Case Description Air Bengkulu River Basin

CASE DESCRIPTION
AIR BENGKULU RIVER BASIN

Oka andriansyah rita Mustikasari
CASE DESCRIPTION AIR BENGKULU RIVER BASIN
By: Oka andriansyah rita Mustikasari English editor: sunama nawawi Bahasa Indonesia editor: nonet sudiyah istichomah Photos and graphics: air telapak Printed in Bogor, Indonesia, by Telapak Printing
CASE DESCRIPTION AIR BENGKULU RIVER BASIN

This publiscation is under project title: Telapaks Capacity Development Project on a Negotiated Approach to Integrated Water Resources Management in Indonesia (CDP IWRM NA). MoU Number: 313-2009-527-CN between Telapak and Both ENDS. Both ENDS, which has received funding from PSO the association of Dutch development organisation for strengthening CSO on development of the Negotiated Approach (NA), an approach to design policy processes, aiming at the empowerment of local actors as fully-fledged participants in all phases of the policy process. Both ENDS Email: info@bothends.org Website: www.bothends.org Telapak Email: info@telapak.org Website: www.telapak.org April 2011
Foreword
Experiences in many countries demonstrate that people living in communities and villages all over the world are able to manage or co-manage their rivers, lakes and groundwater. Increasingly, governments recognize the need to include these people in day-to-day water management and in the development of policies related to the use of water resources. Both ENDS and Telapak work closely together to promote successful community participation in natural resources management. Our cooperation is based on the conviction that successful and effective resources management is only possible if communities have the capacity and opportunity to develop and negotiate their own visions and solutions to challenges related to resources management. Communities willing to take the lead in resources management need to understand the functioning of ecosystems, such as rivers and lakes. Given this need, we welcome the Livelihood Analysis and Analysis Activities (LA & AA) Guide and series.1 The series helps communities and civil society organisations to gain insight in the economic activities and the variety of stakeholders in their basin, and to place problems of local communities into broader geopolitical and geo-economic context. By doing so, the series will increase their abilities to effectively lead water management processes in their own river basins. Both ENDS and Telapak aspire that rivers continue to flow freely, for the benefit of the many communities that depend on them. I trust that Telapaks work will be usefull to many civil society organisations, and will contribute to the realisation of this aspiration in Indonesia. Danielle Hirsch Director Both ENDS
1 These series consist of the following documents: 1. Getting a Water Users Perspectives, A Guide for Analyzing Livelihoods and Economic Activities in the Context of a Negotiated Approach to Integrated Water Resources Management. 2. Field Report on Testing the Livelihood and Activity Analyses in the Lamasi River Basin. 3. Problem Analyses of the Lamasi River Basin 4. Case Description of the Air Bengkulu River Basin
Case Description Air Bengkulu River Basin
Foreword
Communities as right holder is stated in the Constitution of Indonesia 1945, the state will then has to ensure that their everyday need for water will be met. For this, Law no. 7/2004 on Water Resource was produced with a provision of involving community participation in water resource management.The participation of communities and civil organizations become very important throughout the whole management of water resource management in Indonesia. In daily life we often find communities who are actively and wisely protecting and utilizing water resource for their needs. This is a fact that should encourage the government to recognize this community way of water resource and following on that to provide rooms for communities involvement in water resource related policy making as these policies are directly linked to conserving the life of these communities. For this community involvement to become effective, what crucially needed is the capacity and capability of communities to develop and provide constructive argument in negotiation processes with those of policy makers. Given this need, we welcome the Livelihood Analysis and Analysis Activities (LA & AA) Guide and series1. Telapak and Both END hope that the government will make sure this room available for the communities to contribute and to take a role in policy making processes and interventions related to water resource management. I hope this serial of book publications from the Telapak CDP IWRM NA will be useful as a guidelines for all stakeholders, especially for civil society groups, in promoting community involvement in the planning and management of water resource in Indonesia for the better and the more just. Because water is the right of every citizen in Indonesia. Christian Purba, Board of Telapak Member of National Water Council
1 These series consist of the following documents: 1. Getting a Water Users Perspectives, A Guide for Analyzing Livelihoods and Economic Activities in the Context of a Negotiated Approach to Integrated Water Resources Management. 2. Field Report on Testing the Livelihood and Activity Analyses in the Lamasi River Basin. 3. Problem Analyses of the Lamasi River Basin 4. Case Description of the Air Bengkulu River Basin
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acknowledgment
This Capacity Development Project has been a good training exercise and opportunity to increase our knowledge about water and expand Telapak, Perkumpulan Bumi Sawerigading (PBS) and Yayasan Ulayat Bengkulu (YUB) network and credibility. The authors wish to see more and more members of the public to take interest and get involved in water issues, and perhaps even further than just involvement on a participatory project, trying on full-fledged actions throughout all phases of policy processes. Thank you to Rob Koudstaal, our project advisor, for his passionate assistance for the last 2.5 years, since his first visit to Kedai Telapak on December 2007. Will Burghorn helped sharpen our antropology and social perspectives, which we have been able to develop on this book series. Christa Nooy has been supporting our project activities and keeping us updated with the next project of developing Negotiated Approach, and linking it to the international fora. Thank you to our peers at Telapak, PBS and YUB. Lets use this series to help ourselves know better about our river basins and support water users to be able to negotiate their interest of having a balanced approach between poverty reduction, sustainable use of water, and economic development.
Authors
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COntents
Foreword .................................................................................................................................i acknowledgment ................................................................................................................iii i.introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 ii. General Characteristics ............................................................................................. 3 ii.1. General description Of air Bengkulu river Basin ........................ 3 ii.2. Water, Land, and Forest (natural resources) ................................. 6 ii.3. institutional Organizations .......................................................................... 8 II.3.1 Agencies Related to Water Resource Management of the Air Bengkulu River Basin...................................................... 9 II.3.2 Community Groups ............................................................................... 10 iii. social aspects............................................................................................................... 13 iii.1. introduction ........................................................................................................ 13 iii.2. upstream Community: rindu hati Village ..................................... 15 iii.3. Paddy Farmers around Lake dendam tak sudah...................... 16 iii.4. Communities in the Flood Plains .......................................................... 18 iii.5. riverine Coal tailing Collectors ............................................................ 19 iV. Critical activities ........................................................................................................ 21 iV.1. Mining in the upstream area .................................................................. 21 iV.2. riverine Coal tailing Collection ............................................................. 23 iV.3. rubber Factories .............................................................................................. 24 iV.4. Public Water supply ...................................................................................... 26 iV.5. agriculture ........................................................................................................... 27 IV.5.1. Agroforestry in the Upstream Area .......................................... 27 IV.4.2. Irrigated Paddy Agriculture .......................................................... 28 V. development Programs ........................................................................................... 31
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VI. Problem Identification ............................................................................................ 33 Vi.1. Water Quality of the air Bengkulu river....................................... 33 Vi.2. Management of the Lake dendam tak sudah sub-basin .... 34 Vi.3. Flooding in the downstream area......................................................... 34 Vii. suggestion for actions.......................................................................................... 35 references ............................................................................................................................. 36 appendix ............................................................................................................................. 38 appendix 1. Map of Watersheds in the Bengkulu Province and adjacent Provinces .................................................................... 39 appendix 2. Map of Water Quality Monitoring research ...................... 40 appendix 3. Map of the Location of Water Flow Monitoring stations ............................................................................41 List of tables Table 1. Details of Air Bengkulu River Basin ...........................................................................4 Table 2. Average monthly rainfall in the Air Bengkulu River Basin .....................................6 Table 3. Estimate of people living in the Air Bengkulu River Basin (2009) .....................13 Table 4. Calculation of production cost and income of farmers of irigated paddy around Lake Dendam Tak Sudah ...............................................17 Table 5. Examples of the Results of the Water Quality Analysis Conducted by Ulayat in 2008 (YUB, 2009) ..................................................................................27 List of Figures Figure 1. Percentage of land covers in the Air Bengkulu River Basin ................................ 8 Figure 2. Distribution of ocupations in Kota Bengkulu (Source Kota Bengkulu, 2009) ................................................................................. 14 Figure 3. The Steps in the Production of Crumb Rubber.................................................. 25 List of Maps Map of Air Bengkulu River Basin ............................................................................................... 3 Map of Watersheds in the BengkuluProvince and Adjacent Provinces ...........................39 Map of Water Quality Monitoring Research ......................................................................... 40 Map of the Location of Water Flow Monitoring Stations .................................................. 41
acronyms
APBD
: Anggaran Pembangunan dan Belanja Daerah; Provincial budget for development BAM : PT Bukit Angkasa Makmur BBWS : Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai; Watershed Management Unit BKSDA : Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam; Nature Resource Conservation Agency BLH : Badan Lingkungan Hidup; Provincial Environmental Agency BMG : Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika; Meterology and Geophysics Agency BOD : Biological Oxygen Demand BPDAS : Badan Pengelola Daerah Aliran Sungai; Ketahun: River Basin Management Agency BPS: : Biro Pusat Statistik; Central Statistics Bureau BS : PT Bukit Sunur BWS : Balai Wilayah Sungai; Watershed Management Unit CDP IWRM NA: Telapaks Capacity Development Project for Negotiated Approach to Integrated Water Resources Management COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand CSO : Civil Society Organisation Dinas ESDM: Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral; Energy and Mineral Resources Agency DMH : PT Danau Mas Hitam DO : Dissolved oxygen Formas PDAB: Forum Masyarakat Peduli Daerah Air Bengkulu; Air Bengkulu River Basin Community Care Forum ETA : PT Emerat Treden Agency HPT : Hutan Produksi Terbatas; Limited Production Forest IBP : PT Inti Bara Perdana PDAM : Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum; Regional Water Supply Company Perda : Peraturan Daerah; Local Regulation PPL : Petugas Penyuluh Lapang; Extention Officer PRA : Participatory Rural Appraisal PSDA Kabupaten: Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Kabupaten; Water Resources Division of Regencial Public Works Department
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PSDA Provinsi: Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Provinsi; Water Resources Division of Provincial Public Works Department PT : Perseroaan Terbatas; Holding Company PU : Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum; Ministry of Public Works P3A : Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air; Water User Farmers Group TDS : Total Dissolved Solids TKPSDA : Tim Koordinasi Pengelola Sumber Daya Air; Water Management Coordination Team TSS : Total Suspended Solids UPT : Unit Pelaksana Teknis; A Technical Implementation Unit under a Ministry YUB :Yayasan Ulayat Bengkulu
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rindu hati Village in the upstream of air Bengkulu river Basin
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introduction
This document is prepared by Oka Andriansyah from Yayasan Ulayat Bengkulu (YUB) and Rita Mustikasari (Telapak) in the context of Telapaks Capacity Development Project for Negotiated Approach to Integrated Water Resources Management (CDP IWRM NA). The document aims at depicting the situation in the Air Bengkulu River Basin and to identify problems and current arrangements for water resources management in the basin. The data used to write this report comes from the Field Report Bengkulu (Andriansyah O., R. Mustikasari, 2011) that conducted using Getting a Water Users Perspectives, A Guide for Analyzing Livelihoods and Economic Activities in the Context of a Negotiated Approach to Integrated Water Resources Management (Mustikasari R., 2011). Other reports that used this guide and also publised under the CDP are Field Report on Testing the Livelihood and Activity Analyses in the Lamasi River Basin (Kahman H., R. Mustikasari, 2011) and Problem Analyses of the Lamasi River Basin (Kahman H., R. Mustikasari, 2011). Ulayat is a non-governmental organisation in Bengkulu Province. Ulayat was established in 2000 with the vision to help empower local people through a just and sustainable natural resources management. In the period of 2000 to 2005, Ulayat conducted investigations and organized campaigns against ongoing illegal logging in two national parks: Bukit Barisan Selatan and Kerinci Seblat National Parks, which are located in the provinces of Bengkulu, Lampung, South Sumatera, West Sumatera and Jambi. It also focuses on community development in order to help empower local people and to promote community-based management of natural resources in some of the districts in Bengkulu. Ulayat provides assistance to villages on participatory mapping
and participative development plans. It also runs a few business-oriented activities, such as a local television station, an internet shop, and a digital printing studio (co-owned by Telapak). Ulayat supports Telapaks program on water resources management. In the local context, Ulayat aims to develop a the Negotiated Approach (NA) for IWRM in the Air Bengkulu River Basin as a model for public involvement.
Raflesia Arnoldii
General Characteristics
ii.1 General description of air Bengkulu river Basin
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The Air Bengkulu River Basin covers an area of 51,500 hectares and is located in two regencies in Bengkulu (Bengkulu Tengah and Kota Bengkulu). Details of the Air Bengkulu River Basin are presented in Table 1.1 See the map of the basin in Map 1 below. Map 1. Map of Air Bengkulu River Basin.
This report specifies the distinctive administrative areas: provinces; regencies (kabupaten and kota) and districts (kecamatan) and villages (desa).
Table 1. Details of Air Bengkulu River Basin

