FRW Cosmic Strings with Extra Dimensions in a New

Scalar-tensor Theory of Gravitation

R.Venkateswarlu
1
, J.Satish
2
and K.Pavan Kumar
3
Abstract. Explicit field equations of a scalar tensor theory of gravitation
proposed by Sen-Dunn theory obtained with an aid of a five dimensional FRW
metric. Exact solutions of the field equations are derived when the metric
potentials are functions of cosmic time only. The solutions of the field equations
are obtained in (i) = (ii) + = 0 and (iii) = (1+) . Some physical and
geometric properties of the solutions are also discussed.
Key words: Scalar-Tensor, Gravitation, Cosmology, FRW models.
1. Introduction
In view of Kaluza-Klein theories [1 4], the study of higher-dimensional cosmo-
logical models acquired much significance. An interesting possibility known as the
cosmological dimensional reduction process is based on the idea that, at the very
early stage, all dimensions in the universe are comparable. Later, the scale of the
extra dimensions becomes so small as to be unobservable by experiencing contrac-
tion. This process was first proposed by Chodos and Detweiler [5] who showed
that,in the framework of pure gravitational theory of Kaluza-Klein, the extra
dimension contracts to a very small scale, while the other spatial dimensions
expand isotropically. Guth [6] and Alvarez and Gavela [7] observed that during
the contraction process, extra dimensions produce large amount of entropy. Weyl
1
[8] proposed a modification of Riemannian manifold in order to geometrize the
whole of gravitation and electromagnetism.
It is well known that a gravitational scalar field, beside the metric of the
space-time must exist in the frame work of the present unified theories. Hence
there has been much interest in scalar tensor theories of gravitation. Several
theories are proposed as an alternatives to Einsteins theory to reveal the nature of
the universe at the early state of evolution .The most important among them being
scalar-tensor theories proposed by Lyra [9], Brans- Dicke[10],Nordtvedt[11] and
Wagoner [12]. Saez and Ballester [13] have developed a new scalar tensor theory
of gravitation in which the metric is coupled with a dimensionless scalar field in a
simple manner. This coupling gives a satisfactory description of weak fields. In
spite of the dimensionless character of the scalar field an antigravity regime
appears. This theory suggests a possible way to solve the missing matter problem
in non-flat FRW cosmologies. Saez[14] , Singh and Agrawal[15] , Shri Ram and
Singh [16] , Shri Ram and Tiwari [17], Reddy and Venkateswara
Rao[18],Reddy[19,20],Mohanty and Sahu[21,22,23] ,Adhav et. al. [24] are some
of the authors who have investigated various aspects of scalar tensor theory of
gravitation.
The study of string theory is important in the early stages of the evolution of the
universe before the particle creation. Cosmic strings have received considerable
attention in cosmology as they are believed to give rise to density perturbations
leading to the formation of galaxies [25]. Chatterjee [26] constructed massive
string cosmological model in higher dimensional homogeneous space time. Krori
et al. [27] constructed Bianchi type I string cosmological model in higher
dimension and obtained that matter and strings coexist throughout the evolution of
2
the universe. Rahaman et al.[28] obtained exact solutions of the field equations for
a five dimensional space time in Lyra Manifold when the source of gravitation is
massive strings. The work of Venkateswarlu and Reddy [29]has been extended by
Sahu and Panigrahi[30]. Recently, Venkateswarlu, and Pavan kumar [31] have
studied in Higher dimensional F R W cosmological models in Self-creation theory.
Modified theories of gravity have been the subject of study for the last few
decades. As an alternative to Einsteins theory of gravitation, Sen and Dunn [32]
have proposed a new scalar-tensor theory of gravitation in which both the scalar
and tensor fields have intrinsic geometrical significance. The scalar field in this
theory is characterized by the function
) (
i
x
where
i
x are coordinates in the
four dimensional Lyra manifold and the tensor field is identified with the metric
tensor ij
g
of the manifold. The field equations given by Sen and Dunn[32] for the
combined scalar and tensor fields are
ij
k
k ij j i ij ij
T g R g R
2 ,
, , ,
2
)
2
1
(
2
1


