A Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Craftsman WI6025 Telecommunications Tower, Section 11, T20N, R16E, Clayton Township,

Winnebago County, Wisconsin

Fred A. Finney, PhD, RPA Principal Investigator fafinney@aol.com

Contract Completion Report No. 232 Upper Midwest Archaeology PO Box 106 St. Joseph, Illinois 61873 Phone: 217-778-0348 Fax: 217-469-0106
August 25, 2010

Table of Contents
Page Tables Figures Introduction Environmental Background Previous Archaeological Research Regional Culture History Archaeological Assessment Summary and Recommendations Acknowledgments References Cited Appendix A BAR Form iv iv 1 1 2 2 5 6 7 7 28

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Figures
Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Project location. Soil survey. Sketch map of project area. View of access road and tower compound. 1839 GLO survey plat map. 1878 Winnebago County in State Atlas. 1889 Winnebago County Map. 1909 Winnebago County Map. 1930 Winnebago County Map. Aerial view of project area. Viewshed from tower compound, view to north. Viewshed from tower compound, view to northeast. Viewshed from tower compound, view to east. Viewshed from tower compound, view to southeast. Viewshed from tower compound, view to south. Viewshed from tower compound, view to southwest. Viewshed from tower compound, view to west. Viewshed from tower compound, view to northwest. Visual APE. Page 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

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Abstract
A Phase I archaeological investigation was conducted at the location of a proposed cell tower and access road in Section 11, T20N, R16E, Winnebago County, Wisconsin. It is for a Form 620 submittal under the FCC Nationwide Programmatic Agreement. The compound and new access road encompasses 962 square m (10,360 square feet) for the compound. The total area surveyed is 0.1 ha (0.24 acre). There are no standing buildings in the project area. The purpose of the survey was to determine whether there were any prehistoric or historic cultural materials present which might be disturbed by the proposed project area. Field investigations included pedestrian survey and shovel testing. Results were negative for prehistoric or historic cultural remains. Based on background research and survey results, it is recommended that the proposed project area be cleared from an archaeological perspective.

Introduction
This report has been prepared by Upper Midwest Archaeology (UMA), St. Joseph, Illinois, under the terms of a cultural resource survey agreement between UMA and EBI Consulting, Burlington, Massachusetts. This report records the results of a Phase I archaeological investigation conducted at the location of a proposed 36.6 m (120 feet) tall cellular communication tower compound in Section 11, T20N, R16E, Clayton Township, Winnebago County, Wisconsin (Figure 1). This investigation is for a Form 620 submittal under the FCC Nationwide Programmatic Agreement. The compound (80 x 80 feet) and new access road (330 x 12 feet) encompasses 962 square m (10,360 square feet) for the compound and uses an existing access road. The total area surveyed is 0.1 ha (0.24 acre). There are no standing buildings in the project area. The purpose of the survey was to locate any possible cultural materials within the project area and determine whether any significant archaeological resources would be affected by the proposed construction as required by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16 US 470, as amended, 36 CFR 800). The Phase I investigation was conducted on August 19, 2010, by the Project Director and Principal Investigator Fred Finney. UMA is solely responsible for the interpretations and recommendations contained in this report.

Environmental Background
Regional Setting The project area in Winnebago County is in eastern Wisconsin. It lies within the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands physiographic region. This region exhibits alternating ridge and lowland topography extending roughly north-south. The project area falls between the east margin of the Magnesian cuesta and the Lake Winnebago lowland. Within this region the topography reflects the actions of the Wisconsinan glacial advances. The Fox River waterway, positioned to the east and south, is a major connection between Lake Michigan and the Wisconsin River. Less than 16 m (10 miles) to the east (Lake Winnebago) and south (Lake Butte des Morts) of the project area there are two large lakes on the Fox River waterway. Two other large lakes (Lake Poygan and Lake Winneconne) are approximately 16 m (10 miles) distant to the southwest. The project area is covered with glacial till from the Kirby Lake Member of the Kewaunee Formation (gk) deposited by the Green Bay Lobe. In the project area it consisted of red, clayey silt with 1