regencies Bengkulu Tengah districts Taba Penanjung Karang Tinggi Pondok Kelapa Talang Empat total of the regency Kota Bengkulu Gading Cempaka Muara Bangka Hulu Teluk Segara total of the regency total area (ha) 25,413 13,804 16,476 9,402 112,394 2,395 2,387 1,673 15,170 area within the basin (ha) 25,413 13,252 2,801 4,795 46,261 2,395 1,623 1,221 5,239 Percentage of area within the basin 100% 96% 17% 51% 41% 100% 68% 73% 34%
The Air Bengkulu River Basin shares borders with Tanjung Aur and Babat River Basins in the East; the Indian Ocean in the South; the Air Hitam and Air Lemau River Basins in the West; and the Musi River Basin in the North (see the map of the Air Bengkulu River Basin in Figure 1). The main river in the basin is the Air Bengkulu River. The river basin consists of three sub-basins (from Ministry of Forestry), namely: 1) Rindu Hati River Sub-Basin covering an area of 19,207 ha; 2) Susup River Sub-Basin covering an area of 9,890 ha; and 3) Bengkulu Hilir Sub-Basin, covering an area of 22,402 ha (see Figure 1). Six tributaries that flow into the Air Bengkulu River are: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Susup River; Rindu Hati River; Kemumu River; Pasemah River; Sialang River; and Muara Kurung River.
The Susup River is part of the Susup River Sub-Basin. The Rindu Hati and Kemumu rivers make up the Rindu Hati River Sub-Basin.The Pasemah, Sialang, and Muara Kurung rivers make up the Bengkulu Hilir Sub-Basin.
The Air Bengkulu River Basin is part of the Air Bengkulu-Alas-Talo Watershed. This watershed consists of nine river basins: Alas; Talo; Maras; Penago; Seluma; Kungkai; Air Hitam; Jenggalu; and Air Bengkulu.This watershed is considered a provincial watershed (Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, 2006) as it falls entirely in Bengkulu Province and is considered not to be of national strategic importance. The Air Bengkulu-Alas-Talo Watershed falls under the Sumatra River Management Unit VII (Balai Wilayah Sungai Sumatera VII or BWSS VII), a unit under the Ministry of Public Works (PU). The regional office of BWSS VII is located in the capital city of Bengkulu. BWSS VII controls four watersheds (see the map in Appendix 1): 1) the Teramang-Ipuh Watershed (PU code: A2.9); 2) the Nasal-Padang Guci Watershed (PU code: A2.10); 3) the Seblat-Ketahun-Lais Watershed (PU code: B.18); and 4) and the Air Bengkulu-AlasTalo Watershed (PU code: B.17).The Teramang-Ipuh and Nasal-Padang Guci watersheds are trans-provincial watersheds as they are located in more than one province. The Seblat-Ketahun-Lais and Air Bengkulu-Alas-Talo watersheds are provincial (and thus trans-district) watersheds since they are located within more than one district in a single province (as stipulated in Regulation Number 11A/PRT/M/2006 of the Ministry of PU) (Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, 2006). The above implies that the Air Bengkulu-Alas-Talo Watershed is to be managed by the provincial government and that the finance of future activities will be allocated from the provincial budget (APBD).The main implementing agencies will be: the Water Resources Division of the Bengkulu Provincial Public Works Department (PSDA Provinsi); the Provincial Forestry Agency; and the Provincial Environmental Agency (BLH Provinsi). The Air Bengkulu River Basin includes a unique wetland ecosystem protected as a nature reserve. Lake Dendam Tak Sudah, which is part of this wetland ecosystem and the Air Bengkulu River Basin, was established as a Nature Reserve in 1936 by the Dutch East Indies Government to protect the areas unique habitat. When first established in 1936, the reserve only covered an area of 11.5 ha. In 1992, with the issuance of Decree No. 602 of the Ministry of Forestry (Departemen Kehutanan, 1992), the area was expanded to 577 ha. Management of the area falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Forestry through its local office in Bengkulu: BKSDA (Nature Resource Conservation Agency). The area is home to two endangered plants: the Raflesia arnoldi and the Vanda hookeriana (Vanda Orchid). The Vanda orchids grow on the Crinum Lilly (Crinum asiaticum) and they can only be found in the wetland ecosystem around Lake
Dendam Tak Sudah. As the Crinum Lilly decreases in number due to encroachment and changes of land use (about 200 families are clearing the reserve for farms and settlements),Vanda orchids are becoming rare (information from BKSDA).
ii.2. Water, Land, and Forest (natural resources)

