Mastitis Treatment Supporting Formula

(A method of supplementing germinated Horse Gram for faster recovery and no untoward effect)
By: Pavan Kumar P N Project Guide: Dr. Nagaraja

Introduction
India is one of the developing countries with vast livestock resources. Now India is the largest producer of milk in the world and this accounts for 13% of the worlds production. Milk is the largest contributor to the national GDP among agricultural commodities. In India Milk contributes to nearly 70% of total livestock sector output. This is as a result of conventionalbreeding programmes based on cross breeding, upgrading of local cows and their scientific feeding. In spite of these scientific approaches, some of the infectious diseases cause heavy economical losses to the dairy industry. Among those diseases Mastitis is more common in high-yielding dairy animals. Occurrence Mastitis is a Greek term Mastos means breast, Itis means inflammation. Mastitis is caused by varieties of Bacteria, Fungi and also as a secondary complication in some of the viral diseases. It is characterized by physical, chemical, bacteriological changes in the milk and pathological changes in the glandular tissue. The disease complex is due to interplay between infectious agents and managemental practice. Sometimes environmental factors also play a role in causing the disease. The most important changes noticed in the milk are: Discoloration (May be yellowish or blood tinged) May be watery in consistency Presence of clots and Presence of large number of leucocytes

Microorganisms causing Mastitis Many Bacteria like Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E-coli Corinebacterium, Mycobacterium bovis, Leptospira Species causes Mastitis. Fungal and yeast Mastitis is caused by Tichophyton species, Aspergelus fumigatus and yeast like Candida species, Cryptococus, Saccharomycis species. Algae like Prototheca, Trispora can also cause Mastitis. Mastitis may also occur as a result of infections causes by viral diseases. Ex: IBR, Cowpox, Foot and Mouth disease, etc., wherein these diseases may predispose the cow for Mastitis. Transmission of the disease The organism can enter the udder through various routes By milkers hands when a person milks a cow affected with mastitis milks a healthy cow. Trauma or injury to teat injury of udder may be due to traumatic injuries by sharp objects or may be due to Foot and mouth lesions that may break open resulting in raw surface that may contaminate very easily. Injuries may also occur by improper use of milking machines. Intra mammary infusions some times intra mammary infusions into the teat canal may lead to fungal mastitis Haemotogenus infections The common example is Tubercles mastitis where in the organisms enter the blood stream and localizes in the udder producing mastitis. Teat splinters: commonly in aged and high yielding cows the teat splinters cannot close the teat canal properly which makes organisms to enter the canal easily which may results in infection.

Mastitis can occur in three stages: Invasion: Where in the organism passes from teat orifices into the teat canal. Infection: In this stage the organism multiply rapidly and invade mammary gland Inflammation: Various types of inflammations like per acute, acute, sub acute, chronic and chronic granulomatus can occour.

Per acute mastitis: In per acute mastitis both the systemic and local signs are observed. Here congestion and edema occurs first then there will be massive infiltration of neutrophils and accumulation of lot of fibrin occurs. After some times the neutrophils dies & releases lot of proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes which act up on the cells and destroy them. The by products of cellular destruction are absorbed in to blood circulation resulting in toxemia. Toxemia may be due to the release of endotoxins by E-coli in coli form mastitis these endotoxins can suppress the myocardium and endotoxins also causes damage of liver. The enzymes of neurophills acts on milk and spoils it and these contents may combine with fibrin and forms floccules, flakes or clots. If proper and timely treatment is not given in early stages, the scavenger cells will remove the cellular debris and regeneration of cells occurs gradually.

Chronic mastitis: Usually it occurs as sequelae to acute mastitis. Here lots of mononuclear cells infiltrate the affected part
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and then fibrous tissue replaces the damaged cells. The udder becomes shrunken, hard, and milk production will be drastically reduced. Usually there is no good treatment in allopathy to overcome this type of Mastitis. Chronic granulomatus mastitis: Here lots of mononuclear cells infiltrate the area. The macrophages fuse together to become epithelioid cells and giant cells are also seen. Around these monocytes and lymphocytes are present. The lesions May be encapsulated with fibrous tissue .The udder is hard, shrunken and nodules can be felt on palpation. Gangrenous Mastitis: Here due to thrombus formation the blood supply to the necrotic part of udder is reduced resulting in putrefaction, the affected part becomes blue or black in colour and sloughing of the part occurs. Clinical Findings :In per acute mastitis both the systemic signs and the local signs are seen. Systemic signs includes sudden onset, high fever (1050 - 1070 F), marked depression, sudden drop in milk production, etc. The local signs may include increase in size of the affected quarter; warmth, painful on palpation and the udder will be hard on palpation. The secretions may be watery or blood tinged. In sub clinical mastitis the above symptoms may not be visible apparently. Hence diagnosis is based on laboratory examination.