occasional gravel content. Topographically this glacial till deposit exhibits low relief and typically is up to 3 m (10 feet) in depth (Hooyer and Mode 2008). Local Setting The project area is approximately one half mile north of USH 10 and less than one half mile west of a north-south trending moraine crest (Hooyer and Mode 2008). In this locality the topographic relief is nearly level to slightly rolling. The project area is drained by an upper tributary of the Rat River, which flows west into the Wolf River near its confluence with Lake Poygan. According to the soil survey the tower compound is mapped as Manawa Silty Clay Loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (MaA on Figure 2). The Manawa series formed in clayey till and silt under forest conditions. The new access road is mapped as Hortonville Silt Loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (HrB on Figure 2). The Manawa series formed in loamy till under forest conditions. Both the Manawa and Hortonville soil series are associated with ground moraines (Mitchell 1980). The project area is east of Oakwood Avenue and south-southeast of its intersection with Shady Lane. Specifically it is positioned on the north (access road) and east (compound) sides of an existing farmstead (Figure 3). The farm outbuildings are two large barns and a series of small structures including corn cribs. The immediate vicinity of the compound is used for equipment storage (Figure 4). The access road follows a grass path from the road to the hay barn. Elevation of the proposed tower compound is 262 m (860 feet). The original vegetation consisted of forest (Figure 5).

Previous Archaeological Research

Regional archaeological knowledge was initially based on fieldwork reported by nineteenth century researchers (e.g., Lapham 1855). In the early twentieth century Charles E. Brown (1906, 1906, 1908, 1909, 1912, 1914, 1925, n.d.) published site lists by county. Since 1974, cultural resource management (CRM) projects account for the vast majority of archeological research in the state. Typically CRM work emphasizes a culture history perspective in the form of detailed descriptive site and survey reports. In fact CRM is responsible for a tremendous increase in regional archeological knowledge. A fascinating perspective can be gained by comparing early twentieth century perspectives to modern CRM derived archaeological knowledge (e.g., Benchley et al. 1997; Birmingham et al. 1997). Thus CRM investigations form the basis for most archaeological knowledge of Winnebago County and the surrounding region.

Regional Culture History

The prehistoric archeological record for Wisconsin is divided into four periods: Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Late Prehistoric. The following culture history is oriented to archaeological manifestations found in northwest Wisconsin. The relevant sources used for this summary are found in Benchley et al. (1997) and Birmingham et al. (1997). The earliest people came from Asia and spread from north to south in the New World. At least some people were present in the Americas prior to 11,000 B.C. The nature and extent of their occupations remains controversial (Meltzer 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2006). The Paleoindian period marks the widespread entry of humans into North America, at approximately 11,000 B.C. The earliest Paleoindian sites are recognized by the presence of Early Paleoindian fluted points. At present the earliest widely documented archeological culture in North America is Clovis. The