(1)
where
,
2
3

ij
R
and R are respectively the usual Ricci-tensor and Riemaan-
curvature scalar (in our units
1 8 G C
).
The energy momentum tensor for a cloud of massive strings that can be
written as
j i j i ij
x x u u
.
(2)
Here

is the rest energy density of the cloud of strings with particles attached to
them,

is the tension density of the strings and

+
p , p

being the energy

density of the particles. The velocity
i
u describes the five velocity which has
3
components (1, 0, 0, 0,0) for a cloud of particles and
i
x represents the direction of
string which will satisfy
1
i
i
i
i
x x u u
and
0
i
i
x u
.
(3)
In this paper, we intended to study effect of cosmic strings with extra
dimensions, by considering the five dimensional FRW model, in a new scalar-
tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Sen and Dunn[32]. Section 2 contains the
five dimensional FRW metric and the field equations of this theory. In section 3,
the solution of the field equations is obtained in the context of cosmic strings and
also discussed some properties of the models obtained. Last section contains some
conclusions of the models derived.
2. Metric and Field equations :
Here we consider the five dimensional FRW metric of the form

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
) ( sin
1
) ( d t A d r d r
kr
dr
t R dt ds +
]
]
]

+ +

+

(4)
where R(t) is the scale factor and k=0,-1 or +1is the curvature parameter for flat,
open and closed universe, respectively. The fifth coordinate is also assumed to be
space like coordinate. The direction of the strings is taken to be along X
4
axis so
4
that we have X
i
= (0,0 , 0, 1/R, 0). Now the field equations for the metric (4) can be
written as

,
`

.
|
+ + +

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 3 3

R
k
R
R
R
R
(5)

,
`

.
|
+ + + +
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2

R
k
A
A
RA
A R
R
R
R
R
(6)

,
`

.
|
+ + +

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 3 3

R
k
RA
A R
R
R
(7)
Where overhead dot denotes ordinary differentiation with respect to t.
3. Solutions to the field equations
The field equations (5) (7) are a system of three equations with five
unknown parameters
R A,
,

, and . We need two additional conditions to get

a
deterministic solution of the above system of equations. Thus we present the
solutions of the field equations in the following physically meaningful cases:
(i) The simplest relation between
and
is the proportionality relation,
written as

where

is a proportionality constant which gives rise to the

following three cases:
(a) For
1
, we get geometric strings(or) Nambu strings
(b)For
1
,we get massive strings
5
(c) For
) 1 ( +
,
0
,we get p-string or Takabayaski strings
(ii) a functional relationship [33] between the metric functions A and R of the
form

m
R A (8)

Where m is any arbitrary constant.
3.1 Geometric strings (or) Nambu strings(

) i.e, when
1
Now the field equations (5) - (7) together with (8) reduces to
0
) 2 (
2
) 1 2 (
2
2
2

+
+ + +
R m
k
R
R
m
R
R


(9)
Case 3.1.1: Flat model (i.e.,

0 K )
In this case the field equations admit the solution
) 2 2 (
1
2 1
)] )( 2 2 [( ) (
+
+ +
m
c t c m t R
(10)
Where
c
1
and c
2
are integrating constants. Thus the general solution of the field
equations (5)-(7) is given by
) 2 2 (
1
2 1
)] )( 2 2 [( ) (
+
+ +
m
c t c m t R
) 2 2 (
2 1
)] )( 2 2 [( ) (
+
+ +
m
m
c t c m t A
(11)
and
1
2 1 0
) (
p
c t c +
where
0

is arbitrary constant (12)

where
2
1
2
2
1
) 2 2 (
) 1 4 ( 2
]
]
]

+
+ +

m
m m
p

,
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 ( + < < m
.
6
Since
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 ( + < < m
,
we take
2
1
m
,the solution can be expressed as
) ( ) (
2 1
c t c t R +
(13)
2
1
2 1
) ( ) (