The climate in Air Bengkulu River Basin is classified as type A, based on the SchmidtFerguson classification (BPDAS Ketahun, 2006). It indicates that the area has a high rate of precipitation (3,500 4,500 mm/year) and a relatively warm climate. The dry and rainy seasons are not very different in terms of amounts of monthly rainfall. Table 2. Shows ten-year averages of monthly rainfall in three stations in the basin, namely: the Taba Penanjung Station - representing the upstream area in the basin; and the Tanjung Agung and Fatmawati Bengkulu stations - representing the downstream area in the basin. Monthly rainfall averages were calculated and analyzed from data collected during a period of 10 years, from 1995 to 2004. Based on the data collected from the three stations, the annual rainfall in Air Bengkulu River Basin is 3,380 mm/year. The dry months are June, July, August, and September with about 20% of the annual rainfall. Table2. Average Monthly Rainfall in the Air Bengkulu River Basin
no Months 10-year average rainfall (mm) tanjung taba Fatmawati agung Penanjung station station station average of air Bengkulu river Basin
January February March April May June July August September October November December annual rainfall (Source: BMG, 2005)2
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
346.62 265.23 304.38 275.69 248.62 114.46 193.85 188.23 208.23 301.92 380.62 471.38 3,299.23
407.77 300.69 367.31 271.23 269.62 184.46 167.54 162.23 177.85 268.00 412.23 447.92 3,436.85
394.27 354.00 288.64 295.27 316.64 154.82 227.55 151.64 195.27 306.91 341.64 377.36 3,404.01
382.89 306.64 320.11 280.73 278.29 151.25 196.31 167.37 193.78 292.28 378.16 432.22 3,380.03
Total annual rainfall collected at Taba Penanjung Station has been corrected by the writer.
Water flows are measured downstream in Taba Terunjam Village and upstream in Kancing Village (see the map in Appendix 3). According to the Forestry River Basin Agency, the highest recorded flow in the downstream station was about 261 m3/s and the lowest about 3.4 m3/s, with an average flow of around 41 m3/s. Measurements in the upstream station recorded a maximum flow of about 67 m3/s and a minimum of about 0.4 m3/s with an average of 4.3 m3/s (BPDAS Ketahun; 2006). There is however another reference, from the BWS Sumatera VII (BWS Sumatera VII, 2009). This agency has measured the water flows downstream in Taba Terunjam Village since 1977, and upstream in Kancing Village since 1980. In the year 2009, the highest recorded downstream flow was about 180 m3/s and the lowest about 10.3 m3/s, with an average flow of around 29.31 m3/s. Upstream measurements recorded a maximum flow of about 10.4 m3/s and a minimum of about 1.5 m3/s with an average of 3.9 m3/s. The Rindu Hati River Sub-Basin contains the Rindu Hati Protected Forest (provincial registration code 75), covering an area of 8,440 ha. In the Rindu Hati Village, which is located in this sub-basin, Ulayat conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) activities and participatory mapping in 2008. Results show that there has been a change in land cover, shifting from protected forest into village farms (YUB, 2009). Based on the land use classification devised by the Ministry of Forestry in 1992, an area of 4,284 ha of the Rindu Hati village shall be allocated as Protected Forest and about 88 ha as Limited Production Forest (HPT). However, the mapping data collected by Ulayat indicate that the forest area covers only about 260 ha (i.e., not cultivated), which means that 94 % of the area does not meet the official land cover classification. This is most likely due to illegal logging and land clearing activities for farming, especially in the period of 1997 to 20043. The field observations conducted in Rindu Hati village lead to an assumption that any spot of land that is accessible and can be cultivated will be cultivated by the community. Observations in other sites indicate that this conclusion holds for many other areas as well. Based on the interpretation of images from 2003 and field checking conducted by the Forestry River Basin Agency (BPDAS Ketahun) in December 2005, the land cover of Air Bengkulu River Basin is as presented in Figure 1.
3 The information is obtained from the website of the Bengkulu Provincial Forestry Agency (Dinas Kehutanan) and the Provincial State Plantation Agency (Dinas Perkebunan).
Figure 1. Percentage of Land Covers in the Air Bengkulu River Basin
The land cover in Air Bengkulu River Basin is mostly a mix of dryland farming (DF) covering an area of 43,775 ha, equivalent to 85% of the basin area. Dry land farming refers to a mixture of farms with annual crops, such as pulses and rice, and plantations with multi-annual crops, such as coffee and rubber. Dry land farming in the Air Bengkulu River Basin is almost evenly distributed over the basin. Secondary forest (SF) and settlements (St) equally cover 4% of the basin. Shrubs (Sh) cover an area of about 1,030 ha or 2% of the basin area. Shrub areas result from agricultural lands abandoned when the dry mix productivity continues to decline. The remaining 5% is a combination of paddy fields (PF), swamp forest (SF), and wet lands or lakes (W). State-owned land including protected forests and conservation areas cover an area of 13,053 ha (23% of the total Air Bengkulu River Basin area). The remaining area is privately owned by the community or business enterprises, covering an area of 38,446 ha (BPDAS Ketahun; 2006)
ii.3 institutional Organizations