Clovis peoples are known for large mammal kills. Evidence for their increasing usage of smaller animals and plants occurs throughout the Paleoindian period. Stratigraphically the Folsom culture followed the Clovis occupations in the Great Plains. The Late Paleoindian groups made a variety of lanceolate points which were not fluted. By late Paleoindian times, communal bison-hunting was common. Such practices are well known from bison kill sites in the High Plains. A broad spectrum economy can be expected for Late Paleoindian complexes in Wisconsin. This pattern of hunting, fishing, and gathering resembled that of the subsequent Early Archaic rather than the earlier fluted point hunters. The major diagnostic tools of the Archaic hunters and gatherers are their projectile points. As a general trend, an increasing number of diverse projectile point styles were used throughout the Archaic. This trend is related to the evidence for greater regional variation in distinct Archaic cultures. The points are diagnostics used to divide the Archaic into early, middle, and late periods. Large mammal hunting remained an important focus of activity for Archaic peoples. Throughout the Archaic period an increasingly diversified hunting and gathering economy developed in Wisconsin. This inclusion of new species in the diet seems to coincide with the intensification of resource use in smaller regions. Plant use is better documented by ground-stone tools. Manos and metates are the primary evidence for seed exploitation. Domesticated plants occurred south of Wisconsin by the Late Archaic. Open air Archaic sites are larger and more numerous than the previous human occupations. Rockshelters are used for both hunting and habitations. Long distance exchange networks made their initial appearance during the Late Archaic period. The initial construction of landscape markersmounds, earthworks, and cemeteriesin the Late Archaic period denotes populations identifying with discrete regions. Eastern Wisconsin is the focal point in the Great Lakes of the Old Copper Culture, which takes its name from tools made of native copper. Throughout this area copper tools have been frequent surface finds. Old Copper begins by at least 5000 B.C. and persists until about 1500 B.C. At one time, archaeologists defined Old Copper as a distinct archaeological culture. Old Copper is now recognized as a technological complex that cross-cut a number of distinct, local Archaic cultures (Pleger 1998). In eastern Wisconsin most Old Copper tools likely relate to Middle Archaic sites, based on a co-occurrence with side-notched projectile points at three cemeteries: Reigh, Oconto, and Riverside. There is a continuation of copper tool usage into the Late Archaic manifestations. Old Copper tools comprise a wide variety of implements such as socketed and tanged spear points, harpoons, multiple notched stemmed points, single-edged knives, ulu knives, awls, punches, drills, spatulae, hooks, gorges, spuds, celts, axes, beveled adzes, chisels, gouges, and wedges. Copper ornaments and other accouterments in the form of tabular and spherical beads, bracelets, pendants, bodkins, and sheet copper strips were also fashioned by these peoples. Sources for the extraction and annealing of native copper are found in the Upper Great Lakes, especially on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan's Upper Peninsula and on Isle Royale in western Lake Superior. Float copper derived from glacial tills is another probable raw material source (Pleger 1998). Late Archaic mortuary programs reflect a continuing elaboration of complex burial practices. Human remains were frequently buried bundled or in a flexed position and were sometimes covered with red ocher. A widely recognized terminal Late Archaic burial complex in Wisconsin and Illinois is named Red Ocher. Unfortunately the associated habitation sites remain poorly known. The Red Ocher complex derives its name from the use of powdered hematite included with the corpse. Often glacial landscape features in the form of knolls or kames were used for the 3