+ c t c t A

2
2 1 0
) (
p
c t c +

where
2
3
2
p
(14)
Thus the metric (4) takes the form
[ ]
2 ) 2 2 (
2
2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 ) 2 2 (
1
2 1
2 2
)] )( 2 2 [(
sin )] )( 2 2 [(

d c t c m
d r d r dr c t c m dt ds
m
m
m
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + +

(15)
The string energy density , tension density are given by

) 2 2 (
2 1
2
1
2
0
2
) (
4
9

+
p
c t c c
(16)
where
2
3
2
p
and the corresponding scalar field is given by equation (12).
7

The kinematical parameters viz., scalar expansion

, the shear scalar , spatial

volume V and the deceleration parameter q are given by
) ( 2
5
2 1
1
c t c
c
+


) ( 18
67
2 1
1
c t c
c
+

(17)

[ ] 2
5
2 1
) ( c t c g V +


5
1
q

The scale factor R expands indefinitely while the other parameter, namely A(t),
gradually diminishes with increase in time. Thus the extra dimension becomes
insignificant as time proceeds after the creation and we are left with the real four-
dimensional world. The declaration parameter q acts as an indicator of the
existence of inflation. If q > 0, the model decelerates in the standard way while q
< 0 the model inflates. Also the model is non-inflationary in nature ,since
). 0 (
5
1
> q

A R V , 0 , 0 ,
as
0 t
hence we have a line singularity .The volume is
increasing indefinitely with increasing time..
Case3.1. 2: Closed model i.e. 1 K :
In this case the field equations (5) - (7) together with (8) reduces to
0
) 2 (
2
) 1 2 (
2
2
2

+
+ + +
R m R
R
m
R
R

(18)
8

) 2 4 ( 2
) 2 4 )( 2 (
4
+
+
+ +

m
R d
m m
R

(19)
Where d

is an integral constant. Equation (19) admits a closed form solution
only if d=0,and is given by
n
n c t
t R
3
2
) (
+

(20)
and consequently we have

m
n
n c t
t A

,
`

.
|
+

3
2
) (
(21)
together with the scalar field

3
3 0
) 2 (
p
c t +
where

m
p
3
3

. (22)
and
) 2 4 )( 2 ( + + m m n ,
2
1
2 < < m .
3
c is integrating constant.
Thus the metric (4) takes the form

+
]
]
]

+ +

,
`

.
|
+
+
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
3 2 2
sin
1
2
d r d r
r
dr
n
n c t
dt ds
9
2
2
3
2
d
n
n c t
m

,
`

.
|
+
(23)
The string energy density , tension density ,

) 2 2 (
3
2
0
3
) 2 )( 2 ( 12

+ +
p
n c t m m
(24)
Since
.
2
1
2 < < m
we present the solution for a particular case,
namely m=-1,
) 2 ( ) (
3
t t c t R +
(25)
1
3
) 2 ( ) (

+ t t c t A

3
2 1 0
) ( c t c + (26)

The string energy density , tension density ,

) 1 (
2
3
2
0
3
) 2 )( 2 ( 12

+ +

n c t m m
(27)
The cosmological parameters for
1 m
are given by

) 2 (
2 2
3
t c +



) 2 2 (
` 1
9
56
3
c t +

(28)
( )
2
3
2 c t g V +
10

2
1
q

It is noticed that the extra dimension A(t) contracts while R(t) expands with
increase in time.Since q > 0 for
1 m
which shows the nonexistence of inflation
in higher-dimensional FRW closed models in Sen-Dunns theory of gravitation.
since
0 ) ( , ) ( , , 0 t A t R V
as
t
indicates that the closed FRW model
possess a line singularity as
t
.The volume is increasing indefinitely with
increasing time.
Case 3.1.2: Open model i.e. 1 K :
In this case the field equations (5) - (7) together with (8) reduces to