The Air Bengkulu River Basin resorts under the management of two administrations: Bengkulu City and Bengkulu Tengah Regencial government. However, no single agency functions as a coordinating body for this river basin.
The following is an overview of several organizations that are relevant to the management of the Air Bengkulu River Basin. II.3.1 Agencies Related to Water Resource Management of the Air Bengkulu River Basin A. Water Resources Division of Bengkulu Provincial Public Works (PSDA Provinsi) Under the Bengkulu provincial government, the Water Resources Division of the Provincial Public Works department manages water resources. Together with the River Management Unit BWSS VII (see C), the agency proposes river area divisions, assists water user farmer groups (P3A), and facilitates the formation and functioning of the Provincial Water Resource Council and the Water Management Coordination Team (TKPSDA) who will be responsible for, among others, making water management master plans of their respective areas. B. Ketahun River Management Agency (BPDAS Ketahun) The Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) under the Ministry of Forestry, responsible for land rehabilitation and river basin management in Bengkulu, is BPDAS Ketahun. This units working area covers the entire province which includes 57 river basins, the main ones being the Ketahun, Manjuto and upstream Musi river basins. The agencys jurisdiction does not extend beyond the provincial border. For example, in Musi River Basin, BPDAS Ketahun manages the rehabilitation of the catchment area in the upstream region but not the lower part of this basin situated in the province of South Sumatera. C. Sumatera River Management Unit VII (Balai Wilayah Sungai Sumatera VII BWSS VII) The Technical Implementation Unit under the Ministry of Public Works, responsible for water resources management in Bengkulu, is Sumatra River Management Unit VII.The jurisdiction of this agency does go beyond the provincial boundaries. Its area covers 2 trans-provincial watersheds: Teramang Ipuh and Padang Guci Watersheds. D. Provincial Water Council The Bengkulu Provincial Water Council was established in December 2010. The members are 13 non government organisations and 13 government agencies.
Ulayat and the Formas PDAB (Air Bengkulu River Basin Community Care Forum) (See Section II.3.2.) are members of this council. There are three working groups on this council: conservation, institutional, and flood management. E. Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam (BKSDA) Bengkulu Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam (BKSDA) Bengkulu is the Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) under the Ministry of Forestry responsible for conservation areas in the Bengkulu Province. One of the areas is the the Nature Reserve of Danau Dendam Tak Sudah which is located in the Air Bengkulu River Basin. F. Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Bengkulu The Regional Water Supply Company of Bengkulu is the regional company owned by the Bengkulu government. It has been in business since 1929, long before the declaration of independence drinking water was initially taken from the Air Bengkulu River. The processing and intake station of the raw water from the Air Bengkulu River was located in Surabaya, Bengkulu. Since the 1980s the quality of the water of the Air Bengkulu River has degraded, and the water supply company has built another intake station in 2001 on the Nelas River, Seluma Regency. II.3.2 Community Groups 66 Water user Farmer Group (P3a) Paddy farmers living around the irrigated areas in the Air Bengkulu River Basin are organized in P3As. The main scope of work of these P3As is to manage the water distributed from the secondary irrigation system into the tertiary canals. These groups were established by initiatives of the Water Resources Division of the Provincial Public Works in 1999 with the aim to coordinate all water utilizing farmers involved, e.g. on the distribution of water and the maintenance of tertiary canals. A total of 1,211 paddy farmers in the basin are member of 32 P3A groups, covering a total land area of 2,416 hectares (Dinas Pertanian Bengkulu, 2006). About 600 hectares of paddy fields are irrigated by Lake Dendam Tak Sudah, involving 3 P3A organisations.
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66 air Bengkulu river Basin Community Care Forum (Formas PdaB) This forum was established in December 2008 to unite communities from upstream and downstream regions of the Air Bengkulu River Basin. It was established as part of the Civil Society Empowerment Program in River Basin Management conducted by LP3ES, Both ENDS, Telapak and Ulayat, after identification of CSOs (Civil Society Organisation) in the Air Bengkulu River Basin and corresponding workshop and training activities. The forum shall enable communities to voice their needs and problems as well as to participate in the Air Bengkulu River Basins water resource management.This forum is also a means for coordination and communication among community organisations in the basin. The forum meets several times per year. The members are community groups in the upstream and downstream areas that relate to water and individuals who have interest in the water problems of the basin. Members include representatives from P3A, fishermen groups, forest farmer groups, cooperatives, and several village administration boards in the Air Bengkulu River Basin.There are currently 24 members consisting of 11 organisations and 13 individuals. This forum actively meets and reacts to water problems in the basin. It sends letters to the government, informing them, for example, on issues related to the water quality of the local water supply company (PDAM). It also notifies the government and stages demontration to urge the goverment to support the coal tailing activities. However, this forum became less active after the first year and Ulayat has made some efforts to tackle this problem by inviting the forum to meet twice in 2010. At present, the forum has become a member of Bengkulu Provincial Water Council.
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Farmers in their paddy field in Rindu Hati Village in upstream of air Bengkulu river Basin.
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social aspects
iii.1 introduction
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Information presented in this chapter is based on the data collected trough interviews with vulnerable goups living in the Air Bengkulu River Basin. Four groups are included: upstream communities; paddy farmers living around Lake Dendam Tak Sudah; communities in the floodplain; and riverine coal tailing collectors. For more detail see Field Report Bengkulu that publish in Bahasa Indonesia4 (Andriansyah O., R. Mustikasari, 2011). Table 3 presents an overview of the population of the districts in the Air Bengkulu River Basin and an estimate of the people living in the basin proper in the year 2009. The estimation is made area-proportional, using the percentages of Table 1. As can be seen from Table 3, the total population of the Air Bengkulu Basin can be estimated at about 270,000 people in the year 2009. Table3. Estimate of People Living in the Air Bengkulu River Basin (2009).
No. 1 Regencies Bengkulu Tengah Districts Taba Penanjung Karang Tinggi Pondok Kelapa Talang Empat Gading Cempaka Muara Bangka Hulu Teluk Segara Total population 10,998 11,201 25,183 12,968 142,755 63,121 72,712 338,938 Estimated population in the basin 10,998 10,753 4,281 6,613 142,755 42,922 53.079 271,401
Kota Bengkulu
Total (Source: BPS Bengkulu Tengah, 2010 and BPS Kota Bengkulu, 2010)
4
The title is Potret Masyarakat dan Aktivitasnya di DAS Air Bengkulu (Picture of People and its activities in Air Bengkulu River Basin).
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The people in Bengkulu Tengah are mostly farmers, making up of approximately 78% of the total population. The others work in the government sector, military, trading, and services. The people living in the downstream area (Kota Bengkulu) have more diverse occupations and farming is no longer a dominant career choice: 13% of the population works in the agricultural sector; 35% in the service sector; 25% in trading; and 25% in other sectors. See Figure 2 below. Figure 2. Distribution of Ocupations in Kota Bengkulu (Source Kota Bengkulu, 2009)
Studies conducted among of the villagers in Rindu Hati Village give an impression of the conditions of communities in the upstream part of the Air Bengkulu River Basin. This particular village was chosen because it is located in the upstream part of the river and directly shares borders with the protected forest. Moreover, it has been the subject of detailed studies on land use conducted by Ulayat since 2008. Ninety-five percent of the people in Rindu Hati Village are farmers (growing paddy and other crops), which is the general picture of the upstream area. The villagers inhabiting the upstream areas live close to the rivers (Air Bengkulu tributaries) and generally depend on the river for their daily needs. The villagers build a simple duct with pipes or bamboo to produce potable water. Others take water directly from the stream. In the middle region two rubber factories are located, major sources of employment in this region. Villagers in the middle region of the river are concentrated along the main roads, and obtain water from wells as the river is polluted by coal mining and these rubber factories. Farming activities consist of coffee and palm oil cultivation. Only few
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people work as farmers since most of the people are workers of the rubber factories, merchants, and government employees. The people in the downstream area where the provinces capital city is located are mainly urban. Residents of Bengkulu City obtain water from wells or the local water supply company (PDAM), which takes water from the Bengkulu River and external sources (Kemunu River).
iii.2 upstream Community: rindu hati Village