placement of the deceased. Associated diagnostic lithics are large ceremonial blades, ovatetrianguloid knives, and Turkey-Tail points. In terms of long-distance exchange, Red Ocher appears to be part of a larger Late Archaic regional network for social interaction. Nonlocal goods such as marine shell and exotic cherts in the form of Turkey-Tail points (Didier 1967) became frequent trade items. The Woodland stage is a continuation and elaboration of the hunting and gathering pattern with the added cultivation of wild and domesticated plants. Woodland occupations are also divided into early, middle, and late. The Woodland stage began after 1000 B.C. and is marked by the three new activities of ceramic vessel use, burial mound and earthwork construction, and plant cultivation. Woodland habitation sites are typically positioned in the major river floodplains. Rockshelters continue to be used throughout the Woodland period. Early Woodland sites reflect the addition of ceramics to the continuing Archaic trends. Early Woodland ceramic vessels were similar in shape to flat-bottomed woven baskets. Ceramic vessels represent portable containers. The Middle Woodland stage represents an intensification and culmination of a complex mortuary cult known as Hopewell. The burial of important individuals occurs in rectangular log tombs usually located in the center of relatively large conical mounds of earth. Elaborate grave offerings or furniture, often of nonlocal origin, were included with the interment. The procurement of exotic and nonlocal items via long distance exchange became a major focus of the Middle Woodland peoples. Participants in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere were local, regionally distinct Middle Woodland groups. The Waukesha phase in southeast Wisconsin does not appear as elaborate in mortuary ceremonialism as the Hopewell-related Trempealeau phase of western Wisconsin, since fewer grave goods were included with the dead. Some Hopewell diagnostic artifacts have been recovered from Waukesha phase sites, but in very limited quantities (Benchley et al. 1997). For many regions, Middle Woodland marks the clear beginning of horticultural economies. In Wisconsin wild rice is found at the Middle Woodland and subsequent sites. South of Wisconsin plants from the Eastern Agricultural Complex (EAC) were present at various Middle Woodland sites. These EAC plants include Chenopodium, erect knotweed, maygrass, little barley, sunflower, marshelder, and squash. Plant cultivation, including the domestication of plants, was underway in the mid-continent by the final millennium B.C. and eventually spread into southern Wisconsin. Late Woodland developments began approximately A.D. 300. A change in the settlement patterns is evident, including the end of long-distance exchange networks. Small seasonal encampments in the uplands and floodplain settings replace the Middle Woodland emphasis on riverine site locations. Rockshelters continue as hunting and habitation loci. There is increasing evidence for plant cultivation and use of domesticated plants. Late Woodland mounds, including effigy mounds, typically smaller in size. Burials during the Late Woodland period continue to be placed in mounds. These burial mounds are unique in Midwest archaeology since they were fashioned in zoomorphic shapes of animal effigies such as birds, panthers, bears, lizards, turtles, as well as humans, and the typical Late Woodland geometric linear and circular shapes. The prehistoric American Indians responsible for the construction of these mounds are called the Effigy Mound culture. Effigy Mound groups range from sites with less than 10 mounds to sites of over 100 mounds. In mounds of effigy shapes, burials were typically placed in the animal head or at the junction of an extremity and the body. Burials might be found on the mound floor or in the mound fill. Inhumations were usually flexed burials. Little or few items of personal adornment accompanied the burials. The length of time necessary for the construction of various extensive mound groups ranged between as few as 50 years to several centuries with construction occurring 4

at regularly scheduled intervals. Little information is available as to the purpose or meaning of the multitude of mound arrangements and shapes. Although it is clear that these mounds were not necessarily primarily for burials, the interpretation of other functions is problematic. For the poorly documented Late Woodland habitation sites, the Horicon and Kekoskee phases are recognized in southeastern Wisconsin (Salkin 1987). A wide diversity of archeological cultures existed after A.D. 1000 in Wisconsin, with the Oneota peoples being relevant to the project area. The late prehistoric cultures have one common factorthe widespread use of corn, wild rice, or both. This factor represents a transition to large permanent villages. The actual archeological remains of faunal and floral specimens suggest that the combination of hunting and agricultural activities is better termed a mixed economy. The village settlements of Oneota populations appear to be larger and more permanently occupied than Late Woodland villages. Burials are often found at Oneota sites. In southeast Wisconsin, Oneota sites tend to be positioned along large, shallow lakes that are on major rivers such as the Fox waterway and at Lake Koshkonong on the Rock River. Overstreet (1995) recognized the Grand River, Koshkonong, and Lake Winnebago phases near the project area. Oneota sites persist through the era of initial European contact. European trade goods, e.g., beads, jewelry, brass and copper items, and cooking utensils, mark the European influences reaching Oneota peoples perhaps as early as the late 1500s. There is much speculation but little tangible data on the nature of the genetic and social relationships between the archaeologically known Oneota peoples and historic Indian societies such as the Winnebago and Menominee of eastern Wisconsin. The archeology of the Historic period in Wisconsin is a complex topic. The 1634 Nicollet landing at Red Banks near Green Bay marked the beginning of the Historic period. The Fox and Wisconsin Rivers route was a major route used by the French to explore the region and for the procurement of furs by French-Canadian and American Indian traders. After 1650 Wisconsin received a number of refugee groups from the east who fled raids of the Iroquois Indians. By the early 1700s the aboriginal ways of life were changing rapidly as evidenced by the disappearance of the native material culture in the archeological record and its replacement by European goods during the fur trade. At no other time in history or prehistory has culture change occurred so quickly with such dramatic effect on the land and its people. Native peoples in eastern Wisconsin were the Menominee and Winnebago, while the Chippewa pushed the Dakota out of northwestern Wisconsin. As a result of the 1783 Treaty of Paris the American government obtained Wisconsin. After the War of 1812 Americans traders and lumbermen moved into eastern Wisconsin. Winnebago County was created in 1840 from Brown County. The Euroamerican settlement of Winnebago County began with fur trading and lumbering and thereafter farming became the dominant rural activity in the nineteenth century.