0
) 2 (
2
) 1 2 (
2
2
2

+
+ + +
R m R
R
m
R
R

(29)
The first integral of above equation is

) 2 4 ( 2
) 2 4 )( 2 (
4
+
+
+ +

m
eR
m m
R

(30)
Since we are looking for a closed form solution ,we take e =0.and hence equation
(30),on integration yields

) 2 4 )( 2 (
) 2 4 )( 2 ( 2
) (
4
+ +
+ + +

m m
m m c t
t R

(31)
11

m
m m
m m c t
t A

,
`

.
|
+ +
+ + +

) 2 4 )( 2 (
) 2 4 )( 2 ( 2
) (
4
(32)
The scalar field is obtained as

( ) 4
4 0
) 2 4 )( 2 ( 2
p
m m c t + + +
(33)
where

m
p
3
4

.
2 < m
, Here
4
c
is integrating constant.
Thus the metric (4) takes the form

+
]
]
]

+ +
+
]
]
]
]

+ +
+ + +
+
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
4 2 2
sin
1 ) 2 4 )( 2 (
) 2 4 )( 2 ( 2
d r d r
r
dr
m m
m m c t
dt ds

2
2
4
) 2 4 )( 2 (
) 2 4 )( 2 ( 2
d
m m
m m c t
m

,
`

.
|
+ +
+ + +
(34)
The string energy density and tension density are
) 2 2 (
4
2
0
4
) ) 2 4 )( 2 ( 2 )( 2 ( 12

+ + + +
p
m m c t m m

(35)
If
4
1
m
then
) 2 3 (
4
2
0
)
4
7
2 (
4
21

+ c t
.
The energy conditions viz.,
, 0 >
and
0 >
are identically satisfied for
. 0 2 < < m

The extra dimension A contracts if
. 2 < m
And the kinematical
parameters are given by
12
Scalar expansion

,
`

.
|
+

4
7
2 4
21
4
c t

Shear scalar

,
`

.
|
+

]
4
7
2
1
72
199
4
c t

(36)
Spatial volume
) 3 (
4
7
)
4
7
2 ( 2
+

,
`

.
|
+

m
c t
g V

Deceleration parameter
) 3 (
2
+

m
m
a
a a
q

3.2 Massive strings (
0 +
) i.e, when
1
In this case we consider the equations (5)-(7) together with (8) yields



0
2
) 2 (
2
2
2
+ + +
R
k
R
R
m
R
R

(34)
Case 1:
0 K
(Flat model):

Which admit the solution
) 3 (
1
6 5
)] )( 3 [( ) (
+
+ +
m
c t c m t R
(35)
) 3 (
6 5
)] )( 3 [( ) (
+
+ +
m
m
c t c m t A (36)
5
6 5 0
) (
p
c t c +
,where
2
1
2 5
) 3 (
) 1 ( 6
]
]
]

+
+

m
m
p

(37)
Where c
5
, c
6
are arbitrary constants.
13
By making use of equations (35) and (36) in equations (5) - (7), the string energy
density and the tension density become zero. Hence it is observed that cosmic
massive strings do not co-exist with the scalar field in this theory.
Case 2:

1 K
(Closed model):
In this case equation (34) reduces to the form

0
2
) 2 (
2
2
2
+ + +
R R
R
m
R
R

(38)
which admits the solution

,
`

.
|
+

n
n c t
t R
7
2
) (
(39)
m
n
n c t
t A

,
`

.
|
+

7
2
) (
(40)
where
) 2 ( + m n
and
2 < m

6
7 0
) 2 (
p
n c t +
where
2
1
6
) 1 2 (
]
]
]

m m
p

(41)
where c
7
is arbitrary constant.
Thus the metric (4) takes the form
+
]
]
]

+ +

,
`

.
|
+
+
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
7 2 2
sin
1
2
d r d r
r
dr
n
n c t
dt ds
2
2
7
2
d
n
n c t
m

,
`

.
|
+
(42)
14
and the corresponding scalar field is given by equation (41).

