Chart: Cooling load summary in percentage on floor wise basis

third , 46.8

Chapter 4

Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion HVAC system design of mall was started with collection of building information, climate data and literature review. The Mall is located at Chabahil, Kathmandu and is eight stories with 2 basement building containing Bank, Cinema, Play Station, Departmental Store, Shops, Conference hall, etc. Climate data was brought from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Babarmahal which was analyzed to find outdoor design condition. Based on outdoor design parameters, indoor comfort environment, orientation of the building and physical structure of the building, the thermal load calculations were performed. Cooling load was calculated by CLTD method at 13:00 to 17:00 0clock in hourly fashion. Heating load calculation shows that maximum possible heat loss through the building is 3,527,591.37 BTU/hr which is equivalent to nearly 290 TR. Here, cooling load is more than heating load. Moreover,maximum cooling load occurs at 17:00 hour i.e. 520 TR so our design will be based upon it. Analysis of cooling load on floor wise shows that maximum load is at fourth floor. It is due large no of occupant in this floor as this is for children and adult gaming station. And analysis of cooling load on the source basis shows that the maximum load is due to ventilation. It contributes the 40 % of the total load which is ultimately due to CFM per person. In the load calculation we have taken 15 CFM per person which is ASHARE standard. The cooling load can be decreased with decreasing this CFM value. Second the most contribution is due to cooling load from window. It consists of 35% of total load comprising of 5% through conduction and 30% by solar. Thus the cooling load con also decreased by decreasing the glass exposed area. Recommendations 1. Thermal load calculation shows that with increase in glass area or reduction in the thickness of wall or ceiling leads to increase in load on building. 2. Thermal load will be reduced on reducing the value of CFM per person. 3. Thermal load will be reduced on increasing the indoor air condition.

4. Detailed studied should be done on selection of indoor air condition according to activities.

REFERENCES
Pita, Edward G.,2002, Air Conditioning Principles and Systems, 4th Edition, Prentice-Hall India. Paneru, N., N. Maharhan and S. C. Manandhar, 2004, Design of Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning system and Financial Analysis for Hospital, BE Project Report, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IOE, Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur, Nepal. Arora&Domkundar, 2001,A Course in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, 7th Revised Edition.DhanpatRai& Co. F. C. McQuiston and J. D. Parker,1994, Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, Fourth edition,Wiley http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation www.Engineeringtoolbox.com

APPENDIX A (Climate Data)

Extreme Max. Temp. ( 0F ) Apr May Jun Jul 88.34 92.66 90.32 88.16 89.06 93.38 95 88.7 89.24 88.7 89.96 89.06 90.14 91.76 92.84 89.6 91.22 89.24 89.96 88.52 95.36 92.3 93.56 89.24 90.56 91.34 91.94 88.88

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average

Jan 69.62 72.14 78.8 73.04 74.12 78.44 74.36

Feb 81.14 76.82 84.56 74.48 77.36 83.48 79.64

Mar 87.26 84.92 86.9 87.08 85.1 86.72 86.33

Aug 87.98 89.6 89.96 89.6 90.5 89.06 89.45

Sep 86.9 89.6 88.5 89.2 89.4 88.2 88.6

Oct 84.2 84.6 87.8 89.4 88 85.6 86.6

Nov 76.6 77.9 82 81.5 86 82.9 81.2

Dec 74.8 73.9 74.1 74.3 76.1 74.1 74.6

Table: Extreme Maximum Temperature of Kathmandu Airport Station

Extreme Min. Temp. ( 0 F ) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 33.1 33.1 42 42 54 60.8 64.76 2004 2005 34.2 36 44 46 53.2 59.72 66.92 32 41 42 49 55.8 63.14 67.64 2006 31.1 35.6 40 49 56.8 61.16 65.84 2007 31.6 31.1 42 46 54 61.16 65.84 2008 33.8 38.3 40 46 54 60.44 67.1 2009 46 54.6 61.07 66.35 Average 32.6 35.8 42

Aug 66.6 65.3 64.4 66.4 66.7 65.8 65.9

Sep 64.2 63.7 61.5 62.8 61.9 61.5 62.6

Oct Nov Dec 44.8 40 31.5 47.5 38 34.7 47.8 38 37 50.9 41 32.9 50 42 37 50.5 40 36.1 48.6 40 34.9

Table: Extreme Minimum Temperature of Kathmandu Airport Station

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Year 2004
75.8 62.4 56.3 65.7 70 80.5 89.3 81.1 79.9 73.5 70.9 69

2005
68.2 54.5 54.4 53.6 59.1 65 80.7 81.6 78.5 76.1 75 67.8

2006
53.6 59.9 50.2 54.8 71.4 71.8 81.1 79.9 80.4 74.9 73.3 72.7

2007
71.6 71.6 59.9 59.8 60.5 72.4 80.5 80.5 79.7 73.9 67.3 65.2

2008
59.8 51 54.3 55.4 58.2 75.2 79.5 79.5 74.6 72.8 70.7 72.1

2009
62.1 53.3 48.6 45.6 60.3 64 78.9 78.5 75.4 73 66.1 70

Average
65.18 58.78 53.95 55.82 63.25 71.48 81.67 80.18 78.08 74.03 70.55 69.47

Table: Relative humidity for Airport, Kathmandu

MONTH Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2004 27.18 30.24 29.88 26.10 21.78 17.46 13.50 15.30 15.84 23.22 27.36 28.98