Archaeological Assessment
Methods Resources at the Wisconsin Historical Society (library, archives) and State Historic Preservation Office (ASI and AHI site files, survey coverage maps, BAR, contract reports, architectural sites, NRHP listed and eligible sites), regional overviews (e.g., Benchley et al. 1997; Birmingham et al. 1997), General Land Office survey plat map (GLO 1839), Winnebago County soil survey (Mitchell 1980), Winnebago County maps (Gorman and Soudea 1909; Hixson 1930;

Randall 1889; Snyder and Van Vechten 1878) at the WHS library, and aerial photographs were reviewed prior to the survey (Figures 5-10). The project area (Figures 1, 3-4, 11-18) was investigated by pedestrian survey and shovel tests. The pedestrian inspection was accomplished at 5 m interval transects. Ground surface visibility was less than 10 percent in the project area with a ground cover of unmown grass and weeds. The shovel tests made at 15 m intervals. The excavated sediments were screened through -inch hardware cloth in the field. Photographs were taken of the visual APE from the proposed tower location (Figures 11-19). Results A check of historical maps and the Wisconsin archaeological site file revealed no previously recorded archaeological sites in the project area and three sites (47WN17, 47WN497, and 47WN794) were within one mile. An examination of the survey coverage maps revealed that no prior archaeological surveys had occurred in the project area and up to four (Gregory 2002; Rusch 1990) were within one mile. The numbers 67429 and 69905 are on the survey coverage map but not in the Bibliography of Archaeological Reports (BAR). Their position on the map indicates that these numbers refer to highway surveys on USH 10 and USH 45. No standing structures are present in the project area. All of the project area had poor surface visibility (10 percent or less) at the time of the survey. The edge of the adjacent soybean field along the new access road was walked and this area had more than 90 percent visibility for a ca. 0.5-1 m wide strip. The project area was covered at a 15 m interval with a shovel test in the compound and eight shovel tests along the new access road. The plowzone was a 10YR3/3 silty clay typically extending 20-26 cm in thickness. The two westernmost tests exhibited a more silty texture. The soil survey had predicted a boundary between the Manawa Silty Clay Loam and the Hortonville Silt Loam near the northwest corner of the compound at the east end of the access road, but the texture change occurs further to the west. All of the project area has been plowed in the past as there is no remaining evidence of an E horizon. The Bt subsoil was a 10YR6/4 silty clay noticeably more compact and dense than the plowzone. The only variation in the subsoil was the quantity of water-worn gravel content. Shovel Tests 3 and 4 along the north edge of the northeastern-most barn both had more than 10 percent of the matrix consisting of fine, medium, and coarse pebbles. In summary, no artifacts were observed during the fieldwork. This absence is likely due to the small size of the project area.