The string energy density , tension density are given by


) 2 2 (
7
2
0
6
) 2 )( 2 ( 2

+ +
p
n c t m m


(43)
and the particle density p

, the scalar expansion

, the shear scalar , spatial

volume V and the deceleration parameter q are given by

) 2 2 (
7
2
0
6
) 2 )( 2 ( 4

+ +
p
p
n c t m m

) 2 (
) 3 ( 2
7
n c t
m
+
+



( )
2
1
2
7
2
) 2 (
9 12 7
9
2
]
]
]
]

+
+

n c t
m m
(44)

3
7
2
+

,
`

.
|
+

m
n
n c t
g V

) 3 (
2
+

m
m
a
a a
q

and if
3 < m
then
0 < q
The extra dimension A contracts if
. 2 < m
It is observed that the scalar field becomes a constant and 0 when 0 m
.
Thus we have the general relativistic solution in vacuum. The dominant energy
conditions implies that
0 >
and
2 2

. These energy conditions do not restrict
the sign of , accordingly the expressions given by equation (43) satisfies all these
conditions. We observe that
2

p
. Since
1 >

p
, thus we may conclude that the
15
particles dominate over the strings in this model. This model has no singularity at t
= 0 and undergoes expansion with time.
Case 3: 1 K (Open model):
In this case equation (34) reduces to the form

0
2
) 2 (
2
2
2
+ +
R R
R
m
R
R

(45)
Which admits the solution

,
`

.
|
+
+ +

) 2 (
) 2 ( 2
) (
8
m
m c t
t R
(46)
m
m
m c t
t A

,
`

.
|
+
+ +

) 2 (
) 2 ( 2
) (
8
(47)

7
8 0
) ) 2 ( 2 (
p
m c t + +
where
2
1
7
) 1 2 (
]
]
]

m m
p
(48)
where c
8
is arbitrary constant.
Thus the metric (4) takes the form

+
]
]
]

+ +
+

,
`

.
|
+
+ +
+
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
8 2 2
sin
1 ) 2 (
) 2 ( 2
d r d r
r
dr
m
m c t
dt ds
2
2
8
) 2 (
) 2 ( 2
d
m
m c t
m

,
`

.
|
+
+ +
(49)
The string energy density , tension density are given by
16

) 2 2 (
8
2
0
7
) 2 ( 2 )( 2 ( 2

+ + +
p
m c t m m
(50)
As time increases the scale factors R and A increase indefinitely. So in the above
open model there is no compactification of extra dimension for m >0 . The extra
dimension A contracts if
. 2 < m
Further the energy density , tension density
of the universe is positive throughout the evolution except
. 0 2 < < m
The model
is free from initial singularity but possesses line singularity at
) 2 (
2
8
0
+ m
c
t

The energy density of the universe increases with increase of cosmic time t. And
the particle density p

, the scalar expansion

, the shear scalar , spatial volume

V and the deceleration parameter q are given by


) 2 2 (
8
2
0
7
) 2 )( 2 ( 4

+ +
p
p
n c t m m

) 2 (
) 3 ( 2
7
n c t
m
+
+




( )
2
1
2
7
2
) 2 (
9 12 7
9
2
]
]
]
]

+
+

n c t
m m

(51)

3
8
) 2 (
2
+

,
`

.
|
+
+

m
m
n c t
g V


) 3 (
2
+

m
m
a
a a
q

3.3 p-string (or) Takabayaski strings
) 1 ( +
i.e, when
) 1 ( +
In this case, the field equations (5)(7) along with equation (8) reduced to
0
) 1 2 (
) 1 ( 2
) 2 (
2
2
2

+ +

+ + +
R m m
k
R
R
m
R
R

(52)
17
Case 1:
0 K
(Flat model)

) 3 (
1
10 9
)] )( 3 [( ) (
+
+ +
m
c t c m t R
(53)
) 3 (
10 9
)] )( 3 [( ) (
+
+ +
m
m
c t c m t A (54)
8
10 9 0
) (
p
c t c +
where
2
1
2 8
) 3 (
) 1 ( 6
]
]
]

+
+

m
m
p

(55)
where c
9
and c
10
are arbitrary constant.
By making use of equations (52) and (53) in equations (5) - (7),
0
. Hence
it is observed that cosmic p- strings do not co-exist with the scalar field in this
theory.