Diagnosis Mastitis can be diagnosed by the physical examination of the udder, examination of the milk and culturing of milk. Physical examination of the udder. 1. Size- Enlarged and hard indicates acute Mastitis. Shrunken and hard indicates chronic Mastitis. 2. Shape- On observation, shape of the udder will be altered which may be easily recognized. 3. Consistency Similar to size. Nodules can be felt hard to touch and painful indicates per acute to acute mastitis. If no pain is felt then it is Chronic Mastitis.

Examination of the Milk. 1. Physical examination of Milk (i) Colour Normal milk is white in colour or white with yellow tinge. Reddish tinge and blood clots indicates Haemogalaxia. When milk is allowed to stand, amber coloured fluid at the top indicates tuberculous Mastitis. (ii) Odour Putrid odour in Corynebactrium infection. (iii) Consistency Secretions will be watery in acute and Per acute Mastitis, thick and pasty in Purulent Mastitis. (iv) Presence of flakes or clots. 2. Chemical examination of milk. (i) pH of the milk - Normal pH is 6.4 to 6.8 Mastitis pH is 7.4 and above.
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(ii) Bromothylol blue test. (iii) California Mastitis test (iv) White side test 3. Microscopic examination of Milk: i) Staining of milk smear ii) Counting of milk leucocytes 4.Culturing of milk: This is done to isolate the bacteria present in the milk and also to know type of mastitis in cow. It also helps in proper treatment and control measures. Treatment 1.To overcome the etiological agent, administer the anti bacterial agent both parentally and intra mammary. 2.Choose an agent, which will have good distribution in udder after parental and intra mammary administration. 3. Antibiotics must be able to penetrate leucocytes in sufficient concentration to be effective.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Prevention and control Good hygienic measures should be fallowed. Keep the animal clean. Dispose the excreta properly. Use hygienic measures while milking.

Experiment
In this context to favour faster recovery, to maintain constant milk yield and to prevent the re-occurrence of Mastitis a trial was conducted to treat Mastitis. It was conducted with a basic idea that when compared to other grams Horse Gram has more Vitamin E, C, Selenium and other essential nutrients wherein Vitamin E and C have immuno pottentiating property, Vitamin E helps in increasing blood circulation and helps in reducing scar formation. Vitamin C helps in increasing the potency of WBCs. Horse Gram contains 7% Proteins, 17% Carbohydrates, 21% Calcium, Vitamin A, E & C. Bearing in mind with these useful facts a trial was conducted to treat Mastitis Processing of Horse Gram Horse Gram is germinated in order to increase its nutritive value. Cooking helps remove the content of Folic Acid and also the harmful substances present in it. There are several methods of germination of Horse Gram. The simplest method is: Soaking of Horse Gram overnight Transferring it to a smooth cloth and leaving it for a day The Horse Gram would have sprouted. Thus obtained Horse Gram must be properly cooked. The cooked horse gram should then be grinded in order to make it easy to be consumed by the cow. This processed horse gram is rich in Proteins, Minerals, Carbohydrates and Vitamins A, C & E.

Supplementing Horse Gram The trials were conducted in a village Gantiganahalli near Bangalore wherein 20 Mastitis affected animals were considered for the trials from nearby villages. These Mastitis affected cows were examined by the doctors and some of the milk samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for culture and sensitivity tests. As a part of the supportive treatment the animal owners were explained about importance of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram and its contents and adviced them to feed it along with regular diet. Trial 1: 5 of these cows were considered for the trials and its owners were adviced to feed the cows with 250gms 300gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram for a period of one-month in addition to line of treatment. Trial 2: Other 5 cows were considered for the trials and its owners were adviced to feed the cows with 300gms - 400gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram based on the intensity and stage of the disease for a period of one-month in addition to line of treatment. Trial 3: Other set of 5 cows were considered for the trials and its owners were adviced to feed the cows with 500gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram for a period of one-month in addition to line of treatment. Trial 4: Other 5 cows were fed with 500<gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram for a period of one-month in addition to line of treatment.

Trial 5: Another healthy cow in the same herd was being fed with germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram daily for a period of one month. The germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram was divided and fed twice daily. For Example: If the owner was adviced to feed 500gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram daily, half of it i.e. 250gms was fed in the morning and other 250gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram was fed in the evening with regular diet.

Feeding germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram

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Feeding germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram with the diet.

