PROBABILITY

Basic Definition of Probability => No. of favorable cases / Total no. of possible cases Briefly explain the terms: "random experiment", "sample space", "equally likely events", "complementary events", "compound events", "mutually exclusive events" Explain the concept of odds for and against an event. Addition Theorem of Probability: P(A B) = P(A) + P (B) - P (A B) Explain "conditional event": P(A/B) = P(A B) / P(B) Explain the concept of "independent events": For independent events: (i) P ( A B) = P(A) . P(B) (ii) P (A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A). P(B) (iii) P(A and B C.......) = P(A). P(B) . P(C)........ Explain the concept of "Expected Value" Explain: P(at least one) = 1 - P(none)

1. What is the probability that a vowel selected from an English book is i ? (Ans.1/5)
2. Find the chance of getting equal numbers when two dice are thrown?(Ans. 1/6) 3. Two uniform dice are rolled. Find the probability of getting a total count of 7 (1/6) 4. A and B throw with 3 dice. If A throws 16, find Bs chance of winning. ( Ans. 1/54) 5. Two dice are thrown and the total count is observed to be 6. What is the probability of getting the number 2 on any of the dice? (Ans. = 2/5) 6. Two persons A and B throw a die. The first one to throw a 4 or 5 wins. Find their respective probabilities of winning. ( A = 3/5, B = 2/5) 7. A die is thrown 3 times. If getting a 6 is considered a success, find the probability of (a) 3 successes (b) at least 2 successes. ( Ans. = 1/216, 2/27) 8. Find the probability of getting 2 H and 3 T when a coin is tossed 5 times.(5/16) 9. When 7 coins are tossed, find the probability of getting (a) exactly 4 heads (b) 6 or more heads ( Ans. 35/128, 1/16) 10. 5 coins, whose faces are marked 2 and 3 respectively, are tossed. Find the probability of getting a total of 12. ( Ans. = 5/16

11. 3 cards are drawn at random from a pack. Find the probability that they are a king, a queen and a
jack. ( Ans. = 43 / 52C3 )

12. A pack of cards is distributed among 4 people A,B,C,D. What is the probability that A may get
cards of the same colour ? (Ans. 4C1 / 52C13 ) 13. Two cards are drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of cards. Find the probability that at least one of the two is hearts. ( Ans. 15/34)

14. What are the odds against drawing 2 red balls from a bag containing 3 red and 2 white balls. (Ans. = 7 : 3)

15. What is the probability of drawing 3 white and 4 green balls from a bag that contains 3 white and 6 green balls? (Ans. = 15/36) 16. A box contains 2 red, 3 blue and 4 black balls. If three balls are drawn at random from the box, find the probability that (a) the 3 balls are of different colors. ( Ans. = 2 / 7 ) (b) two balls are the same colour and the third of the different colour. (55 / 84) (c) all the balls are of the same colour. ( Ans. = 5 / 84) 17. The first box contains 4 white and 5 black balls. The second box contains 5 white and 4 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the first box and is transferred to the second box. Then if a ball is drawn from the second box, find the probability for the drawn ball to be white. ( Ans. = 49 / 90) 18. The odds against a certain event are 5 to 2 and the odds in favor of another (independent) event are 6 to 5. Find the probability that at least one of the events will happen. ( Ans. = 52 / 77 ) 19. A and B are independent events. The probability that both A and B occur is 1/6 and the probability that none of them occur is 1/3. Find the probability of the occurrence of A ( Ans, = or 1/3) 20. A speaks the truth in 75% cases and B in 80% of the cases. In what % of the cases are they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact ? (Ans. = 35% ) 21. A husband and wife appear in an interview. The probability of the husbands selection is 1/7 and that of the wifes selection is 1/5. What is the probability that (a) both of them will be selected (b)only one of them will be selected (c) none of them will be selected. (Ans. = 1/35, 2/7, 24/35) 22. Out of 10,000 families with 4 children each, find the expected number of families all of whose children are daughters. ( Ans. = 625 ) 23. If it rains, a dealer in rain-coats can earn Rs. 500 a day. On a sunny day, he can lose Rs. 40 per day. What is his mean profit if the probability of a sunny day is 0.6 ? ( Ans. Rs. 176 ) 24. The probability of winning in a lottery is 0.15. If 4 tickets are purchased in the lottery, find the probability of winning on at least one ticket. ( Ans. = 0.478 ) 25. A and C are two independent events with P(A) = 0.23 and P(C) = 0.85. (i) Are A and C mutually exclusive ? ( Ans. NO) (ii) Find the max. and min. possible values of P(A C). ( Ans: 0.85 P(AC) 1) (iii) Find the max. and min. possible values of P(AC). (Ans. 0.08 P(AC) 0.23)