Case 2:

1 K
(Closed model):
In this case equation (52) reduces to the form

0
) 1 2 (
) 1 ( 2
) 2 (
2
2
2

+ +

+ + +
R m m R
R
m
R
R

(56)
which admit the solution of the form
) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
) (
11
+ + +
+ + + +

m m m
m m m c t
t R



(57)
m
m m m
m m m c t
t A

,
`

.
|
+ + +
+ + + +

) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
) (
11


(58)
18
( ) 9
11 0
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2 ) (
p
m m m c t t + + + +
(59)
where
2
1
9
) 1 ( 2
1 ) 1 (
6
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

+ +

m
m p
where c
11
is arbitrary constant.
Thus the metric (4) takes the form
+
]
]
]

+ +

]
]
]
]

+ + +
+ + + +
+
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
11 2 2
sin
1 ) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2



d r d r
r
dr
m m m
m m m c t
dt ds

2
2
11
) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2

d
m m m
m m m c t
m

,
`

.
|
+ + +
+ + + +
(60)
The string energy density , tension density are given by
) 2 ( 12 ) 1 (
2
0
+ + m m


( )
) 2 2 (
11
9
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2

+ + + +
p
m m m c t

(61)
the scalar expansion

, the shear scalar , spatial volume V and the deceleration

parameter q are given by

) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
) 3 ( 1 2
11
+ + + +
+

m m m c t
m

( )
2
1
11
2
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
9 12 7 1
9
2
]
]
]
]

+ + + +
+

m m m c t
m m

(62)
19

3
11
) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
+

,
`

.
|
+ + +
+ + + +

m
m m m
m m m c t
g V




) 3 (
2
+

m
m
a
a a
q

As time increases the scale factors R and A increase indefinitely. So in the above
closed model there is no compactification of extra dimension for m >0 . The extra
dimension A contracts if
. 2 < m
Since

Constant, the anisotropy is maintained

throughout and the model inflates as
0 < q
for
0 > m
. The present day Universe is
undergoing accelerated expansion. It may be noted that the current observations of
SNe Ia and the CMBR favour accelerating models (q < 0).
Case 3:


1 K
(Open model):
In this case equation (52) reduces to the form

0
) 1 2 (
) 1 ( 2
) 2 (
2
2
2

+ +

+ +
R m m R
R
m
R
R

(63)
Which admits the solution

) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
) (
12
+ + +
+ + + +

m m m
m m m c t
t R


(64)
m
m m m
m m m c t
t A

,
`

.
|
+ + +
+ + + +

) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
) (
12


(65)
( ) 10
12 0
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2 ) (
p
m m m c t t + + + +
(66)
20
where
2
1
10
) 1 ( 2
1 ) 1 (
6
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

+ +


m
m p
where c
12
is arbitrary constant.
+
]
]
]

+ +
+
]
]
]
]

+ + +
+ + + +
+
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
12 2 2
sin
1 ) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2



d r d r
r
dr
m m m
m m m c t
dt ds
2
2
12
) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2

d
m m m
m m m c t
m

,
`

.
|
+ + +
+ + + +
(67)
The string energy density , tension density are given by
) 2 ( 12 ) 1 (
2
0
+ + m m ( )
) 2 2 (
12
10
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2

+ + + +
p
m m m c t
(68)
the scalar expansion

, the shear scalar , spatial volume V and the deceleration

parameter q are given by

) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
) 3 ( 1 2
12
+ + + +
+

m m m c t
m

( )
2
1
12
2
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
9 12 7 1
9
2
]
]
]
]

+ + + +
+

m m m c t
m m

(69)

3
12
) 4 2 )( 1 2 (
) 4 2 )( 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2
+

,
`

.
|
+ + +
+ + + +

m
m m m
m m m c t
g V




) 3 (
2
+

m
m
a
a a
q

The extra dimension A contracts if
. 2 < m
21
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