As mentioned earlier, Rindu Hati Village is located in the headwaters of the Air Bengkulu River. The main activity of the people is farming (cultivation of paddy and other crops). Rindu Hati Village shares borders with Rindu Hati Protected Forest (Provincial Forest Register No 75). There is a border dispute as villagers refuse to recognize the protected forest border established by the government. The villagers accept the borders established during the Dutch colonial times. However, the villagers legal claim holds little ground since they do not have any maps as evidence of those borders. This dispute results in the villagers poor access and control of the forest. Based on the participatory mapping conducted in 2008 by Ulayat, 80% of the area in the protected forest in Rindu Hati Village has turned into agricultural land and plantations. Most of the farmers cultivating the land, however, are from other villages and areas outside Bengkulu Tengah Regency. Field surveys indicate that there is very little forest cover remaining. Forested areas are found only on hills whose steep and rocky terrain is not ideal for farming. Villagers also cultivate the land in the protected forest along the river headwaters. The majority of these farmers are immigrants from other villages and even from other regencies/ districts. Abandoned farming areas are also found in the area since the farmers have returned to their home villages or to other districts, such as Kepahian and Lebong Regencies. Most of the villagers in Rindu Hati are farmers. Their main income is from agriculture (agroforestry) with coffee, pepper and some fruits as main products. Some villagers have their own plot of land in the village, and some other cultivate land inside the protected forest. Coffee and pepper are harvested once a year, with an average production per year reaching 500 kilograms of coffee and 50 kilograms of pepper.
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The villagers income from agriculture is not enough to make ends meet. Most families borrow money from the coffee toke (buyers) and return the loan upon harvest time. In a certain period of time, the farmers in the village look for side jobs, such as: working for the mining company; becoming farm hands; or collecting forest products like hunting animals and harvesting gaharu resin. Most of the villagers in Rindu Hati own paddy fields irrigated by the river using traditional irigation systems. Each household owns an average of 0,5 hectare of paddy field. They have two harvests per year, reaching aproximately 1 ton per hectare for each harvest. Most of the crops are used for own consumption. Most villagers get water from the river, but some obtain water from wells. Coal mining activities in the upstream part provide employment opportunities for local people but they pollute the river. Although affecting only a small branch of the Air Bengkulu River, they cause serious pollution in the middle and lower reaches.
iii.3. Paddy Farmers around Lake dendam tak sudah

As mentioned earlier, the Air Bengkulu River Basin has a unique lake and wetland ecosystem. Lake Dendam Tak Sudah, which is at the heart of this ecosystem is declared a nature reserve, commonly known as Lake Dusun Besar Nature Reserve. The nature reserve covers an area of 577 ha and has a lake ecosystem which spreads over a water area of 90 ha (including an open water area of 69 ha and an area of 21 ha with floating vegetations, such as Lilium sp. or bakung) and swamp forest area of 487 ha.The swamp functions as a catchment area for the lake and the Muara Kurung River that flows through the lake toward the Air Bengkulu River. Lake Dusun Besar provides irrigation for 600 ha of paddy fields.There are three existing P3A organisations in the area: Temetung Baru; Kruang Beso; and Kampung Semarang. There also exists a Sekotong Ulu Farmers Group dealing with farm management practices and supported by the Ministery of Agriculture. One of the respondents of the interviews (Andriansyah O., R. Mustikasari, 2011), Bapak Ruslan, is the head of Sekotong Ulu Water User Farmer Group (P3A). He states that the farmers there are more closely related to the Sekotong Ulu Farmers Group than to the P3A. P3A is solely for formal irrigation management, and yet the irrigation system is actually managed in a non-formal way. The villagers consider Sekotong Ulu Farmers Group more beneficial
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because it connects the farmers with agriculture extention officers (PPL) and provides access to government aid programs. Table 4. Calculation of Production Cost and Income of Farmers of Irigated Paddy around Lake Dendam Tak Sudah.
input (per ha) name Land (ha) seed (idr) 400,000 400,000 200,000 Fertilizer urea (idr) 800,000 250,000 0 Foska (idr) 533,333 333,333 0 nPk (idr) 0 333,333 0 Labor Planting harvest (idr) (idr) 800,000 0 720,000 266,667 333,333 720,000 tractor (idr) 1,033,333 1,083,333 1,100,000 Pesticide (idr) 533,333 500,000 480,000 total input per ha (IDR) 4,366,667 3,233,333 3,220,000
Murin Rusmayan Ruslan
0.75 0.30 0.50
Output per ha name unhulled Paddy (idr) 1,840,000 2,400,000 10,120,000 rice Grains (idr) 6,784,000 7,360,000 0 dedak 424,000 440,000 total output per ha (idr) 9,048,000 10,200,000 10,120,000 total income (idr)
income per ha sharing (idr) 1,840,000 2,400,000 0 net income (idr) 2,841,333 4,566,667 6,900,000
Murin Rusmayan Ruslan
4,681,333 6,966,667 6,900,000
In addition to the two formal organizations, there is an informal community organization of paddy farmers living around Lake Dusun Besar Nature Reserve. The majority of the farmers in this area are Lembak People, an indigenous group that still adheres to their traditional farming methods and farming beliefs. Irrigation conflicts are solved traditionally and are mediated by persons highly respected in Lembak culture. Farmers still hold on to these traditional values which apply not only to the Lembak People but also to other tribes. Traditional Lembak rituals include ceremonies, such as the syukuran ceremony held prior to planting and harvest. Every family who is about to plant or harvest must hold a small syukuran ceremony which is held in the familys paddy field. Village elders, neighbors, and often extension workers are invited. A syukuran may be attended by 15 to 20 people. The ceremony whose agenda includes prayers and dinner is held in the early evening. During these meetings, farmers usually share information and motivate one another to improve their farming. The common problem for the lake farms is water shortage. Shortages often occur when the lake level is too low to flow the water into the irrigation systems and the
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paddy field irrigation falls short of its demand. This leads to a decrease in yields. During the first planting season in 2009, almost all the paddy fields experienced severe water shortages and harvest failed completely.This has become more frequent in the last four years. The decrease in lake levels is caused by ecosystem degradation in the Lake Dusun Besar Nature Reserve due to encroachment in the wetlands that serve as catchment areas for the lake.The encroachment includes: oil palm plantations in the swamps adjacent to the reserve; expansion of housing areas; and construction of road infrastructure, such as the Nakau-Air Sebakul Road cutting through the reserve. This road is 1.6 km long and was constructed by the Bengkulu Provincial Government between 1990 and 1992. The road prevents water from flowing from the catchment area into the Dendam Lake and has an immediate impact on the Lakes ecosystem. (Note: the road is currently in poor condition and only trucks can pass by).
iii.4. Communities in the Flood Plains

There are two villages (Tanjung Agung and Tanjung Jaya) in the Sungai Serut District of Bengkulu City in the downstream area of the Air Bengkulu Basin along the southern part of the Air Bengkulu River, which are prone to floods. Two major floods occur at least twice a year when the river overflows its banks, inundating paddy fields and the two villages. In addition to flooding many houses, the flood reduces yields and even causes complete harvest failure. People hope the government can provide a solution to mitigate the flooding. In addition, they hope to be able to build permanent homes that are taller than they are now to prevent flood waters from entering their houses. The villagers of Tanjung Agung and Tanjung Jaya cannot use water from their wells because the water tends to be turbid and smelly the whole year round.Therefore, they rely on water provided by the local water supply company (PDAM). In February 2010, under the CDP, Ulayat interviewed three households living in these floodplain communities whose houses are prone to floods. They have limited income and they make a living by becoming farmers, farmhands, and coal tailing collectors. One of the respondents is a former government employee. His health is deteriorating
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and he is not able to work anymore. He gets his income from the pension plan and additional income from his wife working as a farmhand in a 0.25 ha paddy field. The second respondent used to be a paddy farmer. He became a coal tailing collector, while his wife still works as a farmhand in a 400m2 paddy field. The last respondent is a motorcycle taxi driver. He owns a 0.25 ha paddy field that is rented out. In this floodplain paddy fields cover a total area of 20 hectares.The flood inundates and causes damages to these farmlands.
iii.5. riverine Coal tailing Collectors

The activity riverine coal tailing collection is presented in Section IV.2. The coal tailing collectors used to work as fishermen, farmers and farmhands. Some of them do this activity for additional income and some others have become full-time coal tailing collectors. Under the CDP, Ulayat interviewed three families of coal tailing collectors in Pasar Bengkulu Village, Kota Bengkulu, where the Air Bengkulu River flows out into the sea. They used to be fishermen around the shorelines and the Air Bengkulu River Delta, but in the last two years, most of the fishermen in the area turned to be coal tailings collectors. They earn their living by collecting the coal waste deposits at the bottom of the river. They feel that this job provides them with greater income compared to that earned from catching fish in the ocean.
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Critical activities in the air Bengkulu river Basin
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iV
Critical activities
There are five activities considered critical in relation to the water resources in the Air Bengkulu River Basin, namely: 1) mining in the upstream area; 2) riverine coal tailing collection; 3) ruber factories; 4) public water supply; and 5) agriculture (agroforestry and irrigated paddy cultivation). Critical activities were selected based on their relevance to water availability and the magnitude of its impact on the condition of the water resources in the Air Bengkulu River Basin. This was based on estimates of how much water is needed by a certain critical activity in comparison to other activities, and how much the activity depends on water availability (what would happen when the available amount of water decreases).
iV.1 Mining in the upstream area