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Hypothesis
As Germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram is rich in Vitamin A, E and minerals such as Calcium, Phosphorous, Iron, Selenium the trials were expected to show encourageable results in Mastitis affected cows such as faster recovery, quick return to normal milk yield and no reoccurrence of the disease. Trial 1: The cows that were fed with only 250gms 300gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram were expected to recover early when compared to the clinical treatment alone. Trial 2: The cows that were fed with 300gms 400gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram were expected to recover much earlier when compared to the cows in Trial 1. . Trial 3: The cows that were fed with 500gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram were expected to get cured much earlier and expected to return to normal milk yield and with no reoccurrence of Mastitis thereafter. Trial 4: The cows fed with more than 500 gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram were expected to give much more useful results. Trial 5: The cow, which was fed with germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram daily, was expected not to suffer from Mastitis in that period due to the presence of immuno pottentiating property in geminated Horse Gram. Further it was expected to increase its production in milk yield as it has more nutritive value.

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Results
During the treatment and post-mastitis supplementation period, regular feedback were received from those farmers through the doctors. The farmers were enquired about the feeding habits, success rate, adverse effect if any and also about milk yield. After a period of one month as per the final feedback from the farmers, the results were encouraging. The results were as follows: Trial 1: The cows that were fed with 250gms 300gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram showed improvement in recovery from the disease and improvement in milk yield were noticed. Trial 2: The cows which were fed with 300gms 400gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram, both recovery from the disease and improvement in milk yield was noticed much more earlier than Trial 1. Here the animal took shorter period for recovery and returning to normal milk yield. Trial 3: The cows that were fed with 500gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram the trial responded with excellent results. In this case, the cows took very short period for recovery and daily improvement in milk yield is relatively faster and attained optimum milk yield in very short period. As per the additional feedback from the farmers, there was no re occurrence thereafter in these cows. This is the most costfeasible method by which maximum utilization of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram could be made.

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Trial 4: The cows that were fed with more than 500gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram responded as same as Trial 3. But this method of feeding 500+gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram is slightly costly. That is the additional supplementation (>500gms) is more than what is required. Trial 5: The cow, which was fed with germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram daily, didnt show the occurrence of mastitis in the trial period. Some of the patient owners did not follow the exact procedure of feeding germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram, where in there was no change in the response. Some of the patient owners did not feed the required quantity for specified period in that case also the response was not up to the mark.

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Conclusion
The results obtained from the patient owners through the concerned doctors in Mastitis affected cows is as follows: Trial No 1 2 3 4 Quantity of GCGHG fed 250 300gms 300 400gms 500gms More than 500gms No of days 30 30 30 30 Results Fair Good Excellent Same as above

(GCGHG - Germinated Cooked and Grinded Horse Gram)

From the above table, we can conclude that feeding 500gms of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram is ideal and this is the most cost-feasible method by which maximum utilization of germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram could be made and this favours faster recovery quick return to normal milk yield and no re occurrence of Mastitis.. In addition, as per feedback obtained from the doctors the method of feeding germinated cooked and grinded horse gram has required effect in addition to regular treatment. In majority of the cases, feeding germinated horse gram has advantage in post mastitis recovery rate, when compared to those, which were not provided with germinated horse gram and treated alone. Based on the obtained results we can conclude that Horse Gram being a food ingredient used in animal feed, which has high nutritive value with desirable characters, after germination,
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cooking and grinding this may be effectively utilized as a supplement in early recovery from Mastitis. In addition, it has immuno pottentiating property, as it is rich in Vitamins and Minerals. As it is rich in Vitamin A and E wherein Vitamin E helps in reducing scar tissue formation and favours blood circulation to the affected part. These properties hastens faster recovery, least damage to the secretory tissue which intern favours quick return to normal milk yield. Hence this method may be adopted as Mastitis Treatment Supporting Formula in the future treatment of Mastitis.

Future scope of work

Horse Gram is rich in Proteins, Vitamins and Minerals. On Germination the nutritive value is enhanced. This may be tried in the diet of young calves those which were not fed with adequate milk due to some reasons. As it is rich in Vitamin A, E it enhances immunity in the body of the calves by which the young calves may be protected from infectious diseases. As germinated Horse Gram contains Vitamin E and Selenium this may be effectively used in the growing heifers, which will attain puberty very quickly. As it has immuno pottentiating properties, Germinated, cooked and grinded Horse Gram may be tried to prevent from infectious diseases.

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Acknowledgements
Thanks to: The Principal & Staff, Sri Vani High School, Rajajinagar. The Veterinary Doctors & Staff engaged in the treatment. Farmers for their valuable cooperation. My Parents & Relatives. Srushti Media Services Bangalore Intel STDF for providing an opportunity to present my project. And for those who have involved in the success of the project.

Thank You

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