Summary and Recommendations

There are no previously recorded sites or standing structures in the proposed project area. The investigation inspected the project area for archaeological remains by pedestrian survey and shovel testing. The archaeological survey recovered no evidence of prehistoric or historic habitation debris within the project area. In view of the archival research and archaeological investigations, it can be concluded that the proposed project can proceed without compromising any known archaeological resources. The current project area is therefore recommended for clearance from an archaeological perspective. No survey technique is completely adequate to locate all archaeological sites, especially deeply buried ones. Therefore, should any significant

cultural, historical, or paleontological resources be exposed during construction, the SHPO (608264-6507) must be notified immediately.

Acknowledgments
John Broihahn assisted with the resources at the Historic Preservation Division and the Wisconsin Historical Society.

References Cited
Benchley, Elizabeth D., Blane Nansel, Clark A. Dobbs, Susan M. Thurston Myster, and Barbara H. OConnell 1997 Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of the Northern Woodlands. Research Series No. 52. Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville. Birmingham, Robert A., Carol I. Mason, and James B. Stoltman (editors) 1997 Wisconsin Archaeology. The Wisconsin Archeologist 78(1-2):1-358. Brown, Charles E. 1906 A Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. The Wisconsin Archeologist o.s. 5:289-429. 1908 Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities II. The Wisconsin Archeologist o.s. 7:1-33. 1909 Additions to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities III. The Wisconsin Archeologist o.s. 8:113-138. 1912 Fourth Addition to the Record of Wisconsin Antiquities. The Wisconsin Archeologist o.s. 10:165185. 1925 Fifth Addition to a Record of Wisconsin Antiquities, Part 1. The Wisconsin Archeologist 4:9-78. n.d. Charles E. Brown Archeological Site Atlas. Manuscript on file, Archives. Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison. Didier, Mary Ellen 1967 A Distributional Study of the Turkey-Tail Point. The Wisconsin Archeologist 48(1):3-73. GLO (General Land Office) 1839 T20N, R16E, Four Principal Meridian. U.S. Surveyor General Plats, Wisconsin Surveys. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Accessed online at <http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/Visitors/OverviewSurveysPlatsAndFieldNotes.asp?> (9 August 2010). Gorman and Soudea 1909 Map and Plat Book of Winnebago County, Wisconsin. The Daily Northwestern, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Gregory, Michael 2002 Archaeological Phases I and II Studies of: Wetland Mitigation and Highway Interchange Areas associated with the USH 10 Reconstruction through Winnebago and Waushara Counties, Wisconsin. Center for Archaeological Research, Marquette University, Milwaukee. [BAR-9769; SHSW# 94-0222] Hixson, W.W. 1930 Plat Book of Wisconsin. W.W. Hixson, Rockford, Illinois. Hooyer, Thomas S., and William N. Mode 2008 Quaternary Geology of Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Bulletin No. 105. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison. Lapham, Increase A. 1855 The Antiquities of Wisconsin. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge No. 7. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Meltzer, David J. 2004a Peopling of North America. In The Quaternary Period in the United States, edited by A. Gillespie, S. C. Porter, and B. Atwater, pp. 539-563. Elsevier Science, New York.

2004b Modeling the Initial Colonization of the Americas: Issues of Scale, Demography, and Landscape Learning. In The Settlement of the American Continents: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Human Biogeography, edited by C. M. Barton, G. A. Clark, D. R. Yesner and G. A. Pearson, pp. 123137. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 2005 The Seventy-Year Itch: Controversies over Human Antiquity and Their Resolution. Journal of Anthropological Research 61(4):433-468. 2006 Folsom: New Archaeological Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill. University of California Press, Berkeley. Mitchell, Michael J. 1980 Soil Survey of Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. Overstreet, David F. 1995 The Eastern Wisconsin Oneota Regional Continuity. In Oneota Archaeology: Past, Present, and Future, edited by William Green. Report No. 20. Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Pleger, Thomas C. 1998 Social Complexity, Trade, and Subsistence During the Archaic/Woodland Transition in the Western Great Lakes (4000400 B.C.): A Diachronic Study of Copper Using Cultures at the Oconto and Riverside Cemeteries. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of WisconsinMadison. Randall, George A. 1889 Illustrated Atlas of Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Brant and Fuller, Madison, Wisconsin. Rusch, Lynn A. 1990 Archaeological Investigation for the New Alignment of USH 10, Winnebago County, Including Investigation of a Reported Early 18th Century Fox Indian Village. Museum Archaeology Program, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. [BAR-3583; SHSW# 86-1263] Salkin, Philip H. 1987 A Reevaluation of the Late Woodland Stage in Southeastern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Academy Review 33:75-79. Snyder and Van Vechten 1878 Historical Atlas of Wisconsin. Snyder and Van Vechten, Milwaukee.