2005 24.48 28.98 28.26 30.60 26.10 20.34 15.30 15.12 18.00 22.32 26.82 31.50

Year (A.D.) 2006 2007 36.54 29.16 16.10 22.68 17.70 27.72 15.40 27.54 11.10 23.40 10.10 18.18 8.60 14.04 9.30 15.66 9.40 16.02 13.50 22.86 14.60 28.44 15.10 30.78

2008 29.52 32.40 29.70 30.24 24.48 17.46 16.20 16.92 19.26 26.82 29.88 29.16

2009 33.84 35.82 34.74 32.58 23.58 21.06 16.38 15.48 19.44 23.40 29.16 27.36

Average
30.12 27.70 28.00 27.08 21.74 17.43 14.00 14.63 16.33 22.02 26.04 27.15

Table: Monthly average difference between mean max and mean min for daily range calculation

APPENDIX B (Drawing Sheet of Building)

APPENDIX C (Thermal Load Calculation sheet) Heating Load Calculation Sheet Project Location Room Mall Chabahil, Kathmandu Branded showroom,G1 RH % 65.20 50 Net Area [sq. ft.] W gr/lb 18.00 55 T[ F] Heating Load

Design Condition DB F WB F 32.60 29.00 Outdoor 70 58 Indoor Conduction U

Q=U*A* T [Btu/hr] Glass 1.10 218.90 37.40 9005.55 Wall 0.31 307.56 37.40 3588.86 Roof/ ceilling 0.11 0.00 37.40 0.00 Floor 0.114 1509 22.44 3860.26 Partition(G) Wall 0.28 811.25 22.44 5060.84 Glass 0.41 440.88 22.44 4056.27 Door 0.41 0.00 22.44 0.00 QL=0.68*n*CFM* Ventillation n Cfm W[gr/lb] W 45 15.00 37.00 16983.00 n Cfm T[ F] Qs=1.1*n*Cfm* T 45 15.00 37.40 27769.50 Total Heating load [Btu/hr] 70324.28 Table: Heating load calculation sheet of Branded showroom of first floor

Cooling Load Calculation Sheet

Project Location Room Design Condition Outdoor Indoor Mall Chabahil, Kathmandu Branded showroom (G-1) DBT[ F] 91.20 75.00 Direction CONDUCTION (GLASS) N S E W N S E W WBT [ F] 82 63 COL RH[ % 71.5 50 U 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.114 0.114 WALL GLASS E W 0.304 0.70 W[g/lb] 154 65 AREA(ft2) GROSS NET 305.58 213.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 305.58 220.88 0.00 1509.00 811.25 577.50 91.67 0.00 0.00 110.44 0.00 1509.00 811.25 577.50 daily 17.43 roof glass(cond) 1pm 13.49 6.49 11.49 11.49 11.49 6.49 21.49 14.49 36.20 2pm 15.49 8.49 13.49 13.49 11.49 7.49 22.49 14.49 46.20 CLTD/corr 3pm 4pm 15.99 16.49 8.99 9.49 13.99 14.49 13.99 14.49 11.49 9.49 24.49 14.49 54.20 12.49 10.49 25.49 15.49 61.20 5pm 15.49 8.49 13.49 13.49 13.49 12.49 26.49 17.49 65.20 9.72 9.72 9.72 1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 0.00 DIR N S E W sh SHGF 55.00 237.00 234.00 234.00 BF 1.25 N 23.00 23.00 A 213.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 CLF 1.00 CLF 1 SC 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Factor 3.40 0.80 0.65 0.36 0.20 0.82 0.65 0.32 0.32 CLF 0.82 0.59 0.29 0.45 0.79 0.50 0.25 0.57 0.80 0.43 0.22 0.64 9411.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 1275.00 5290.00 4370.00 12000.00 Sensible Latent 1.1 0.68 CFM 345 345 TC 16.2 89 Total cooling load [Btu/hr] Ton of Refrigeration[TR] 6147.90 20879.40 71179.01 5.93 9647.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1275.00 5290.00 4370.00 12000.00 6147.90 20879.40 71859.23 5.99 RSHG 9647.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1275.00 5290.00 4370.00 12000.00 6147.90 20879.40 71970.46 6.00 9294.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 1275.00 5290.00 4370.00 12000.00 6147.90 20879.40 71790.19 5.98 9411.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 1275.00 5290.00 4370.00 12000.00 6147.90 20879.40 71780.39 5.98 1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 1672.09 2397.15 3929.31 T[ F] Dir wall N S E W 1pm 9 11 21 14 33 11 1pm 2999.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 320.07 0.00 0.00 486.32 2pm 9 12 22 14 43 13 cltd 3pm 9 14 24 14 51 13.5 4pm 10 15 25 15 58 14 5pm 11 17 26 17 62 13 5pm 3444.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 375.81 0.00 0.00 587.04

RSHG[Btu/hr] QS=U*A*CLTDc 2pm 3pm 4pm 3444.83 3556.06 3667.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 320.07 0.00 0.00 486.32 320.07 0.00 0.00 486.32 347.94 0.00 0.00 519.89

WALL group

CEILING FLOOR PARTION DOOR

SOLAR GLASS

LIGHT

Installed 300.00 SHG LHG TV,music HG 230.00 190.00

PEOPLE EQUIPMENT VENTILATION

Table: Cooling load calculation sheet of Branded showroom of first floor