There are four coal mining companies in the upstream part of the Air Bengkulu River Basin: PT Danau Mas Hitam (DMH); PT Inti Bara Perdana (IBP); PT Bukit Sunur; and PT Emerat Treden Agency (ETA). The first two companies operate in Air Kandis on the southern part of Bukit Sunur, Taba Penanjung Village, Bengkulu Tengah Regency on an area of 800 ha. No information could be obtained on the operation and employment conditions of these mining companies, partly due to the difficulties to get access to the companies and partly because of lack of time and resources on the CDP side. In August 2008, the Bengkulu Governor ordered the closure of two coal mines in the upper watershed of Air Bengkulu: PT Bukit Sunur (BS) and PT Danau Mas Hitam (DMH).This closure was due to the fact that the operation of these companies reached as far as the Rindu Hati Protected Forest without prior consent from the Ministry
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of Forestry. Their license was given back in early 2010 as they stopped entering the protected forest. Coal mining in the upstream part of the basin is the main source of coal production in the Bengkulu Province. There are six coal mining consessions in this province with a total production of around 1,8 million tons in 2009. Four of them are situated in the upstream part of the Air Bengkulu River Basin. Currently the local government is giving another license to a coal mining company, PT Bio Energi, to operate a new coal mining consession in the upstream part of the Air Bengkulu River Basin.The coal mining in Bengkulu Province is classified as small scale mining with an average of 50 local employees in each company. Most of them work in the washing plants and as security officers (Dinas ESDM Provinsi Bengkulu, 2010). The mining operations have caused deforestation, land erosion and pollution in the river. Like other mining activities, coal mining contributes to the environmental degradation of water and soil. 1. Water pollution Water pollution is a crucial problem in the Air Bengkulu River Basin. Coal mining directly contributes to water pollution, especially during the extraction process of separating the coal from sulfur. Mining waste pollutes the river and turns the water murky and acid, and causes siltation in the river. Mining waste contains dangerous chemicals that will be harmful to human health when the contaminated water is consumed. The waste contains sulfur (S), mercury (Hg), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), manganese (Mn), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and lead (Pb). Hg and Pb are heavy metals which, among others, can cause skin cancer. In addition, the water is polluted by coal washing.The washing is done by grinding the coals into smaller pieces and then washing the smaller pieces. The pieces are passed through a big water-filled tank in which the coal will float and the impurities sink. 2. Soil pollution Mining operations also affect the soil. Surface mining operations create massive holes that cannot be refilled because the fills contain highly-acid water. The water that contains Fe, Mn, SO4, Hg, and Pb. Fe and Mn in large quantities can hamper the growth of plants; SO4 affects soil fertility and pH; while Hg and Pb can be toxic to plants.
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iV.2. riverine Coal tailing Collection

Several sources say that back in 1980 the depth of the Air Bengkulu River reached approximately five meters in the downstream area and the water was turquoise clear. However, since the coal mining started its operation, other forms of river utilization, such as fishing and water transportation, have decreased. The river also has silted up. Silting in the Air Bengkulu River is caused by several factors, such as coal washing, deforestation and erosion. The deposits of coal, the prime suspect for siltation of the river, have amassed since the mining was operative in the 1980s. The local community sees the riverine tailing in the Air Bengkulu River as an opportunity to earn additional income. The villagers from the downstream coastal villages started the tailing collection in 1999. At that time, a sack (50 kg) of coal was priced up to IDR 10,000. Selling the tailing product was difficult because only few would buy it. The potential buyers were chicken farmers, blacksmiths, and restaurants owners living around the collection sites. With the demand for coal in small and medium-scale businesses increasing, other villagers along the Air Bengkulu River such as those living in Pasar Bengkulu, Tanjung Agung, Kembang Seri, Pondok Kelapa, Surabaya, Semarang, and Penanding villages (Kota Bengkulu and Bengkulu Tengah Regency) started to collect tailings as an alternative job. The practices flourishes with the possibility to sell the tailings to collectors through which coal tailing collectors are able to earn IDR 50,000-100,000 per day when they sell 5-8 sacks of coal per day (25 kg each) with each sack priced at IDR 15,000 to 17,500. The fishermen work from 8 am to 5 pm. Our data indicate that in one month, each tailing group of fishermen of 8 to 10 persons can sell their tailings weighing up to 30-50 ton outside the district. To date, there are almost 50 fishermen groups along Air Bengkulu River organized by coal collectors/middlemen and they even sell the coal tailings to areas outside of Bengkulu such as Jakarta (Java), Lampung and Linggau (South Sumatera). However, the coal tailing fishermen in Bengkulu River are growing restless because the Bengkulu Energy and Mineral Resources Agency (Dinas ESDM Provinsi Bengkulu) has started to ban coal tailing by fishermen because most of them do not have permits.
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iV.3. rubber Factories

Two rubber factories are located along the Air Bengkulu River: PT. Bukit Angkasa Makmur (BAM) and PT. Batang Hari, located in Talang Empat District, Bengkulu Tengah Regency. The raw materials are sent from many districts in BengkuluTengah Regency where many rubber plantations are owned by villagers and a few major rubber plantations exist that are owned by corporations. The labor force come from villages around the factory but most high level staff are from Java. In fact, it appeared to be difficult to access information from these industries. Pt. Batang hari Bengkulu Pratama PT Batang Haris factory was built in 2003. The crumb rubber manufacturing factory is located at Bengkulu Curup Street KM. 15, Taba Penanjung Village, KarangTinggi District, Bengkulu Tengah Regency. The factory covers an area of 92,500 m2. The oil waste from the factory pollutes the river. Solid wastes include rubber waste, silt, plastic sheets, sand and wood shavings and bark, which are harmful to health and aesthetic value of the river due to silting and unpleasant smell. The rubber dryer smokestack releases a stench that can be smelled up to 20 km away. Pt. Bukit angkasa Makmur (BaM) PT. BAMs factory was built in 1997. The factory is located in Kembang Seri Village, Talang Empat District, Bengkulu Tengah Regency. The factory covers an area of over 33,552 m2. The factory produces crumb rubber with a capacity of 800 ton/month. The factory operates 16 hours/day and 6 days per week. The factory uses machineries such as pre-breaker, hammer mill, creeper, cutter, process machine, and dryer (see Figure 3).
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Figure 3. The Steps in the Production of Crumb Rubber.

Raw materials Pre-breaking Solid and liquid waste
Hammer Mill
Solid and liquid waste
Creeper
Sheet drying
Cutting
Storing
Packing
Drying
Pressing
Rubber is an important export commodity in Indonesia. Indonesian rubber exports increased from 1.0 million tons in 1985 to 2.0 million tons in 2005. Foreign exchange earnings from this commodity in the first half of 2006 reached U.S.$2.0 billion, while the estimated value of rubber exports in 2006 will reach U.S. $4.2 billion (Anwar C., 2006). PT BAMs production is about 0,5 percent of the total export of the country.
iV.4. Public Water supply

