Organism live in mangrove forest Fish:

Blackspot snapper Flagtail Perch/jarbua terapon Bluefin trevally Mudskipper Halfbreak Sleeper Mullet Orbicular batfish Snubnose dart Fresh-water eel Barracuda Indo-Pacific tarpon

Crustaceans:
Land crab Redclaw Mangrove crab Freshwater prawn

Birds:
Wattle honey-eater Banded rail Flat-billed kingfisher Samoan starling Samoan whistler Cardinal honeyeater

Plants:
Tahitian chestnut Beach hibiscus Coconut Indian mulberry Red ginger

Bird nest fern Epiphytic orchids Chinese orange

http://www.mnre.gov.ws/documents/newspaper/April%2022.pdf

Saltwater Crocodile Jabiru Water Buffalo Flamingo Sea Snake Flying Fox Fiddler Crab Great Egret Mangrove Monitor Mudskipper Swamp Wallaby Roseate Spoonbill
http://inchinapinch.com/hab_pgs/marine/mangrove/animals.htm

Why do birds migrate? The reasons are complex and not fully understood. But a simple explanation is food and a safe place to breed. Birds which breed in the summer in the extreme north such as the Arctic benefit from an abundance of food as plants and insect life flourish in the long daylight hours; and because few large permanent predators can survive the harsh winter. Many birds that breed in the Arctic simply lay their eggs on the ground. Being able to fly, they can avoid the harsh winter conditions, and be the first to arrive to enjoy the summer benefits.

How did bird migration routes become established? Migration is affected not only by food supply, but also by wind and oceans currents. These make some routes and locations easier to reach. While many birds migrate from northern breeding areas in the summer, to southern wintering grounds (mainly because there is more land near the northern pole than the southern), there are many other migration patterns. Some birds breed in the far south of South America, Australasia and Africa, and migrate to northern wintering grounds. Some birds migrate horizontally, to enjoy the milder coastal climates in winter. Other birds migrate in terms of altitude; moving higher up a mountain in summer, and wintering on the lowlands. How do birds migrate such long distances? Birds exploit the winds to their favour so they can go the distance by burning minimal fuel. They may shift altitude to find the best wind "conveyor belt". Winds at high altitude may blow in the opposite direction from wind on the ground, and usually are blowing strongly. Larger birds rely on thermals (hot air) rising from the ground in the mornings to gain altitude by simply soaring. These birds usually migrate during the day. They may also follow strong updrafts along ridges. A few birds fly non-stop, some for several days, covering enormous distances. But most birds break journey at staging posts. A vital aspect of being able to make such long trips is to lay down enough fat reserves. This is why staging posts such as Sungei Buloh are important to migrating birds. Preparing for the journey: Besides laying down fat reserves, migrating birds also need to eat a lot to fuel their regular feather moults. Their feathers must be in tip-top condition for their long trips. Different species moult at different times; for most shorebirds it is just after breeding and before the migration to wintering grounds. Preparing for the journey: Besides laying down fat reserves, migrating birds also need to eat a lot to fuel their regular feather moults. Their feathers must be in tip-top condition for their long trips. Different species moult at different times; for most shorebirds it is just after breeding and before the migration to wintering grounds. Threats to migrating birds: Sadly, in addition to surviving storms and bad weather, exhaustion and other natural obstacles, migrating birds are increasingly face human threats. Habitat destruction that affects staging posts handicap their ability to re-fuel. These include draining wetlands, cutting down forests. Pollution of the sea, water and air also affects them. Migrating birds are also distracted and killed by lit-up skyscrapers, lighthouses and other unnatural manmade formations that mislead them. Sadly, many migrating birds are also hunted, for food, and for sport or superstitious reasons. http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/birds/migration.htm

Why Birds Migrate

Migration is critical in the life cycle of a bird, and without this annual journey many birds would not be able to raise their young. Birds migrate to find the richest, most abundant food sources that will provide adequate energy to nurture young birds. If no birds migrated, competition for adequate food during breeding seasons would be fierce and many birds would starve. Instead, birds have evolved different migration patterns, times and routes to give themselves and their offspring the greatest chance of survival. Of course, not all birds migrate. Some species have adapted to take advantage of different food sources as seasons change, allowing them to stay in one location all year round. Other birds are better adapted to cold climates with thicker fat reserves and better feather insulation, and they can survive long cold seasons while they forage for winter food. For more than half the world's birds, however, migration is essential to stay alive.

Knowing When to Migrate

Birds gauge the changing of the seasons based on light level from the angle of the sun in the sky and the amount of daily light. When the timing is right for their migrating needs, they will begin their journey. Several minor factors can affect the precise day any bird species begins its migration, however, including:
y y y

Available food supplies Poor weather or storms Air temperatures and wind patterns

While these factors may affect migration by a day or two, most bird species follow precise migration calendars. Those calendars vary widely for different species, however, and while fall and spring are peak migration periods when many birds are on the move, migration is actually an ongoing process and there are always birds at some stage of their journeys. The distance the birds must fly, the length of time it takes to mate and produce a healthy brood, the amount of parental nurturing young birds receive and the location of birds' breeding and wintering grounds all affect when any one species is migrating.

Migration Navigation
One of the greatest mysteries of migration is exactly how birds find their way from one location to the next. Scientific studies have been done on a number of bird species, and different techniques of bird navigation have been discovered.
Magnetic Sensing: Many birds have special chemicals or compounds in their brains, eyes or bills that help them sense the Earth's magnetic field. This helps the birds orient themselves for long journeys..

Geographic Mapping: Because birds follow the same migration routes from year to year, their keen eyesight allows them to map their journey by different landforms and geographic features such as rivers, coastlines and mountain ranges. Star Orientation: For birds that migrate at night, star positions and the orientation of constellations can provide necessary navigation directions. During the day, birds also use the sun to navigate. Learned Routes: Some bird species, such as sandhill cranes and snow geese, learn migration routes from their parents and other adult birds in the flock. Once learned, younger birds can travel the route successfully themselves.

During the Flight

Migratory birds have several physical adaptations that allow them to safely migrate long distances. As daylight changes and migration times near, a bird's hormone levels will change and they will build a greater fat supply to provide extra energy for their travels. A ruby-throated hummingbird, for example, can nearly double its body fat just a week or two before migration. When a bird molts to a new plumage can also be related to migration. Old, ragged feathers create more wind drag and air resistance, which requires a bird to use more energy in flight. Many birds molt just prior to migration to take advantage of more aerodynamic feathers that make flight easier. Birds also change their behavior during migration to make the journey safer. Many birds fly at higher altitudes during migration than they would for shorter flights, because wind patterns higher up help push them along and the cooler air keeps their bodies from overheating due to exertion. Birds that are normally diurnal, such as most songbirds, change their behavior to fly at night when there is less risk of predator attacks from migrating raptors.

Migration Threats
Even with both physical and behavioral adaptations to make migration easier, this journey is filled with peril and there are many threats migrating birds face. It is estimated that more than 60 percent of some bird species never complete a full roundtrip migration, often due to threats such as:
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Inadequate food and subsequent starvation Collisions with windows, buildings and wind farms along migration routes Stopover habitat loss from ongoing development or pollution Predators, including wild animals, feral cats and loose dogs Poor weather and storms that cause injury or disorientation Light pollution in cities that disorients birds navigating by stars Hunting, both legal regulated hunting as well as poaching

Migration is a dangerous but necessary journey for many birds. Fortunately, they are well equipped to survive the task and bring winged enjoyment back to birder's yards year after year.
http://birding.about.com/od/birdbehavior/a/How-Birds-Migrate.htm