Figure 1. Project location (base map from USGS Oshkosh NE 7.5-minute Quadrangle).

Figure 2. Soil Survey for Project Area in Section 11 (base map from USDA Web Soil Survey at: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). The tower compound is mapped as Manawa silty clay loam (MaA), 0 to 3 percent slopes, with Hortonville silt loam (HrB), 2 to 6 percent slopes, along the west half of the new access road.

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Figure 3. Sketch map for the Project Area (from map supplied by client).

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Figure 4. Photograph of proposed access road looking toward the proposed tower compound. View to south.

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Figure 5. The 1839 General Land Office survey plat map showing Section 11, T20N, R16E (from GLO 1839).

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Figure 6. The 1878 state atlas showing Section 11, T20N, R16E (from Snyder and Van Vechten 1878).

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Figure 7. The 1889 Winnebago County map showing Section 11, T20N, R16E (from Randle 1889).

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Figure 8. The 1909 Winnebago County map showing Section 11, T20N, R16E (from Gorman and Soudea 1909).

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Figure 9. The 1930 Winnebago County map showing Section 11, T20N, R16E (from Hixson 1930).

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Figure 10. Aerial photograph of the topography surrounding the project area (from Google Earth).

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Figure 11. View to north.

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Figure 12. View to northeast.

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Figure 13. View to east.

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Figure 14. View to southeast.

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Figure 15. View to south.

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Figure 16. View to southwest.

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Figure 17. View to west.

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Figure 18. View to northwest.

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Figure 19. Visual APE for the Project Area (base map from Oshkosh NE 7.5-minute Quadrangle). The T marks the proposed cell tower location.

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Appendix A BAR Form

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT FORM

WHS/SHSW # AUTHORS: Fred A. Finney REPORT TITLE: A Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Craftsman WI6025 Telecommunications Tower, Section 11, T20N, R16E, Clayton Township, Winnebago County, Wisconsin DATE OF REPORT (MONTH AND YEAR): August 2010 SERIES/NUMBER: Contract Completion Report No. 232 PLACE OF PUBLICATION: Upper Midwest Archaeology, St. Joseph, IL LOCATIONAL INFORMATION [LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY AREA (T-R-S)] T20N, R16E, Section 11 U.S.G.S. QUAD MAP(S): Oshkosh NE 7.5 SITE(S) INVESTIGATED: none ACRES INVESTIGATED: 0.24 AGENCY # FCC COUNTY Winnebago

INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES COMPLETED (Check all that apply.)

Avocational Survey Faunal Analysis Historical Research Literature Background Research Monitoring Phase II Phase III-Corridor Only Remote Sensing Surface Survey (Intensive) Vandalism Other: Chance Encounter Floral Analysis Interview/Informant Major Excavation Osteological Analysis Phase II-Corridor Only Records/Background Shovel Testing/Probing (Inten) Test Excavation Walk Over (Reconnaissance) Controlled Surface Collection Geomorphology Land Use History Mechanical Stripping Phase I-Surface Survey Phase III Records/Background (Pred. Model) Soil Core Traditional Knowledge Unknown

ABSTRACT:

Included in report

Written in space below

Office of the State Archaeologist

BAR # ___________

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