The regional water supply company (PDAM) was established in 1929. In the beginning all water was taken from the Air Bengkulu River. The water distillation station was located in Surabaya Village in Kota Bengkulu. As of the 1980s, as Air Bengkulu water
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quality worsened, PDAM constructed a new facility in the adjacent Nelas River Basin. To date, PDAM serves 21,000 households in Bengkulu City. Not all consumers are provided water taken from the Air Bengkulu River.As many as 14,700 households (70%) enjoy water taken from the Nelas River, while 6,300 households (30%) still obtain water from the Air Bengkulu River. Consumers who enjoy water taken from the Air Bengkulu River are those living in three districts in Kota Bengkulu: Muara Bangkahulu; Telur Segara; and Sungai Serut. The Air Bengkulu River is now unsuitable as a source of water for PDAM. Ulayat and the laboratory of PDAM studied the physical and chemical parameters of the river water, such as temperature, smell, taste, color, turbidity, conductivity, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, metal content, pH, and DO (YUB, 2009). Water samples were taken from June to December 2008 in five stations (see map in Appendix 2). Results are compared with standards stipulated in the Regional Government Decree No.6 of 2005 on Maximum Water Level for Inter-regency River Transportation in Bengkulu Province and the Decree of the Ministry of Health No. 907 of 2002 on Requirements and Quality Control of Drinking Water. Table 4 shows examples of the results of these measurements and compares them with water quality standards. It is obvious that several parameters exceed water quality standards set by both the Ministry of Health and the provincial government. After this study, Ulayat conducted a campaign concerning river pollution through: (i) a focus group discussion with PDAM consumers; (ii) public service announcements; and (iii) hearings with the mayor, city representatives, and the Provincial Environmental Agency. According to the PDAM officials, treatment of water from Air Bengkulu River is technically not feasible. An alternative way to prevent the distribution of polluted water is to temporarily close the Air Bengkulu River intake and use water from the Nelas River while rehabilitation of the Air Bengkulu River is in progress. However, PDAM and the city government do not have sufficient funding to build an additional facility in the Nelas River. After the campaign, PDAM provided tanks of potable water at several sites in the three districts that have been receiving water from the contaminated Air Bengkulu River.The potable water was provided to accommodate consumers demands for clean water while waiting for the river quality to improve. However, the potable water was only provided for several months and PDAM consumers in the three districts are still consuming water that should be considered unsuitable for consumption.
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Table 5. Examples of the Results of the Water Quality Analysis Conducted by Ulayat in 2008 (YUB, 2009)
standard values from the decree of the Ministry of health no 907 of 2002 5 1 2.25 6.5 8.5 0.3 50 standard values from the Bengkulu Provincial Government regulation no 6 of 2005 50 1
no
Parameters
units
Measured values
A. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Physica l parameters Turbidity Total suspended solid Total dissolved solid Conductivity Chemical paramenets pH Ferro (Fe+2) Nitrat (NO3) Dissolved oxygen BOD COD
NTU Mg/l Mg/l Ms/cm Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l
421 70 34 72 7.2 0.76 48 3.8 3 9
69 10 4 3 25
iV.5. agriculture
iV.5.1. Agroforestry in the Upstream Area The main agriculture products in the upstream area are coffee and pepper. Farmers generally cultivate the lands they own for their own consumption. Encroachment occurs in the upstream region on the protected forest. Ulayat has interviewed several farmers in Rindu Hati Village. One of the respondents cultivate the land he owns, while another respondent cultivates the land situated in the Rindu Hati Protected Forest. Interviews were conducted in January 2010 under the CDP program. The villagers in Rindu Hati Village earn their living by farming. The average family owns a 1.5ha farmland which consists of one plot of small coffee plantation intercroped by pepper, fruits and other trees, and a plot of paddy field. The paddy produce is for self-consumption.
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Farmers clear the land through burning. Coffee seedlings are then planted. During the planting season, weeds are cleared and pesticides are used (about three liters every 6 months) when the coffee plants are 3 months old. Coffee cherries are harvested when the trees reach the age of 4 years. Every year the coffee is only harvested during the great fruit harvest season in March April. The season, ranging from harvest to postharvest, lasts for 3 months. Besides coffee, farmers also plant pepper, fruits and other trees intercropped in the coffee plantation. Some farmers are given a 1-ha coffee plantation located inside the protected forest. They work in the plantation during the 10-month planting season of weeding, trimming the buds, applying herbicide and pesticide.They stay in a small hut built in the plantation during the cultivation process. The harvest process includes picking the coffee cherries (locally called mutil) and drying them. People will bring the fine beans back to the village and sell them to the middlemen. Some people will grind the beans before selling them. Farmers in the forest need additional cost for the transportation of the goods from the forest to the village. Coffee plantations yield an average of 400 kg of processed coffee per ha (hulled, unroasted beans, or locally known as beras kopi). Crops are sold at a price of IDR 10,000/ kg. Most farmers also plant pepper which is intercropped in the coffee plantation and can produce an average of 40 kg of pepper per year, which is sold at IDR 18,000/kg. Villagers also have paddy fields whose crops are used for own consumption. Paddy is planted twice a year.The season lasts for 14 weeks, starting with plowing to germination on week 1, plowing on week 2, and planting on week 3. Fertilizers are applied on weeks 5 and 10. Production costs include land cultivation, fertilizers, pesticide, labor costs, and transportation. The land is plowed using tractors. Fertilizer is applied when the family can afford to buy it. They use herbicides and insecticides. Harvest is reaped with the help of the family members. iV.5.2. Irrigated Paddy Agriculture The irrigated paddy fields cover an area of 2,416 hectares in the Air Bengkulu River Basin under an irrigation scheme devised by the Ministry of Public Work (PU) Jakarta. Ulayat interviewed paddy farmers in Rindu Hati Village located in the upstream region and paddy farmers living in the irrigated areas around Lake Dendam Tak Sudah. The production of paddy in the upstream region is less than that in the downstream
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area.The farmers in Rindu Hati Village produce an average of 1 ton of paddy per hectare per harvest, much lower than that produced by the farmers living around Lake Dendam Tak Sudah which reaches 2 tons per hectare per harvest.
Irrigated Paddy Agriculture
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Upstream Region of the Air Bengkulu River Basin
V
development Programs
Bengkulu Tengah Regency, a newly-established regency in 2009, is situated in the upstream region of the Air Bengkulu River Basin. Development programs in this upstream region will intensify with the establishment of the new regency. One of the programs is the plan to issue new coal mining permits in order to increase regional revenues. New coal mining operations, however, will worsen the condition of the Air Bengkulu River, while the current pollution problems have not yet been addressed properly. In the downstream areas, the city and provincial governments are planning to rebuild the road in the Lake Dusun Besar Nature Reserve. This creates conflicts with the local people and local administration. Efforts have to be made to reestablish the interaction between the two parts of the ecosystem separated by the road.
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riverine Coal tailing Collectors
Vi
Problem Identification
The entire Air Bengkulu River Basin is critically threatened with the intensifying development programs. The lack of genuine intent from the government to involve the community in water management and lack of participation on the community side are two critical obstacles that hamper adequate water management of the Air Bengkulu River Basin. Vi.1. Water Quality of the Air Bengkulu River The extremely bad quality of the water in the Air Bengkulu River is a serious and even the dominant issue for water resources management of the Air Bengkulu River Basin. PDAM is incapable to treat properly the polluted river water, a main source of Kota Bengkulu water supply and the quality of the distributed water is still below national and provincial water quality standards. The provision of safe potable water is an important aspect of public health and it is the responsibility of the government. Therefore, the government of Kota Bengkulu should find a solution and PDAM should be enabled to stop taking water from this Air Bengkulu polluted river and to find alternative sources. Pollution is almost exclusively caused by the coal mining and the rubber factories in the upstream and middle regions of the basin. They do not seem to apply good production processes and their activities have already been labeled as an environmental crime. Not only PDAM water supply but also fish are affected by the pollution. A series of efforts (either by forcing regional regulation or a gentlemens agreement between the government and the companies) shall be made so that the companies improve their production processes and manage their waste.
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Vi.2. Management of the Lake Dendam Tak Sudah Sub-basin Water management of Lake Dendam Tak Sudah is a special issue. The lake has an important function for the ecosystem and is a source of irrigation water for a 600-hectare paddy field. The hydrology of the lake is affected by urbanisation, deforestation in its watershed, changing of swamp area into palm plantations, and road construction.These activities and in particular the urbanisation also affect the quality of the lake, not only of its waters but also of its sediments as contaminants are settling on the lakes bottom. These quality problems are separate from the problems and the management of the Air Bengkulu River itself. It is suggested to revive the existing forum in preparation of a more integrated management of the lakes sub-basin. Vi.3. Flooding in the downstream area Floods in the downstream area of Air Bengkulu River affects the Bengkulu City at least twice a year. It has negative impacts on daily activities, health, and paddy fields in the flood plain. This has long been accepted as a common fenomenon but as the city develops, these floods need more attention.
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Vii
suggestion for actions
Below are some recommendations made as a result of the identification of the problems in the Air Bengkulu Basin. The multistakeholder meeting commemorating the Worlds Water Day April 2011 has brought awareness to some stakeholders, both governmental and non-governmental, so that they have agreed to form a coordination forum at the Air Bengkulu basin level (YUB, 2011). 1. The pollution of the Air Bengkulu River. It is suggested that a provincial government regulation (Perda Provinsi) be passed on control of mining operations and waste dumping in the Air Bengkulu River (YUB, 2011). 2. The management of Dendam Tak Sudah Lake. It is suggested that farmers and water users around the Reserve be organized. Such organization aims to provide a forum to mediate between the peoples interests and those of the regional governments and of BKSDA. On the 1998 it used to be an informal CSO called Forum Masyarakat Lembak that focused on SAY NO to the conversion of the nature reserve to roadwork. It is suggested that the existing forum be revived in preparation of a more integrated management of the lakes sub-basin. 3. It is suggested that a program be developed to mitigate the impacts of floods on the people living around the flood plain, for example by teaching them adaptation measures (e.g. constructing high plinth). It is also necessary to identify what causes floods. There should also be an early warning system accessible to people. Besides, improvement in the upstream conditions will help reduce the magnitude and intensity of floods. 4. The Air Bengkulu River Basin Community Care Forum (Formas PDAB) is a potential to develop to a multistakeholder coordination forum at basin level. Considering that the basin lies in two administrative jurisdictions (regency and municipality), the formation of such a coordination forum should be facilitated by the provincial government of Bengkulu (YUB, 2011).
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references
andriansyah O. dan Mustikasari r., 2011. Potret Masyarakat dan Aktivitasnya di DAS Air Bengkulu.YUB. Bengkulu. anwar, C., 2006. Perkembangan Pasar dan Prospek Agribisnis Karet di Indonesia. Makalah pada Lokakarya Budidaya Tanaman Karet, tanggal 4-6 September 2006 di Medan. Balai Penelitian Sungai Putih, Pusat Penelitian Karet, Medan. BMG, 2005. Laporan Hasil Monitoring Curah Hujan di Propinsi Bengkulu. Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika PropinsiBengkulu, Kota Bengkulu. BPdas ketahun, 2006.Profil Kondisi Daerah Aliran Sungai Air Bengkulu, Kota Bengkulu. BPs Bengkulu tengah, 2010. Hasil Sensus Penduduk Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah Tahun 2010, Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah. BPs kota Bengkulu, 2010. Hasil Sensus Penduduk Kota Bengkulu Tahun 2010, Kota Bengkulu. BWs sumatera Vii, 2009. Internal Report Not published. Laporan Monitoring Debit di Stasiun Pengukuran Debit di Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Air Bengkulu Periode Januari - Desember 2009. BWS Sumatera VII. Bengkulu. departemen kehutanan, 1992. SK No.602/KPTS-II tentang Penetapan Kelompok Hutan Danau Dusun Besar, Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta. departemen Pekerjaan umum, 2006. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 11A/PRT/M/2006, Jakarta. dinas esdM Provinsi Bengkulu, 2010. Produksi Tambang Provinsi Bengkulu; Kota Bengkulu. dinas Pertanian Bengkulu, 2006. Data Irigasi Pertanian di Propinsi Bengkulu; Kota Bengkulu.
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kahman h., r. Mustikasari., 2011. Field Report on Testing the Livelihood and Activity Analyses in the Lamasi River Basin. Telapak. Bogor. kahman h., r. Mustikasari., 2011. Problem Analyses of the Lamasi River Basin. Telapak. Bogor. kota Bengkulu, 2009. Profil Kota Bengkulu. Kota Bengkulu. Mustikasari r., 2011. Getting a Water Users Perspectives, A Guide for Analyzing Livelihoods and Economic Activities in the Context of a Negotiated Approach to Integrated Water Resources Management. Telapak. Bogor. yuB, 2009. Report of the Research and Public Campaign on Water Quality Problem of the Air Bengkulu River Basin,Bengkulu. yuB, 2011. Internal Report Not published. Laporan Pertemuan Multipihak Berasan Air Bengkulu dalam Memperingati hari Air Dunia di Hotel Nala Sea Side Bengkulu.Yayasan Ulayat Bengkulu. Bengkulu.
37
appendices
38
appendix 1. Map of Watersheds in the BengkuluProvince and adjacent Provinces
39
appendix 2. Map of Water Quality Monitoring research
40
appendix 3. Map of the Location of Water Flow Monitoring stations
41
Telapak is an association of NGO activists, business practitioners, academics, media affiliates and leaders of indigenous people, works with indigenous peoples, fishers and farmers of Indonesia towards sustainability, sovereignty, and integrity. The organization sustains its activities through cooperatives and community enterprises in printing, mass media, organic agriculture and sustainable fisheries and forestry. The mission is to influence public policy as it relates to conservation, to establish community-driven natural resource management, and to stop the unprecedented rate of ecosystem destruction while involving in the process the impoverished communities living in and around rich natural resources. Address: Jl. Pajajaran No. 54 Bogor 16143 Jawa Barat, Indonesia Phone : +62 251 8393 245 Fax : +62 251 8393 246 Email : info@telapak.org Website: www.telapak.org
authors:
Oka andriansyah Executive Director , Yayasan Ulayat Bengkulu, 2008 current Graduate, Forest Management Major, Agriculture Faculty, the University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung on 2004. A member of Perkumpulan Telapak, as Coordinator of West Indonesia territories for the Capacity Building on Integrated Water Resources Management (started from October 2009 until now). Active on WIN Development, Yayasan Wahana Indonesia Membangun (www.win-development.org). Interest on leading and develop people self-reliance in multi-sector community developments such as water and environmental health, community health, education, micro finance, and any other related sectors through improving people potentials and local managerial capacity. Some projects that have been involved are: Good Governance in Water Resource Management Project (GGWRM-PMU Lampung) on 2005, Civil Society and Water Users Capacity Building on River Basin Management by LP3ES, Both ENDS and Telapak (funded by WASAP-World Bank) on 2008-2009, WIN Development, under sub-contract of CWSP NADNIAS on 2009. rita Mustikasari Coordinator Water Program (2010-2012), Telapak Bogor, Indonesia ritamustikasari@gmail.com Rita holds a Master in Rural Sociology from Bogor Agricultural University on 2005. She has undergraduate on Forestry Department and specialized on Conservation Area on 1994. Previous to working at Telapak she was a research assistant specializing in non-timber forest products in CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research Organisation) 1995-2002. She has spent one year intership program as Indonesian Liason Officer in World Forest Institute in Portland, Oregon, USA on 1994-1995. Rita recently got accepted as one of fellow at the Joke Waller Hunter Initiative (http://www. bothends.info/JWH/EnglJokeWallerHunter.html) for Leadership Development of Environmental Leaders from the South since 2010. Actively member in Komunitas Peduli Tjiliwoeng (Tjiliwoeng Community) (http://www.tjiliwoeng.co.cc/) Bogor to have a clean river through voluntary community action.
Contributor
rob koudstaal wilrob2@gmail.com Rob Koudstaal is by training a civil engineer. He retired after a live-long experience as a consultant in planning for integrated water and coastal resources management in many parts of the world. Since 2005 he has been involved in international projects to develop practical approaches to the Negotiated Approach for Integrated Water Resources Management. This includes the development of the capacities of NGOs in Indonesia and in several countries in Latin America to apply this approach in their efforts to involve local water users and communities in making and implementing decisions in water management.

Case Description Air Bengkulu River Basin

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CASE DESCRIPTION

AIR BENGKULU RIVER BASIN